Clinical Profile and Management of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumours in HIV-Seropositive Patients | Chapter 5 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 4

 

 

Background: There has been an increased rate of neoplastic diseases in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The survival of patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has improved considerably with modern medical management. However, oral and maxillofacial tumours occurring in these patients have not received adequate treatment attention.

 

Objectives: To assess the clinical features and treatment modalities of oral and maxillofacial tumours in HIV-seropositive patients.

 

Methodology: This was a retrospective study of HIV-seropositive patients who received treatments for oral and maxillofacial tumours at Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria. The study covered the period from January 2015 to December 2024. The information was extracted from case files of patients, the theatre register, and histopathology records and slides were retrieved for the purpose of the study. Data collected include patient demography, location of tumour, clinical features, histopathology diagnosis, treatment, and complications.

 

Results: This study identified 28 HIV-positive patients with various oral and maxillofacial tumours. The age range of the patients was from 26 years to 58 years. Mean age was 42 years, SD ±9.24 years.  The tumours include: Kaposi sarcoma (KS), non-hodgkin lymphoma, squamous carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx, mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland, parotid cyst, who were treated over a period of 10 years with surgery and radiation therapy. Data collected showed that HIV-positive patients with these tumours presented at the third and fourth decades of life, with aggressive disease and worse prognosis. Treatment comprises surgical resection with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The complications of the treatment include: tumour recurrence, resistance of the tumour to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, rapidity of tumour growth, acute reactions to radiotherapy, distant metastasis, weight loss and death. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has not altered the incidence of these malignancies as observed in this study.

 

Conclusions: Oral and maxillofacial tumours in HIV-positive patients occurred irrespective of the commencement of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Kaposi sarcoma is the most common tumour recorded in this study. The treatment comprises surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy; nevertheless, the response varied with the kind of tumours being treated. Infection with HIV is not a contraindication when aggressive radiation therapy is needed in selected patients.

 

 

Author(s) Details

O.O Omisakin
Division of Dental/Maxillofacial Surgery, Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v4/6837

Fascial Planes in Head and Neck Malignancies: Predictors of Tumor Spread and Guides for Surgical Management |Chapter 2| Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 11

 a

Fascial planes in the head and neck play a dual role as barriers and conduits for tumor spread, making them clinically significant in the management of malignancies. This review synthesizes evidence from anatomical, surgical, and imaging studies to highlight their role in predicting invasion pathways, guiding resection margins, and improving oncologic outcomes. Surgical techniques that incorporate fascial boundaries have been shown to increase nodal yield, reduce recurrence, and preserve vital functions. Advances in imaging, including MRI and novel PET tracers, further enhance visualization of tumor margins and perineural spread, supporting more precise planning and intraoperative decision-making. Despite their importance, inconsistencies in nomenclature and classification of fascial planes continue to limit standardization and interdisciplinary communication. Future research should focus on consensus-driven terminology, integration of emerging technologies such as deep learning, and validation of fascial plane-based approaches in large-scale, prospective studies. Integrating fascial anatomy into clinical practice may enhance oncologic outcomes while supporting functional preservation in patients with head and neck cancer.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Shrikrishna B H
Department of ENT, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, India.

 

Deepa G
Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, India.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v11/6214

IMRT Optimization Method for Patients with Lung Cancer Using Firefly and Genetic Algorithms | Chapter 3 | Contemporary Perspective on Science, Technology and Research Vol. 5

