Reviewing the Role of the Clinical Scoring Systems in the Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis: An Update | Chapter 3 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 13

Clinical scoring systems have been developed to risk-stratify patients who present to the emergency department with symptoms of acute appendicitis. They are used to rule out patients with acute appendicitis and those who may require imaging in the form of ultrasound or computerised tomography. The common scoring systems are the Alvarado score, RIPASA score, AIR, and AAS. In this chapter, we will look at the common clinical scoring systems that are used for adults and children in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. We will also look at the role of these scoring systems in diagnosing acute appendicitis and reducing the negative appendectomy rate.

 

Author (s) Details

Kumar H.R.
Department of Surgery, Taylor’s University School of Medicine and Health Science, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v13/5232

Salivary Duct Cyst: A Rare Case Report | Chapter 1 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

Salivary gland non-neoplastic cysts account for 2-5% of all salivary gland lesions and are quite infrequent. Mostly, they are salivary duct cysts or mucoceles. In contrast to a mucocele, which has granulation tissue around it, the salivary duct cyst has epithelium lining it. Salivary duct cysts are rare, reactive ductal lesions of the major salivary glands that are likely caused by obstruction and are lined by true ductal epithelium. It is more common in the oral minor salivary glands and rarely occurs in the major salivary glands, shows a marked predilection for the superficial lobe of the parotid, and represents 10% of all salivary gland cysts. Although they are very rare in children and mostly occur in the fourth decade of life, still the possibility of occurrence should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Neoplastic differentiation of the lining of the salivary duct cyst has been reported. A case of a salivary duct cyst of the left parotid gland, with a review of radiographic and histopathologic features, was reported. The possibility of occurrence in children as well as the probability of malignant changes in the cystic lining should also be considered, making prompt and early diagnosis a priority. Imaging plays a significant role in diagnosing parotid gland duct cysts and ultrasound should be the first modality in its screening.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Divya Vinayachandran
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Saravana Karthikeyan Balasubramanian
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Bharathi Salai, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Sibyl Siluvai
Department of Public Health Dentistry, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Victor Rakesh Lazar
Department of Radiodiagnosis, SRM Medical Hospital and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

V. Kalaivani
Department of Periodontology, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Suresh Mitthra
SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

S. Rajakumar
Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v2/2258

Various Ultrasound Beamformer Designs and Architectures: An Update | Chapter 5 | Theory and Applications of Engineering Research Vol. 7

 A medical ultrasound scanner is a complex digital signal processing system, and it has sophisticated transmitter and receiver signal processing chain. The receive signal processing chain involves many complex signal processing functions, and among them the most complex and significant is the digital beamformer. The beamformer can be considered as the brain of whole signal processing system of the scanner. Beamforming allows message transmission or reception to be directed or spatially selective. It is used in receive signal processing to concentrate the signals of interest in the region of concern as reflections from various tissue structures. As beamformer is the complex signal processing engine in a scanner, practical implementation of the same has significant challenges. This chapter provides an insight of the various receive beamformer architectures implemented in field programmable gate array (FPGA)/application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for ultrasound imaging.

 

Most of the receive beamformers are implemented using the standard technique delay and sum (DAS). Beamforming in ultrasound instruments for medical imaging has traditionally been implemented using analog delay lines. The concept of dynamic focusing in near field has resulted more complex analog delay structures and were replaced by digital structures. By the availability of high-speed analog to digital converters, and very large-scale integrated circuit (VLSI) technology improvements have now made real time implementation of digital beamformers feasible. The current innovations involve hybrid beamformers utilizing the pros of both analog and digital structures. This chapter discusses the evolution of beamforming architectures from analog to digital environment and the recent trends in beamformer realizations including parallel beamformer implementations. The changes in beamformer designs in order to be compatible to high frequency sensor arrays and yield improved imaging performance, resource optimization, etc. are briefed.

