Insulin resistance is the pivotal pathogenic component of
many metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is defined as
a state of reduced responsiveness of insulin-targeting tissues to physiological
levels of insulin. Recent studies have progressively uncovered aspects of the
gut microbiota and how it contributes to the metabolism of key nutrients during
IR. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of gut microbiota as a
modulator of insulin resistance. Growing evidence indicates that dysbiosis,
marked by reduced microbial diversity and an imbalance between beneficial and
harmful species, contributes to metabolic dysfunction. Key findings show that a
higher Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio, the inflammatory action of
lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the beneficial effects of short-chain fatty acids
(SCFAs) are central to understanding the link between microbiota and host
metabolism. Protective taxa such as Akkermansia muciniphila and
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii support metabolic stability, while endotoxin
elevation worsens inflammation and insulin resistance. Current therapeutic
strategies—including diet modification, physical activity, prebiotics,
probiotics, and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)—demonstrate potential
in restoring microbial balance. Despite these advances, challenges such as
interindividual variability and the need for standardised, long-term trials
remain. In conclusion, gut microbiota should be regarded not as a passive
indicator but as an active therapeutic modulator with strong potential in the
prevention and management of insulin resistance.
Author(s) Details
Noor Ali Hussein
Babylon Education Directorate, Ministry of Education, Hillah, Iraq.
Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v12/6442
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