The Diversion of Human Energy: How Work Has Become a Commodity in Modern Societies | chapter 3 | Current Progress in Arts and Social Studies Research Vol. 2

 

This essay explores the transformation of human energy from a resource for subsistence and social cohesion into a tradable commodity in modern societies. In a universe dominated by the second law of thermodynamics, where entropy is an inescapable constant, life fundamentally challenges this tendency by maintaining order and complexity through free energy. Human energy, generated incessantly and autonomously by the cells of the human body, is not only the vital force sustaining biological processes but also the primary source of energy fueling the complex structures and operations of contemporary societies. This essay proposes an innovative hypothesis and, in theoretical and conceptual terms, proves that the true commodity in modern societies is human energy, not merely human labour. The comparison between human energy and oil as essential commodities offers a new perspective on the centrality of human energy in the global economy. Additionally, the econometric model presented quantifies the contribution of human energy to economic production, highlighting its irreplaceable importance.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

João Carlos Orquiza

Centro Universitário Filadélfia – UNIFIL, Londrina/PR, Brazil.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpassr/v2/1005

Thermodynamics Study on the Coal Bed Methane Adsorption Characteristic | Book Publisher International

Coalbed methane is mainly in an adsorption state. Coalbed methane is a disastrous gas that threatens the safety of coal mine production and a greenhouse gas that causes climate warming and is also an efficient and clean alternative to natural gas. Thermodynamics is mainly the study of the thermal properties of matter from the point of view of energy conversion. The study of coalbed methane adsorption with thermodynamics is an excellent cooperation between formal science and natural science. For many years, the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model has been used to study the influence of internal and external conditions on the adsorption characteristics of coal. Based on statistical thermodynamics, a temperature-pressure adsorption equation (TPAE) has been derived. The four parameters to be determined in TPAE can be obtained by regression of the measured adsorption experimental data, the isothermal adsorption that meets the national standard, and the temperature and pressure adsorption data that does not meet the national standard, including a temperature, a pressure, and an adsorption data defining as thermobaric adsorption. The TPAE has a minimum mean error and a minimum STDEV for the regression of this thermobaric adsorption data compared with Langmuir parameters. During adsorption, the enthalpy change can be calculated by Clausius-Clapeyron equation with a conclusion that adsorption is exothermic and can be carried out spontaneously. The unit isosteric enthalpy of adsorption (UIEA) decreases with the increase of adsorption capacity. The thermobaric adsorption data of lean coal has been used to illustrate the negative effect of temperature and the positive effect of pressure. The critical buried depth of the lean coal is 951m. The critical temperature at the depth is 316.52K. The critical pressure at the depth is 9.51MPa. The thermobaric adsorption data of coking coal has been used to show that only six sets of thermobaric adsorption data are needed to accurately represent the coal seam temperature of this lean coal from 18 to 72oC, the pressure from one megapascal to 19 megapascals, and the buried depth of 100 meters to 1,900 meters. The Langmuir parameters from the normal coal and deformed coal of Pingdingshan Coal Mine have been used to explain that, at a buried depth of 1,000 meters, because the UIAE of normal coal is -1.558 KJmol/cm3/g higher than that of deformed coal, it is adsorbed first. Because desorption is endothermic and cannot be carried out spontaneously, energy needs to be obtained from the outside, and the unit isosteric desorption enthalpy (UIDE) value of deformed coal is 0.64 KJmol/cm3/g, and priority desorption is preferred. Defining a new comprehensive index OT (outburst threshold) for coal and gas outburst thresholds by timing the unit isosteric desorption enthalpy (UIDE) with the square of solidity coefficient of coal (f), and describing that the UIDE of deformed coal is 0.64 KJmol/cm3/g and the solidity coefficient f of deformed coal is 0.5, so its comprehensive index OT is 0.16, close to zero, which means that the coal and gas outburst will occur very likely. The thermobaric adsorption data of long-flame coal and anthracite has been used to compare the difference in adsorption behavior between two kinds of coal. For long-flame coal, the partial differential of temperature has always been relatively positive and there has been no negative value since the beginning. Therefore, as the burial depth increases, the temperature rises, and the adsorption capacity of long-flame coal also increases. Two fundamental difficulties of the field test method are the non-direct measurability of the lost gas and the non-repeatability of the field test. Using the coal sample after the residual gas volume test as the coal sample of the adsorption method and completing a reverse cycle can ensure that the geological factors of the target coal seam remain unchanged. Under isobaric conditions, the temperature has affected the adsorption amount negatively. In other words, the adsorption amount will reduce with temperature increasing. Under isothermal conditions, pressure has affected the adsorption amount positively. In other words, the adsorption amount will increase with temperature increasing. Under isosteric condition, if T₂ > T₁, then P₂ > P₁.