This study presents a multi-objective model for scheduling Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy Treatment (IMRT) in patients with lung cancer, based on Genetic Algorithms (GA). Cancer classification can be beneficial to forecast the results of certain diseases or to find tumours' genetic behaviour. The suggested approach is used to minimise the fitness function defined as the mean squared error by optimizing the weight between layers and biases. The data set consists of 120 cases of CT indicators of lung cancer, 26 of which are chosen as the basis of diagnosis of lung cancer. In this study, a new approach is used to establish an accurate classification model by combining the recently developed heuristic algorithm Firefly Algorithm with the Genetic Algorithm in order to optimiseoptimize the values of weights and biases with the purpose of decreasing the mean squared error (mse), which is the study’s objective function. When compared to existing algorithms, the suggested GA-based Firefly Algorithm  (FA) technique was shown to have the lowest mean squared error of 0.0014. The GA schedules, using real data acquired at the Cancer Center in collaboration, are effective. The suggested GA-based FA is discussed and assessment results are displayed. In terms of accuracy and mse, the proposed model, which is based on the GA, beats other algorithms, according to the evaluation data.

Author(s) Details:

Keshav Kumar K.,
Department of Humanities and Mathematics, G. Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Science (for Women), Hyderabad-500 104, Telangana, India.

N. V. S. L. Narasimham,
Department of Humanities and Mathematics, G. Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Science (for Women), Hyderabad-500 104, Telangana, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPSTR-V5/article/view/13277

Oxygen Adsorption by Carbon Nanotubes and Its Application in Radiotherapy | Chapter 17 | Diagnostic and Treatment Advances in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2

 The ability to deliver large molecules, for example nucleic acids, to cells using carbon nanotubes has been reviewed. Potential applications of functionalised nanotubes to deliver oxygen to cancer cells to enhance the effects of radiotherapy are considered.

Author(s) Details:

J. Yang,
Nanobiology Center, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China and Life Science School of Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P.R. China.

Wenxin Li,
Nanobiology Center, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China.

Q. Li,
Nanobiology Center, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China.

S. Wu,
Nanobiology Center, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China.

B. Yu,
Nanobiology Center, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China.

X. Jing,
Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China.

Wenjian Li,
Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/DTACSC/article/view/9569

A Study Comparing Dosimetric Parameters and Clinical Outcomes in Inversely Planned Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) and Field-in-Field Forward Planned IMRT for Breast Cancer Treatment | Chapter 12 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

 This study proposed to evaluate IP IMRT accompanying field-in-field FP IMRT in patients experiencing adjuvant radiation later a modified radical mastectomy (MRM) for feelings cancer. In the situation of breast malignancy, radiotherapy has been an essential component of the multimodality action. Dose distribution was improved by more recent methods in the way that three-dimensional fallout. Intensity-modulated dissemination (IMRT) improved uniformity much further. The purpose of this study was to judge dosimetric characteristics and dispassionate results of inverse projected IMRT (IP IMRT) and field-in-field forward planned IMRT (FP IMRT) in cases with breast malignancy receiving post-reduced radical mastectomy (MRM) adjuvant fallout. Fifty patients accompanying breast malignancy who had MRM and needed supplementary radiation were carelessly randomized to one of two groups (25 each) utilizing IP IMRT and FP IMRT procedures. The urged dose was 50 Gy open over five weeks in 25 portions. In IP IMRT, five to seven tangential beams were employed for the breast wall, nodal books were set at appropriate angles utilizing beam optimization, and the examining anisotropic technique was used to reckon. In order to ensure uniform dose disposal to the planned aim volume (PTV), underrate hot spot fields, and restrict uncovering to the ipsilateral lung and contralateral breast, two antagonistic tangential fields were grown for FP IMRT. The dosimetric parameters in conditions of PTV are better for IP IMRT plans compared to FP IMRT plans (V95%: 92.3% vs 75.2%, p = 0.0001; D90%: 47.4 Gy vs 42.9 Gy, p = 0.0001; D95%: 44.9 Gy vs 37.1, p = 0.0004). The ipsilateral pleura (V10Gy: 71.9% vs 41%, p = 0.00001; V20Gy: 42.14% vs 36.35%, p = 0.03; V40Gy: 17.31% vs 26.95%, p = 0.00004; Dmean: 20.91 Gy vs 17.88 Gy, p = 0.01) and contralateral lung (V5Gy: 31.8% vs 0.1%, p < 0.00001; V10Gy: 6.2% vs 0.08%, p = 0.0001) taken statistically significant lesser doses in agreements of low prescription parameters in FP IMRT. In the essence, the dosimetric parameter V5 was considerably lower for FP IMRT (61.7% vs 9.7%, p = 0.00001) along with Dmean (10.92 Gy vs 4.01 Gy, p = 0.001). Similarly, LAD limits showed comparable extreme dose capacities (V40Gy: 21.02% vs 16.26%; p = 0.29) in both groups and a flow toward reduction in mean lot (17.1% vs 9.2%; p = 0.05) in FP IMRT group, although reduced dose volumes were taller in IP IMRT group. In contralateral breast, doses in tinier volumes were better for FP IMRT plans (V0.5Gy: 59.7% vs 43.8%, p = 0.01; V0.6Gy: 54.07% vs 37.6%, p = 0.007; V1Gy: 40.9% vs 22.1%, p = 0.001; V2Gy: 28.7% vs 9.4%, p = 0.00003; V5Gy: 12.07% vs 4.2%, p = 0.0001). In neck, statistically significant lower doses were visualized only in terms of Dmean (10.29 Gy vs 5.1 Gy; p = 0.03) with FP IMRT. No meaningful difference in agreements of skin reactions and dysphagia was visualized in both the groups. Both IP IMRT and FP IMRT offer benefits and disadvantages, and the superiority of individual approach over the other cannot be proved in this place study. The decision to select one approach over another can likewise be influenced by patient-connected criteria to a degree the risk of loco-regional repetition vs the danger of dissemination-induced sequelae.

