Management Strategies for Termite Infestation in Indian Agroforestry System: A Review with a Focus on Microtermes and Odontotermes | Chapter 10 |Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 8

 

Termites are considered destructive and generalised feeders of plants, and they are reported to inflict major economic injuries on various crop species all over the world. There are about 3,105 species of termites known; close to 185 are globally recognised as serious pests. Especially members of the family Termitidae are known to cause major injuries to agricultural and horticultural crops. India is rich in termite diversity; it harbours 286 species belonging to 52 genera under six families, representing almost 10% of the world’s termite fauna. In India, Odontotermes obesus and Microtermes obesi species are major pests that attack agricultural and plantation crops during either vegetative or reproductive growth stages. This study explores termite ecology and management in forestry and agroforestry systems. It also highlights knowledge gaps that are important for sustainable forest management and integrated agricultural practices. Termite attacks on live trees are basically divided into two types, with one being attacks by monophagous colonies restricted to specific host plants and localised areas, and the other being attacks by polyphagous species, which are capable of foraging in different landscapes and feeding on an array of hosts. The study also examines termite infestation behaviour in standing trees, deadwood, field crops, and horticultural systems. For the past six decades, farmers have applied chemical insecticides for termite control. There exist several traditional and indigenous methods for termite control; these methods often possess local application only, and when results are generalised, they do not yield consistent results. No single method can be termed as permanently fulfilling this role. There, perhaps, lies the root of the much-needed integrated pest management (IPM), considering coupling such cultural, mechanical, biological, and botanical methods with chemical ones for better results. Though chemical control is the most commonly used method by farmers, it is often neither sustainable nor economic. Biological control would appear to hold much promise as part of management programs. Entomopathogenic organisms, while highly potential for control of termite populations, have been hardly used, especially in the field, because of a lack of focused research and application. Further research and field studies need to be done to bring this into its true potential. On the horizon, we envisage that a combined and strategic implementation of the various control practices will help pave the way to more sustainable, environmentally friendly methods for controlling termite infestations in commercially important crops.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Nishant Ghode
Department of Forestry and Wildlife, School of Studies in Forestry & Wildlife, Shaheed Mahendra Karma Vishwavidyalaya, Jagdalpur, District - Bastar, Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v8/6444

 

Efficacy of Selected Plant Materials for the Control of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on Stored Cowpea Seeds: A Review | Chapter 4 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

Effect of Coffee senna (Cassia occidentalis), Shea butter (Vittallaria paradoxa), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Cashew (Anacardium occidentale (L)), Pipper guineense Schum, compared with Actellic dust (Pirimiphos methyl) on the control of cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) under prevailing laboratory conditions were reviewed. The review showed that, at three days post-treatment, A. indica, and P. guineense  caused 93.3% and 90%; adult mortality of C. maculatus at a rate of 0.8 g /20 g of cowpea seeds which was comparable with pirimiphos methyl that recorded 100% adult mortality at the same exposure period. However, at seven days post application, A. indica, P. guineense  and pirimiphos methyl powders caused 100% mortality of adult bruchid at all tested concentrations. Similarly, the mixture of C. Occidentalis and V. paradoxa leaf powders in the ratios of 50%:50% applied at the rate of 2.5.5.0, 7.5 and 10.0w/w into 20g of cowpea seeds caused bruchid mortality at different time intervals with the highest mortality (100%) observed on the treated seed with the leaf powders combination applied at 7.5 and 10.0%w/w concentrations 24hours after treatment and was similar to what was recorded on seed treated with Pirimiphos methyl. Cashew kernel oil extract completely prevented infestation and damage of cowpea seeds for a period of three months with the steam distillate being the most toxic of all the extracts tested. The review clearly revealed the potentials of A. indica and P. guineense  seeds powders and the mixed powders of leaves of C. occidentalis and V. paradoxa and cashew kernel oil as plant-derived grain protectants against C. maculatus and could serve as an alternative to synthetic insecticides for the protection of stored cowpeas against the bruchid.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Kashere M. A.A
Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Horticulture, P.M.B 108, Dadin Kowa, Gombe State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v5/1181

Population Dynamics of Mistletoes: Case Study on Golden Shower (Cassia fistula L.) in Purwodadi Botanic Garden, Indonesia | Chapter 2 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 6

Background: There were about 1600 species of mistletoes throughout the world except Antarctica. Loranthaceae is the most dominant family and has the most species of mistletoe in tropical zones.

Aims: The aim of the study is to document the population distribution and dynamic of mistletoe species within this study site and to uncover their diversity in C. fistula in Purwodadi Botanic Garden, Indonesia.

Place and Duration of Study: Research was conducted in Purwodadi Botanic Garden during 2012- 2019.

Methodology: An explorative and descriptive study design was adopted. Data of mistletoes species and hosts, number of parasites, plant height, and stem diameter at 120 cm of DBH was collected by direct observation in determined blocks, where the mistletoes and C. fistula were found. Binocular was used to observe and count the mistletoes on the hosts. Infested host prevalence was counted by the proportion of the number of the infested host by mistletoes and the total number of hosts, while parasite density shows the proportion of parasite number (individual) and the total number of hosts.