 

Author (s) Details

Li Dong
Xi'an Siyuan University, Xian, Shaanxi, 710038, China.

 

ZHANG Xuemei
Xi'an Siyuan University, Xian, Shaanxi, 710038, China.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48388-95-7

The Capital-labor-time Triad as a Key Factor of Economic Knowledge | Chapter 3 | Recent Progress in Science and Technology Vol. 8

 In the works of economists, individual still encounters the perception of capital as concrete or intangible property. The understanding of capital stems from the principle of duality, which is the support of accounting hypothesis and the measurement of regular income of economic wholes. From this principle therefore capital is an abstract category. In strength-material processes, capital represents the abstract strength to do work.  Thus, arithmetic providing abstract tools and thermodynamics worthy describing the revolution of energy and work are used to define capital. Consideration of the principles of thermodynamics should when measuring annual profits, asset devaluation and equivalent wages. The regular application of the second law of thermodynamics leads to the conclusion that the natural loyal revealed in the belief of human capital measurement still determines the rate of authorization of time so the trio of capital-labor-time is the groundwork of economic information. Theoretical analyses and verdicts are confirmed by practical studies.

Author(s) Details:

Mieczyslaw Dobija,
Cracow University of Economics, Cracow, Poland.

Jurij Renkas,
Cracow University of Economics, Cracow, Poland.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPST-V8/article/view/10059

Determining the Relationship between Statistical and Phenomenological Models of the Thermodynamic Systems| Chapter 4 | Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol.8

 The purpose of this work is to perform a critical examination of the challenges that occur when comparing statistical and phenomenological thermodynamic models.

Some notions from the statistical and phenomenological techniques of representing classical systems do not quite correlate with one another, according to the analysis. Specifically, various caloric ideal gas equations of state are used in these methods, whereas the statistical methods do not allow for the possibility that exists in thermodynamic cyclic processes to obtain the same distributions both due to a change in particle concentration and due to a change in temperature.

When using a new scale factor that depends on the parameters of a system and coincides with the Planck's constant in going to the degenerate state instead of the Planck's constant in statistical functions corresponding to the canonical Gibbs equations, the above-mentioned difference of the equations of state is removed. Using this procedure, statistical entropy is converted into one of the heat capacity forms. The proposed multiplier is dependent on a system's characteristics and, in one case, coincides with the Planck's constant when a classical system enters a degenerate state.

As a result, it appears that agreement between the methods under examination in the subject of the dependency of molecular distributions on particle concentration will demand further refining of the physical model of ideal gas and statistical methods for its statistical description.

Author(s) Details:

Igor Samkhan,
Yaroslavl State Technical University, Department of Heat Engines City of Yaroslavl, Russia

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCPS-V8/article/view/6010

An Introduction to the Concept of Immanence as a Physical Quantity: An Approach towards Information & Effect | Chapter 2 | Newest Updates in Physical Science Research Vol. 14

 The physical quantity of immanence is introduced and applied, allowing for a more full comprehension of effect. In mathematical formulations, the complementary co-factors of information and immanence are presented as the source and result of the thermodynamic effect, respectively. As a result, the concept of immanence helps to clarify the relationship between the concepts of information and reality, and leads to the derivative of the principle of immanence development, which may be applied to astrophysical problems like the information paradox (i.e., the question of information loss regarding black holes).

Author(s) Details

Friedhelm M. Jöge
Schulstrasse 57, D-31812 Bad Pyrmont, Germany.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NUPSR-V14/article/view/3156

Study on the Quantum Effects in Synaptic Neurons and Their Networks in the Brain| Chapter 2 | Newest Updates in Physical Science Research Vol. 12