Author(s) Details:

S. K. Azharuddin,
Radiation Oncology, Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly, India.

Piyush Kumar,
Radiation Oncology, Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly, India.

Navitha S.,
Medical Physics, Shri RamMurti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly, India.

Arvind Kumar Chauhan,
Radiation Oncology, Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly, India.

Pavan Kumar,
Radiation Oncology, Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly, India.

Jitendra Nigam,
Medical Physics, Shri RamMurti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly, India.

Ankita Mehta,
Radiation Oncology, Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Visakhapatnam, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V4/article/view/12106

A Clinical Study on Secondary Breast Cancer after Treatment for Hodgkin’s Disease | Chapter 1 | Research Highlights in Disease and Health Research Vol. 5

 Improved endurance of patients treated for Hodgkin's ailment has been raised at the cost of late complications, ultimate common of which are subordinate neoplasias including conscience cancers, which make up 6–9% of these neoplasias subsequently treatment for MDH. Survivors of Hodgkin's affliction may have a long life expectancy existing, and it is crucial to develop appropriate plans for estimating the risk recently breast cancer. Young age and radiotherapy are for the most part the most advantageous determinants. In this report, we describe the note of a patient who was treated for Hodgkin's affliction at the age of 17. After 17 years, she was pronounced with triple-negative right feelings cancer and received secondary chemotherapy and radiotherapy in addition to breast-conserving enucleation. We provide an overview of the risk determinants, diagnostic, prognostic, and healing options that are modified for one Hodgkin's disease situation received for these secondary mammary cancers.

Author(s) Details:

Loubna Belhajjam,
Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Center Fes Morocco, Morocco.

Zineb Alami,
Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Center Fes Morocco, Morocco.

Asmaa Kouadir,
Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Center Fes Morocco, Morocco.

Abderahmane Elmazghi,
Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Center Fes Morocco, Morocco.

Touria Bouhafa,
Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Center Fes Morocco, Morocco.