Author(s) Details:

Sreejeesh S. G.,
VLSI Department, National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Calicut, India.

Sakthivel R.,
Sense School, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.

Jayaraj U. Kidav,
Department of Electronics, National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Aurangabad, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/TAER-V7/article/view/13684

Feasibility of Crossed Intralaminar Screws for Fusion of the Cervicothoracic Junction and the Thoracic Spine: Initial Experience and Surgical Technique Description in an Iberic Department| Chapter 10 | Current Progress in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 1

 This affiliate highlights the Feasibility of crossed Intralaminar Screws for mixture of the Cervicothoracic Junction and the Thoracic spine: Initial happening in an Iberic Department, surgical technique description. Intralaminar screws have happened shown expected a biomechanically salvage technique in the thoracic backbone, especially in long cervicothoracic, thoracic and thoracolumbar obsession. The goals of this item are to explain our initial experience and the range of clues for thoracic crossed intralaminar screws. Pathologies moving the cervicothoracic junction and thoracic spine have never existed easy to treat. Finding a substitute for pedicle screws in thoracic spine incision is necessary on account of anatomical variations and the repeating failure of stem of plant screw insertion. The interlaminar mixed screws is a well-known and secure arrangement for fusion in cervical spine, but in the thoracic backbone and in the cervicothoracic junction skilled are insufficient clinical dossier to support this technique, earlier. The use of crossed intralaminar screw in the thoracic domain is an underestimated method; this free hand technique is a fast, effective and alternative method of transpedicular obsession and this technique at different thoracic levels performs to be a beneficial tool in the armamentarium of the sleep-inducing or numbing drug surgeon. The subjects follow up is to make public in future items.

Author(s) Details:

M. Sincari,
Centro Hospitalar Tondela-Viseu, Portugal.

M. Conceicao,
Centro Hospitalar Tondela-Viseu, Portugal.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMMR-V1/article/view/11228

Anastomotic Pseudoaneurysm in Post Renal Transplantation | Chapter 09 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 Renal artery pseudoaneurysm is a very uncommon complication of kidney transplantation that frequently results in graft loss. A medical, urological, or vascular problem can occur in about 10% of patients having kidney transplantation. The fact that there are just a few small series of individuals with pseudoaneurysm after kidney transplantation, as well as solitary case reports in the present literature, suggests that it is uncommon. The aetiology, occurrence, indications for repair, treatment choices, and prognosis of eliciting the aetiology, occurrence, indications for repair, treatment options, and prognosis of eliciting the aetiology, occurrence, and prognosis of elicit Because imaging is so important, we'd want to share our little experience with pseudoaneurysm after kidney transplant. Ultrasonography and colour Doppler can quickly detect pseudoneurysm. Based on our research and the findings of our series, we have come to the following conclusions: The anastomotic pseudoaneurysm should be discovered as soon as possible; this condition can only be treated with regular ultrasound surveillance during post-transplant follow-up. Conservative operations should be considered in individuals who are in good health, have good graft function, and show no indications or symptoms of infection. The current documented treatment options include open surgical repair, endovascular repair, and ultrasound guided percutaneous thrombin injection. Pseudoaneurysm can result in allograft loss and the necessity for allograft nephrectomy, which can be catastrophic. The most crucial elements in a patient's survival are likely to be early diagnosis and timely surgery. A follow-up clinical, biochemical, and radiological evaluation verified the patient's successful treatment management.

Author(S) Details

Kajal N. Patel
Department of Radiology, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre (IKDRC), Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences (ITS), Ahmedabad, 380016, Gujarat, India.