 Small neurotransmitters are described as particles in a spinless quantum field in this article. The particles are Bosons, which can, for example, occupy identical energy levels. Furthermore, we view particles in the presynaptic area prior to exocytosis as members of a grand canonical ensemble in thermodynamic equilibrium. As a result, the particles follow the Bose-Einstein statistics, which determine the relevant information entropy and density matrix. The equilibrium fails when neurotransmitters are released, and the Bose-Einstein distribution shifts toA statistical distribution is the Poisson distribution. Furthermore, the particles communicate as wave packets with quantized energies and momenta through chemical synapses, where we characterise the impact of quantum fluctuations. This symmetry braking process, which corresponds to a non-equilibrium phase transition, is characterised by a specific quanta threshold, which is largely reliant on the particle number mean. To model the connections of synaptic neurons in a population to a network, Hamiltonians that incorporate both Bosons and Fermions, as well as their interactions, are employed. Messages are sent via bosons.The switches that send these messages with changing content are (information) and Fermions. The effects we see in such a neural circuitry demonstrate a substantial dependence of the solutions on the initial values, as well as the existence of solutions with chaotic behaviour. These circuitry-based repercussions, together with possible internal network malfunctioning of specific neurons (e.g. intermitted flow), result in a long-term decrease in synaptic plasticity.

Author (S) Details

Paul Levi
Institute for Parallel and Distributed Systems (IPVS), Faculty for Informatics, Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.

View Book :-https://stm.bookpi.org/NUPSR-V12/article/view/2631

Some Implications of a Scale Invariant Model of Statistical Mechanics, Kinetic Theory of Ideal Gas, and Riemann Hypothesis | Chapter 10 | Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 11

 A scale invariant statistical mechanics model is used to construct invariant versions of conservation equations. The authors provide a modified form of the Cauchy stress tensor for fluid, which leads to a modified Stokes assumption and hence a finite bulk viscosity coefficient. Brownian motion is defined as the state of equilibrium between suspended particles and Brownian-moving molecule clusters. The Casimir vacuum, also known as Dirac's "stochastic ether" or de Broglie's "hidden thermostat," is a tachyonic fluid that is compressible according to Planck's compressible ether. The Planck h and Boltzmann k constants' stochastic definitions are demonstrated to be related to the spatial and temporal features of vacuum fluctuations, respectively. As a result, a new thermodynamic temperature definition is provided, resulting in anticipated sound velocity that matches observations. To obtain invariant forms of Planck energy and Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution functions, the Boltzmann combinatoric approach was used. The universal gas constant is also identified as a modified value of the Joule-Mayer mechanical equivalent of heat, known as De Pretto number 8338, which appears in his mass-energy equivalence equation. Boltzmann's combinatoric methods are used to determine invariant versions of Boltzmann, Planck, and Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution functions for equilibrium statistical fields, including those of isotropic stationary turbulence. As a result, (electron, photon, and neutrino) are defined as the most likely equilibrium sizes of (photon, neutrino, and tachyon) clusters, respectively. The physical basis for the normalised spacing between zeros of the Riemann zeta function and the normalised Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is studied, as well as its ties to the Riemann hypothesis. The zeros of the Riemann zeta function are connected to the zeros of particle velocities or "stationary states" using Euler's golden key, offering a physical explanation for the crucial line's location. Because the Schrödinger equation of quantum mechanics will determine the energy spectrum of the Casimir vacuum, it is proposed that physical space be defined by noncommutative spectral geometry of Connes in light of Heisenberg matrix mechanics. The hierarchies of vacua and absolute zero temperatures, as well as invariant forms of transport coefficients assuming finite values of gravitational viscosity, are discussed. The results are examined in terms of their implications for the problem of thermodynamic irreversibility and the Poincaré recurrence theorem. The first law of thermodynamics is invariantly modified, as is a modified definition of entropy, which bridges the gap between radiation and gas theory. Finally, new paradigms for the hydrodynamic foundations of both Schrödinger and Dirac wave equations, as well as transitions between Bohr stationary states, are investigated in quantum mechanics.

Author (S) Details

Siavash H. Sohrab
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Robert McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208-3111, Illinois, U.S.A.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CASTR-V11/article/view/2459

Deductive Approach to Biogenesis: A Review | Chapter 5 | Current Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 6