Khalid Hassouni,
Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Center Fes Morocco, Morocco.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V5/article/view/10113

Radiation- Induced Trismus: A Concise Review of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Management | Chapter 1 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 8

One of the most challenging side effects of anti-cancer therapy for patients with head and neck tumours is trismus (HNC). High-dose radiotherapy (RT), also known as radiation-induced trismus, has a high risk of inducing trismus in the temporomandibular joint, pterygoid, and temporalis or masseter muscles (RIT). Fibrosis in skeletal muscles, synovial fluid, extracellular matrix, and articular cartilage is thought to result from tissue hypoxia and inflammation brought on by RT, which are important factors in the development of RIT. The most frequently mentioned risk factors for RIT are age, cigarette and alcohol use, poor oral hygiene, tumour location, tumour size, advanced T-stage, and hereditary factors. Perineural invasion, tumour location near the masticatory apparatus, initial maximum mouth opening restriction, large RT volumes, and high masticatory apparatus doses are all present. After HNC radiation, up to 42% of patients may experience RIT. The goal of the current review is to discuss the available data regarding the pathogenesis, risk factors, preventive measures, and therapeutic approaches of RIT, a severe late side effect of RT or chemoradiotherapy that lowers the quality of life of patients by interfering with daily oral functions like chewing, eating, drinking, and speaking. The current review also focuses on the potential role of pre-existing systemic or local inflammation, as well as RT-induced inflammation, as a cause of RIT in HNC patients receiving RT or chemoradiotherapy, which may open a new window for RIT prevention and treatment given the growing body of evidence indicating that chronic inflammation is one of the major causes of RIT.

 

Author (s) Details

 Efsun Somay

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey.

Busra Yilmaz

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey.

Erkan Topkan

Department of Radiation Oncology, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey.

Ahmet Kucuk

Department of Radiation Oncology, Mersin City Hospital, Mersin, Turkey.

Berrin Pehlivan

Department of Radiation Oncology, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Ugur Selek

Department of Radiation Oncology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkeya and Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.

 

Please see the link here:-  https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V8/article/view/7790

Demographics in Prostate Cancer Treatment in the U.S. | Chapter 4 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 6

The most frequently diagnosed disease in men and the second leading cause of cancer death in the US is prostate cancer (PCa). Although localised PCa is becoming less common among American males, it still has a considerable morbidity and mortality rate. We set out to research the variables that might affect how patients and doctors choose their courses of therapy. More precisely, we looked into how different demographic groups in the United States used RP, RT, and AS therapy choices differently to treat localised PCa, paying close attention to the impact of population density. and facility type for cancer centres. The standard of care is not as clearly defined as it is for other malignancies, but many considerations (such as availability, accessibility, and preference) may play a role in selecting a therapeutic choice.

In order to improve patient outcomes, we seek to raise awareness of the complexity of the treatment choices in PCa by exposing these variations in care based on demographics.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Christian S. DiBiase

Boston College, United States.

Baoqing Li

Weill Cornell Medicine College, United States.

 

View Book :-  https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V6/article/view/7677

Persistent Inflammation as a Cause of Severe Late Complications in Chemoradiotherapy-treated Head and Neck Cancer Patients | Chapter 3 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

In head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, radiation, in particular concurrent chemoradiotherapy (C-CRT), considerably increases disease control and survival rates (HNSCCs). These improvements are, however, typically followed with a rise in the frequency of severe consequences that significantly reduce the patient's functioning and quality of life and are primarily brought on by the underlying chronic systemic inflammation. Evidence currently available suggests that identifying novel immunological and inflammatory biomarkers before medication may be helpful in predicting severe oral cavity issues that may occur after treatment. These biomarkers might be used to help identify high-risk patients and direct treatment and follow-up procedures for them. The goal of the current review is to highlight the information that is currently available as well as the most plausible mechanisms that connect chronic inflammation to the development of serious long-term C-CRT problems. with an emphasis on dental losses following therapy, which might help identify high-risk individuals and prompt the implementation of preventative or therapeutic measures for them.

Author(s) Details:

Busra Yilmaz,

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey.

Efsun Somay,

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey.

Ahmet Kucuk,

Department of Radiation Oncology, Mersin City Hospital, Mersin, Turkey.

Berrin Pehlivan,

Department of Radiation Oncology, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Ugur Selek,

Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey and Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.