Results: The population of mistletoe Dendrophthoe pentandra and Viscum articulatum in Cassia fistula varied by year and environment of habitat. The density of D. pentandra and V. articulatum has increased since 2012 and reached the highest density in 2015. The density of D. pentandra in the blocks differs significantly. V. articulatum is a hyperparasite mistletoe only found as a parasite on D. pentandara in C. fistula.

Conclusion: There were two mistletoes parasitized Cassia fistula in Purwodadi Botanic Garden during 2012-2019, i.e. Dendrophthoe pentandra and Viscum articulatum. The infestation and density of mistletoes on their hosts are dynamic in a community. The parasite density tend to increase from 2012 until 2015 and then decline to the lowest in 2019. The highest declining population due to mortality of mistletoes occurred in 2019 after 2015.

 

Author (s) Details

Solikin
Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor West Java 16911, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v6/3054

Exploring the Diversity and Infestation of Mistletoes in Cultivation of Sengon (Falcataria falcata (L.) Greuter & R.Rankin) in Malang East Java Indonesia | Chapter 5 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 3

Aims: To invent the diversity and infestation of mistletoes and their hosts in several planting patterns of sengon (Falcataria falcata (Miq.) (L.) Greuter & R. Rankin).

Study Design: Explorative and descriptive.

Place and Duration of Study: Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia at an altitude of about 100 - 900 m asl from September until December 2021.

Methodology: Data on mistletoes and their hosts was collected by exploratory and descriptive methods in ten districts and twenty villages. Purposive sampling was used and determined along tracks in line transects where sengon cultivation was found. Sample plots of 10x10 m were determined and made in each planting pattern to enumerate the number of mistletoes, hosts, and infested hosts. They are used to determine the severity infestation of mistletoes on the hosts.

Results: There were two species of mistletoe discovered in sixteen planting patterns of sengon, i.e., Scurrula atropurpurea (Blume) Danser and Viscum ovalifolium L. S. atropurpurea was the most dominant mistletoe with parasite number of 906 individuals. The highest number of trees, infested trees, and mistletoes were obtained in the monoculture pattern of sengon. The severity index of mistletoes infestation varied between the planting patterns. The average value of the severity index in all cultivation patterns of sengon was categorized as low.

Conclusion: Scurrula atropurpurea (Blume) Danser and Viscum ovalifolium L. are the two species of mistletoe discovered in the cultivation of sengon in Malang Regency. The most dominant mistletoe was S. atropurpurea with a parasite number of 906 individuals. The highest number of trees, infested trees, and mistletoes were obtained in the monoculture pattern of sengon. The heaviest severity index of mistletoes infestation was found in tangerine citrus + sengon i.e., 15. The average value of the severity index in all cultivation patterns of sengon was categorized as low, i.e., 5.28.

 

Author (s) Details

Solikin Solikin
Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor West Java 16911, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v3/3689

Infestation of Cerambycidae Species on Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth in the Gum Belt, Sudan| Chapter 1 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 1

The Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth, (classification Mimosaceae); namely kitr in Arabic, is a multiuse tree in Sudan. Due to insufficient study consideration and the paucity of environmental knowledge, it is commonly impossible to assess the business-related harm.  Due to a lack of forest entomology facts on some Acacia species in Sudan, containing the mellifera, it is important  to distinguish the infestation of Acacia mellifera apiece insect's pest substitute severely infest other Acacia. The goals of this study were to estimate the allotment of infestation apiece longhorned beetles on Mellifera seedlings and to inspect for damage characteristics. Consequently, a field study was completed activity in the Kordofan region of Sudan from May to July 2007 to judge infestation characteristics established techniques for sipping insects from forests, insect damage and sign categories illustrated by some scientists, and tree calculations that caused infestation (for example crown size, and width, tree age, and climax, and diameter at breast altitude). The results show the presence of disease that is widespread holes purpose of the tree trunk except the northward.Infestation rates ranged from nothing to 26.68% on the study sites (n =2). Need for more ecological research on the longhorned beetles was urged from this study.

Author(s) Details:

Eisa, M. Ahmed,
Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Kordofan, P.O.Box 160, Elobeid - 51111, Sudan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V1/article/view/8623

Infestation Study of Ectoparasitic Fauna on Some Domestic Animals in Ayedire Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria: An Advance Study | Chapter 1 | Cutting-edge Research in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 11

 Ectoparasite zoological and epidemiological studies on domestic animals were conducted in an open laboratory survey. A total of 100 sheep, 100 dogs, 100 goats, and 100 cattle were examined for infestation. Within the study area, a structured questionnaire was administered in five (5) sampled communities. The villages were chosen for their proximity to the forest zone. The questionnaire was created to gather data on the infestation rate of Ectoparasite fauna on domestic animals in the Local Government Area. A total of one hundred respondents were chosen at random and interviewed. The study discovered that the Ectoparasite infested domestic animals in the communities. Tick infestation peaked in the month of November 2009. According to the findings, 30%, 29%, 21%, and 20% of goats, dogs, sheep, and cattle were infested, respectively. In cattle, there was a low infestation. The Ectoparasite examination focused primarily on members of the orders Anoplura, Siphonaptera, and Ixodiodea. Two Amblyomma species, Rhipicephalus and Boophilus, were discovered, but only one Hyalomma Haemaphysalis species, Ctenocephalisdes, was observed.

Author (s) Details

Dr. M. K. A. Wahab
Department of Biological Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.

N. N. James-Rugu
Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CRAS-V11/article/view/1960