Variances and Covariance Assessment of Liquid Water Content in Precipitating Warm Cloud | Chapter 8 | Research Updates in Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 9

 

A shallow cloud of warm microphysics is used to analyze the subgrid variability of liquid water content. These turbulent flows are diagnosed by means of second-order moment transport equations for liquid water quantities. These equations show that liquid water variabilities are controlled by the production of the gradient of mean liquid water quantities and microphysical processes. The contributions (source or sink) of these different productions reflect the effects of the gradient of average quantities of liquid water content and microphysical processes on the evolution of liquid water variability. It emerges that cloud water variance is mainly produced by the cloud water gradient term and constantly destroyed by the effects of auto conversion and accretion processes. Inversely, the processes of rain droplet formation and growth contribute as the main source for the variance of precipitating water and the cloud water-precipitating water covariance. Microphysical depletion processes, notably cloud droplet evaporation and precipitable droplet sedimentation, act as sinks for liquid water variances and covariance. Finally, for rainwater variability, the gradient term may be less important, but it provides real support for the source or sink terms of microphysics. This work particularly highlights the subgrid variabilities associated with precipitating droplets. In particular, this work focuses on the subgrid variabilities associated with liquid water content. Incorporating a good parameterization of liquid water variances and cloud water-rainwater correlation in statistical schemes could improve rainwater formation, growth and loss processes in large-scale models.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Bakary Coulibaly

Laboratory of Computer Science and Mechanics, Université Félix Houphouét-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire.

Emile Danho

Laboratory of Computer Science and Mechanics, Université Félix Houphouét-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire.

N’dri Roger Djue

Laboratory of Computer Science and Mechanics, Université Félix Houphouét-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rumcs/v9/12465F

Variances and Covariance Assessment of Liquid Water Content in Precipitating Warm Cloud | Chapter 8 | Research Updates in Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 9

A shallow cloud of warm microphysics is used to analyze the subgrid variability of liquid water content. These turbulent flows are diagnosed by means of second-order moment transport equations for liquid water quantities. These equations show that liquid water variabilities are controlled by the production of the gradient of mean liquid water quantities and microphysical processes. The contributions (source or sink) of these different productions reflect the effects of the gradient of average quantities of liquid water content and microphysical processes on the evolution of liquid water variability. It emerges that cloud water variance is mainly produced by the cloud water gradient term and constantly destroyed by the effects of auto conversion and accretion processes. Inversely, the processes of rain droplet formation and growth contribute as the main source for the variance of precipitating water and the cloud water-precipitating water covariance. Microphysical depletion processes, notably cloud droplet evaporation and precipitable droplet sedimentation, act as sinks for liquid water variances and covariance. Finally, for rainwater variability, the gradient term may be less important, but it provides real support for the source or sink terms of microphysics. This work particularly highlights the subgrid variabilities associated with precipitating droplets. In particular, this work focuses on the subgrid variabilities associated with liquid water content. Incorporating a good parameterization of liquid water variances and cloud water-rainwater correlation in statistical schemes could improve rainwater formation, growth and loss processes in large-scale models.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Bakary Coulibaly
Laboratory of Computer Science and Mechanics, Université Félix Houphouét-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire.

Bakary Coulibaly
Laboratory of Computer Science and Mechanics, Université Félix Houphouét-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire.

N’dri Roger Djue
Laboratory of Computer Science and Mechanics, Université Félix Houphouét-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rumcs/v9/12465F.

Total Body Rings Increase with Latitude and Decrease with Precipitation in Forest Millipedes Centrobolus Cook, 1897| Chapter 13 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol.9

 Juliformia's size is determined by two factors: body diameter and number of rings. The researchers wanted to see if there were any links between latitude and precipitation and body rings and sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in Centrobolus. The number of body rings in females and latitude (r=-0.53, Z score=-2.35, n=19, p0.01) and the number of body rings in males and latitude (r=-0.41, Z score=-1.74, n=19, p=0.04) had a significant link. The number of body rings in females and precipitation (r=-0.60, Z score=-2.76, n=19, p0.01), as well as the number of body rings in males and precipitation (r=-0.60, Z score=-2.76, n=19, p0.01). The number of body rings differed somewhat between males and females (W=22.5, Z=-1.61, n=19, p=0.05); females had more rings. Lower precipitation, not temperature, is connected to an anamorphic rise in the number of body rings in higher latitudes (South).