Erkan Topkan,

Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V12/article/view/7269

Temozolomide and Radiotherapy versus Radiotherapy Alone in High Grade Gliomas: A Very Long Term Comparative Study and Literature Review Up-to-date | Chapter 6 | Innovations in Science and Technology Vol. 6

  The goal of this study is to compare the outcomes of 31 patients who received RT and adjuvant TMZ (group A) from January 1997 to June 1999 versus 33 patients who received RT and concomitant TMZ (group B) from July 1999 to November 2001, as well as to compare the subjects who received both RT and TMZ with the historical group (group C) who received only radiotherapy. The first-line treatment for high-grade gliomas is temozolomide (TMZ). In the treatment of brain gliomas, the combination of TMZ and radiotherapy is more successful than radiotherapy alone. The goal of this study is to compare the survival of glioma patients treated with radiation alone versus radiotherapy plus TMZ over a long period of time (>10 years).

Materials and Methods: From April 1994 to November 2001, we retrospectively analysed the outcomes of 128 consecutive patients diagnosed with high-grade gliomas who were referred to our institutions. The first 64 patients were given RT alone, whereas the remaining 64 were given a combination of RT and adjuvant or concurrent TMZ.

Grade 3 (G3) haematological damage was observed in 6 (9%) of the 64 patients who received RT with TMZ. There was no evidence of G4 haematological harm. Age, histology, and TMZ treatment were all statistically significant prognostic variables for overall survival at 2 years (OS). PFS was 9 months for GBM and 11 months for AA.

Conclusions: In glioma patients, combining RT with TMZ increases long-term survival. Our findings demonstrate the combination's long-term advantage.

Author(s) Details:

Salvatore Parisi,
Unit of Radiation Therapy of IRCCS “Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy and Radiotherapy Unit, Scientific Institute “Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza”, Viale Cappuccini, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.


Pietro Corsa,
Unit of Radiation Therapy of IRCCS “Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.


Arcangela Raguso,
Unit of Radiation Therapy of IRCCS “Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.


Antonio Perrone,
Unit of Radiation Therapy of IRCCS “Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.


Sabrina Cossa,
Unit of Radiation Therapy of IRCCS “Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.


Tindara Munafò,
Unit of Radiation Therapy of IRCCS “Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.


Gerardo Sanpaolo,
Unit of Radiation Therapy of IRCCS “Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.


Elisa Donno,
Unit of Radiation Therapy of IRCCS “Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.


Maria Antonietta Clemente,
Unit of Radiation Therapy of IRCCS “Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.


Michele Piombino,
Unit of Radiation Therapy of Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy.


Federico Parisi,
University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy.


Guido Valle,
Unit of Nuclear Medicine of IRCCS “Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IST-V6/article/view/6036

Saliva as Biomarker of Heat Shock Protein 70 in Radiotherapy: A Clinical Approach | Chapter 5 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 The human heat shock protein is made up of eight homologous chaperones: six in the reticulum and mitochondria, and two in the cytosol and nucleus. These proteins express differently in different tissues, hinting that they serve different biological activities. The levels of salivary Heat shock protein 70 in healthy people are compared to those in radiation patients in this study. Materials and Methods: The experimental group consisted of 40 people with head and neck cancer who were referred to the department of oncology for radiotherapy and were compared to 40 healthy people. Saliva and serum samples were collected and Heat shock protein 70 levels were determined using the ELIZA (enzyme linked immunoassay for HSP 70) method, with statistical analysis using the independent student 't' test. It was determined that P0.05 was statistically significant. In compared to the control group (3.170 ng/ml), there was a substantial rise in Serum Heat Shock Protein 70 levels in the Experimental group (6.525 ng/ml). Salivary HSP70 levels were significantly higher in the experimental group (5.694 ng/dl) than in the control group (2.641 ng/dl). Conclusion: Salivary and serum Heat shock protein 70 levels increased significantly in people receiving radiation for head and neck cancer, indicating that it is an effective cell stress marker.

