Type 2 Diabetes is one of the major public health issues and
a complex metabolic disorder strongly associated with genetic predisposition
influenced by environmental factors and epigenetic regulation. Around 537
million people were diagnosed as diabetic in 2021 worldwide and it is predicted
that the number will rise to 578 million by 2030, and 700 million by 2045. This
review paper illustrated the role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis,
progression, and detection of Type 2 Diabetes. A review study was performed for
the articles published in English from 2000-2023 using Pub Med, and Google
Scholar databases. Main underlining mechanisms of Type 2 Diabetes were
identified: insulin resistance in the peripheral tissue and disintegrated
insulin secretion. Epigenetics is “the study of changes in the gene functions
that are mitotically and/or meiotically heritable and that do not entail a
change in DNA sequence. Genome Wide Association Studies suggested that
epigenetic regulation such as DNA methylation, Histone modification, microRNA
strongly co-relates the development and progression of Type 2 Diabetes. Altered
DNA methylation patterns in pancreatic islets, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue,
from diabetic subjects compare to normal subjects was also found. Other risk
factors like obesity, age, gender, impaired glucose tolerance, periconception
and intrauterine environment may also have been linked with the possibilities
of epigenetic changes. Lifestyle, socioeconomic condition, food habits are
contributing to obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Every year 2.8 million people die
worldwide due to obesity and its complications. Epigenetics plays a crucial
role by modifying the gene expression and establishing a relationship between
the environment and genetic factors. Understanding the epigenetic mechanisms
contributing to the development of Type 2 Diabetes is still limited.
Author(s) Details:
Abhijeet Roy,
Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, GA, USA
and Center for Non-Communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant
School of Public Health, BRAC University, Bangladesh.
Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V9/article/view/13624
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