Author(s) Details:

Mark Cooper,
School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V9/article/view/5883

The Latitudinal Gradient in Dalodesmidae Cook, 1896a Species Richness | Chapter 12 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol.9

 The Tropical Conservativism Hypothesis proposes that processes of speciation, extinction, and dispersal resulted in higher species richness in the tropics and decreased away from the equator, implying that species richness increased in the tropics and fell away from the equator. The Biogeographical Conservativism Hypothesis proposes that the processes in question are not unique to the tropics, but rather rely on historical biogeography to determine species richness distribution. With the goal of testing the two theories, 117 genuine species belonging to the Dalodesmidae family were found. The number of species and latitudinal degrees distant from the equator had a significant relationship (R=-0.79, R2=0.62, n=116, p0.01). It was suggested that an evolutionary predilection for temperate habitats led to climatic dispersal restrictions based on precipitation/temperature seasonality gradients and predation.

Author(s) Details:

Mark Cooper,
School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V9/article/view/5881

The Inverse Latitudinal Gradient in Species Richness of Forest Millipedes: Centrobolus Cook, 1897| Chapter 11 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol.9

 The goal of this study was to see if forest millipedes could test the Tropical Conservativism Hypothesis and the Biogeographical Conservativism Hypothesis. To discriminate between the two ideas, the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) was evaluated in the Centrobolus genus. The number of species and latitudinal degrees distant from the equator had a significant relationship (r=-0.91, r2=0.83, n=35, p0.01). It was suggested that an evolutionary predilection for temperate habitats led to climatic dispersal restrictions based on precipitation seasonality gradients and predation.

Author(s) Details:

Mark Cooper,
School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V9/article/view/5880

Why Sexual Size Dimorphism Increases with Longitude, Precipitation and Temperature and Decreases with Latitude in Forest Millipedes Centrobolus Cook, 1897| Chapter 9 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol.9

 The goal of this research was to see what happened when Bergmann's Rule collided with Rensch's Rule Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD) and body size varied as a result of eco-geographical factors. In the woodland millipede genus Centrobolus, body size and SSD were associated with latitude, longitude, precipitation, and temperature. SSD and longitude (r=0.37, Z score=1.71, n=22, p=0.04), precipitation (r=0.29, Z score=1.28, n=22, p0.010), and temperature (r=0.34, Z score=1.49, n=22, p0.07) all had significant positive relationships. SSD and latitude had a significant relationship (r=-0.44, Z score=2.05, n=22, p=0.02). Larger females and greater SSD exist in warmer, wetter north-eastern settings, indicating eco-geographical variation in polygynandrous reproductive systems.

Author(s) Details:

Mark Cooper,
School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V9/article/view/5875

Assessment of Latitudinal Gradient in Species Richness of Sphaerotherium| Chapter 3 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol.9

 Forest millipedes were used to test the Tropical Conservativism Hypothesis and the Biogeographical Conservativism Hypothesis. The Biogeographical Conservativism Hypothesis proposes that the processes involved are not unique to the tropics, but rather rely on historical biogeography to determine species richness distribution. To discriminate between the two ideas, the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) was assessed in the genus Sphaerotherium. The number of species and latitudinal degrees away from the equator had a significant connection (r=0.8701, r2=0.7571, =46, 0.00001). It was suggested that an evolutionary predilection for temperate habitats resulted in climatic restrictions on dispersal based mostly on precipitation seasonality gradients.

Author(s) Details:

Mark Cooper,
School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V9/article/view/5864

Assessment of Latitudinal Gradient in Gnomeskelus Species Richness | Chapter 13 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 8

 The Tropical Conservativism Hypothesis proposes that processes of speciation, extinction, and dispersal resulted in higher species richness in the tropics and decreased away from the equator, implying that species richness increased in the tropics and fell away from the equator. The Biogeographical Conservativism Hypothesis proposes that the processes in question are not unique to the tropics, but rather rely on historical biogeography to determine species richness distribution. To test the two theories, 77 genuine species belonging to the genus Gnomeskelus were discovered. The number of species and latitudinal degrees distant from the equator had a significant connection (r=-0.7145, r2=0.5105, n=77, p0.00001). Alternatively, an evolutionary predisposition for temperate habitats could have resulted in climatic dispersal restrictions based solely on temperature seasonality gradients.

Author(S) Details

Mark Cooper
School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V8/article/view/5388