Author (S) Details

Mithra N. Hedge
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, A. B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralkatte, Nitte University, Mangalore, India.

Nireeksha Shetty
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, A. B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralkatte, Nitte University, Mangalore, India.

N. Suchetha Kumari
Department of Biochemistry, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Deralkatte, Nitte University, Mangalore, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V2/article/view/4276

A Retrospective Clinicopathological Study of Cervical Cancer | Chapter 9 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 16

 Cervical cancer remains the most common gynaecological cancer among women in developing countries.

The purpose of this study was to look at the clinical presentation and histological pattern of cervix carcinoma over the course of three years.

The research was done backwards.

The patients were mostly in their 40s and 50s.

The patients were mostly in stage III of the disease. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most prevalent histological pattern. Radiotherapy was used in conjunction with chemotherapy as a treatment option.

Conclusion: The findings show that the screening programme is ineffective at detecting preinvasive stages of cervix carcinoma. The preinvasive stage should be diagnosed early through screening and treated appropriately.

Author (S) Details

Gopalakrishna Nandini
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, M. S. Ramaiah Medical College and Hospitals, Karnataka, India.

Jessica C. Fernandes
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, M. S. Ramaiah Medical College and Hospitals, Karnataka, India.

Punuru Sindhu
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, M. S. Ramaiah Medical College and Hospitals, Karnataka, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V16/article/view/3783

Fiducial Marker-Guided Radiotherapy Practices in Prostate Cancer Treatment | Chapter 11 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 1

 The fiducial marker application technique in prostate radiotherapy is an effective ancillary radiotherapy method for reducing acute and chronic radiotherapy side effects, safely administering higher doses, and contributing to local and overall survival without causing discomfort to the patient. It is non-invasive and risk-free. Patients are able to tolerate it well. It's a crucial procedure that should be carried out in collaboration with Radiation Oncology and Urology / Radiology Clinics that have the requisite equipment. The purpose of this study was to provide broad information on the many types of fiducial markers and how to use them.

Author (s) Details

Cenk Ahmet Sen
Izmir University of Economics School of Medicine, Medical Park Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Izmir, Turkey.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V1/article/view/2790

Radiotherapy in Elderly Patients with Low-Risk Breast Cancer | Chapter 18 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

 Few studies on the treatment of older women with low-risk breast cancer have been conducted. Despite the fact that their clinical behaviour is identical to that of younger patients, they are frequently undertreated, which increases the likelihood of local relapses and shortens their survival. The rate of local recurrences after breast conserving surgery without adjuvant treatment (tamoxifen or radiation) is significant, approaching 20% in low-risk individuals, which is unacceptable. Despite the fact that tamoxifen and irradiation appear to have equal effects in terms of preventing local recurrence, The combination of the two produces the best overall survival rates, with local relapses of less than 2%. In recent years, two trials that were specially tailored for older patients were published. These trials propose avoiding radiotherapy in patients with low-risk tumours treated with breast conserving surgery and tamoxifen based on equal survival, but with a 10% increase in local relapses at 10 years vs. 2% when radiotherapy is skipped. There is no proof that taking tamoxifen can help you lose weight. is less toxic in this group of patients who are typically poly-treated, and treatment compliance appears to be much lower than expected. This recommendation is highly contentious due to the reduction in the number of sessions in external radiotherapy with hypofractionation and the acceleration of partial breast irradiation, especially intraoperative radiotherapy with a single session. After breast conserving surgery, elderly patients may benefit from radiation therapy.

Author (s) Details

Claudio Fuentes-Sánchez
Hospital Universitario Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.

María Elena García-Morales
Hospital Universitario Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.