 This article examines the main arguments concerning the nature of life's early beginnings. It first places biogenetic processes in a physical and systems-theoretical context. In this case, biogenesis would not involve the chemical construction of individual molecules, but rather the creation of an energetically self-sustaining, dynamically organized chemical system from the ground up. This system would have initially separated from the general operating physicochemical processes, gradually becoming more independent of them. As a system, it had to build its structure step by step, with each stage becoming more complex and stable than the previous one. Changing its basic structure too much; as long as a system's structure remains intact, it will continue to operate in the same way even if its chemical constituents change. This property of a system was especially useful when the systems, which had already evolved and operated for approximately 1.3 billion years, had to adapt to new environmental conditions during the Great Oxygen Event, or GOE, which occurred approximately 2.5 billion years ago. As energy processing systems, their constituent molecules carry the energy and can thus be replaced by other, more efficient ones as needed or as external chemical conditions change. It is the energy flow that began and has continued to exist. continued to change chemically, but for this to occur, the general physical conditions of the environment must have remained more or less constant. This automatically transforms the general problem from one of chemistry to one of thermodynamics and physical inorganic chemistry. It also implies that biogenesis does not concern the origin and evolution of individual chemical components, but rather the splitting off of processes of intense interactions that gradually diverge from those in the early oceans to form an increasingly distinct system governed by an energy flow.

Author(S) Details

Rob Hengeveld
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACB-V6/article/view/1437

Conservation Laws in Modern Physics with Technical Applications | Book Publisher International

 Our book's main goal is to demonstrate the profound unity of different branches of physics at the level of conservation laws and the medium state equation. Classical mechanics, gas and fluid dynamics, relativistic theory, thermodynamics, statistical and quantum physics are all explored in this path. The book is divided into ten parts, each of which examines theoretical issues, presents experimental data, and illustrates some technological applications.

Author(s) Detalis

M. Ja. Ivanov
Turbine Department, Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Aviamotornaya Str., Moscow 111116, Russia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CLMPTA/issue/view/71

Descriptive Study: In silico and Physicochemical Assessment of the Effectiveness of Hydroxy / Amino Acids as Auxiliary Substances to Improve the Complexation Efficiency of β-cyclodextrin towards Bosentan | Chapter 1 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 5

 To improve its physicochemical performance, the effectiveness of certain hydroxy and amino acids as an auxiliary substance in improving the complexation efficiency (CE) of β -cyclodextrin ( β CD) against Bosentan (BOS), a poorly soluble endothelin receptor antagonist, has been evaluated. A better choice of L-Arginine (ARG) as an auxiliary substance to enhance CE and interaction constant (Ks) of β CD was demonstrated by phase solubility studies conducted in distilled water. As additional proof, the stability, potential interactions and geometry of BOS inside the CD cavity were predicted in silico calculations, optimising ARG as an auxiliary substance again. The solution state thermodynamic investigations subsequently revealed an entropy-driven mechanism of complexation. FTIR, DSC, XRPD and SEM were used to classify the lyophilized complexes. Thermodynamic research has shown that the process of inclusion is entropy-driven and random. Prepared lyophilized complexes provided a smooth, transparent water solution suggesting the complexes achieved by the inclusion phenomenon with lower sized particles of the drug. The inclusion phenomenon arising from the protein binding analysis was responsible for keeping the unbound drug in plasma, resulting in dose and dose frequency minimization. In the overall evaluation, the efficiency of the ternary complex was found to be appreciated, suggesting better efficacy of ARG as an auxiliary substance in improving the CE of CD towards BOS.

Author(s) Details

Yogesh V. Pore
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College of Pharmacy, Karad, Maharashtra, 415 124, India.

Priyanka H. Jadhav
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College of Pharmacy, Karad, Maharashtra, 415 124, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/354

The Use of Spectrophotometric and Thermodynamic Methods for the Determination of Glibenclamide | Chapter 8 | Current Research and Development in Chemistry Vol. 4

 

For the assay of glibenclamide, a spectrophotometric and thermodynamic method is defined. The technique involves a glibenclamide charge transfer complexion reaction with 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-Dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) to form a very intense coloured charge transfer complex with a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. Under tailored experimental conditions, the resulting coloured product was analysed at 474 nm. Beer-Lambert 's law was obeyed over the 20-100 μg / ml concentration range. The apparent absorptivity of the molar was measured and 0.99 ⁇ 103 L.mol- 1 cm-1 was found. The corresponding sensitivity of Sandell, detection limits, and quantification were stated. The thermodynamic parameters have been defined as well. The proposed method was applied successfully to the determination of glibenclamide in pure and commercial forms with strong average recovery of 98.24 percent. The student t-test and f-test were used for statistical comparison at a 95 percent confidence level.

Author (s) Details

Nwanisobi Gloria
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.

Ukoha Pius
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/282