Shruti Mehta
Department of Radiology, G. R. Doshi and K. M. Mehta Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Centre (IKDRC), Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences (ITS), Ahmedabad, 380016, Gujarat, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V7/article/view/4534

ST-elevation Due to Primitive Extracardiac Origin. Differential Diagnosis and Review of Literature| Chapter 4 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 14

 Introduction: The majority of ST elevations are caused by coronary occlusion. A rare case of Acute Myocardial Infarction or artery occlusion has been identified as metastatic disease. Description of the Case: This is the story of a 65-year-old man who was diagnosed with stage IV Thymic Carcinoma in 2012, with two recurrences and a history of surgical treatment followed by radiation and chemotherapy. Since that time, CPAP has been used to treat respiratory failure. He went to the emergency room because his dyspnoea had gotten worse in the last few days. The ECG revealed ST-elevation in DI-aVL and V4-V6, indicating Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). The emergency coronary angiogram revealed no significant stenosis of the coronary arteries. The transthoracic echo revealed a mass infiltrating the left ventricular myocardium, resulting in lateral and anterior wall akinesia. A thoracic CT scan revealed a 17*10*12 cm mass that had infiltrated the myocardium surrounding the left circumflex coronary artery, causing ST-elevation. Discussion: Following a multidisciplinary medical evaluation that took into account the clinical context as well as the surgical risk, we decided not to perform any other invasive or bioptic exams. The patient was admitted to the Palliative Care Unit after reaching an agreement with his family. Conclusion: ECG changes caused by metastatic lesions or myocardial infiltration differ from those caused by an ACS. They are distinguished by the persistence of ST-elevation in the absence of typical evolution, such as Q waves or T inversion. Furthermore, in any patient with a history of malignancies, multidisciplinary discussion and multimodality imaging are critical for accurate diagnosis and management.

uthor (S) Details

Amabile Valotta
Department of Cardiology, CardioCentroTicino, via Tesserete 48, Lugano 6900, Switzerland.

Lorenzo Grazioli Gauthier
Department of Cardiology, CardioCentroTicino, via Tesserete 48, Lugano 6900, Switzerland.

Marco Moccetti
Department of Cardiology, CardioCentroTicino, via Tesserete 48, Lugano 6900, Switzerland.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V14/article/view/1650

Relaxation Rate Dispersion of Blood due to Paramagnetic Ions: An Implications for Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Dispersion Imaging | Chapter 8 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

 The Field cycling approach was used to investigate the proton relaxation rate dispersion of paramagnetic ions in blood samples over a frequency range of 10 kHz to 10 MHz. We used a relatively high magnetic field to magnetise the samples first (0.5 T). This field was swiftly (1 ms) lowered to a lower value in the range 0.1 mT - 0.5 T, where the excited proton spin may relax over a time period of roughly 3T1max, using electronic means. The magnetic field is then swiftly increased to a greater level in order to detect the NMR signal. The relaxation characteristics were investigated using a three-compartment water proton-spin exchange model. We calculated a correlation frequency for each compartment by fitting the dispersion curves to a sum of Lorentz distributions. Low concentrations of paramagnetic ions have a significant impact on relaxation rate dispersion in the low frequency area of 10 MHz, according to our findings. This effect could be utilised to map inorganic paramagnetic or organic free-radical chemicals employed as contrast agents in medical applications, as well as to trace cellular activity by subtracting MR pictures acquired at high (>100 mT) and low (10 mT) relaxation fields. Such picture sequences could be utilised to investigate the brain's oxygen status and metabolism, as well as the production and distribution of reactive oxygen species. This approach, known as "Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Dispersion Imaging" (MARDI), could be used to study the evolution of numerous neurological illnesses such as stroke, MS, Alzheimer's disease, and brain tumours. It may also be appropriate for visualising tumour oxygenation and in vivo ROS distributions in radiation therapy, which might be useful in dose planning as well as assessing and optimising the effects of different radiation therapy regimes. The utilisation of an Overhauser-enhanced pre-polarized MRI system for imaging studies of tumour hypoxia and red-ox state as radiotherapy prognostic variables has been proven.

Author (s) Details

Bertil R. R. Persson
Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Lars Malmgren
Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden and MAX Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.

Leif G. Salford
Department of Neurosurgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V12/article/view/1370