Carmen González-San Segundo
Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V12/article/view/1380

A Case Report on Primary Lymphoma of Liver Showing Non-Hodgkin’s B Cell Lymphoma | Chapter 6 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 10

 Lymphoma, also known as primary lymphoma of the liver or primary hepatic lymphoma, is a common liver cancer (PHL). It's a rare form of non-lymphoma Hodgkin's that causes hepatomegaly and cholestatic jaundice symptoms. This hepatic lymphoma has a positive prognosis if it is treated properly. We present a case of a 40-year-old man with an abdominal lump in the epigastric area, consistent weight loss for the past month, and a history of fever. On (fine needle aspiration cytology) FNAC lesions in the liver, blood measurement leucocytosis was observed with moderate elevation in hepatic enzymes. A high-grade non-B Hodgkin's cell lymphoma was discovered by immunohistochemistry. The radiographic and sonographic tests were completed. On examination, secondary liver metabolites, systemic lymphoma with secondary liver involvement, and hepato-cellular carcinoma were discovered. The patient had a good response to the chemotherapy and is still being monitored.

Author (s) Details

Akshay Nigam
Department of Radiation Oncology, G. R. Medical College, Gwalior [M.P] 474001, India

Anupama Sharma
Department of Biochemistry, G. R. Medical College, Gwalior [M.P] 474001, India

Ajay Kumar Singh
Department of Biochemistry, G. R. Medical College, Gwalior [M.P] 474001, India

Sanjeev Kumar Singh
Department of Biochemistry, G. R. Medical College, Gwalior [M.P] 474001, India

Girish Chandra Sharma
Division of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University [U.P], India

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCMS-V10/article/view/709

Primary Leiomyosarcoma of the Prostate Gland: A Review and Update | Chapter 5 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 9

 PLSOP (primary leiomyosarcoma of the prostate) is a rare cancer, with just about 200 cases identified to date. PLSOPs are characterised by lower urinary tract symptoms, haematuria, and perineal pain; they may or may not be linked to a history of prior radiotherapy and/or hormone treatment for adenocarcinoma of the prostate; they may affect both children and adults. A benign enlarged prostate and a hard enlarged mass can be discovered during an examination. Histological inspection of prostate specimens reveals spindle-shaped carcinoma cells, which can be used to diagnose PLSOPs. Vimentin, CD44, smooth muscle actin, and calponin immunohistochemistry appears to be positive, with desmin and keratin staining being focally positive. PSA, S-100, CD34, CD117, and cytokeratin are all negative. Cytogenetic analysis of primary prostate gland leiomyosarcoma may reveal clonal chromosomal rearrangement on Chromosomes 2, 3, 9, 11, and 19. Overall, the prognosis is bleak. For operable PLSOPs, surgery with or without chemotherapy tends to be the mainstay of treatment, but there is no universal consensus about the best therapeutic approach. The majority of PLSOPs cases are found after the disease has progressed to an advanced stage. To find therapies that would enhance the prognosis, a global multi-center trial is needed. Cryotherapy plus multi-modality adjuvant therapy, radiofrequency ablation of the tumour plus multi-modality adjuvant therapy, selective prostatic artery angiography and super-selective embolization of the arterial branch supplying the tumour plus multi-modality adjuvant therapy, and immunotherapy plus multi-modality adjuvant therapy are all new treatment options that need to be investigated.

Author (s) Details

Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo
Department of Urology, North Manchester General Hospital, Delaunays Road, Manchester, United Kingdom.

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Lymphomas of the Urinary Bladder: A Review of the Literature | Chapter 4 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 9

Background: Lymphoma of the urinary bladder is a very rare lesion, so some clinicians might not be familiar with its symptoms, diagnosis, or treatment.

The aim of this research was to review and update the literature on urinary bladder lymphoma.

Methods: To identify the lesion and record its appearance, diagnosis, and treatment, researchers used Internet data search engines such as Pub Med, Google, Google Scholar, Yahoo, and Bing to locate recorded literature from case reports and case series, as well as studies on lymphoma of the urinary bladder.

Results / Review of Literature: Lymphoma of the urinary bladder can be (a) primary lymphoma of the urinary bladder, which is a rare lymphoma that starts in the bladder and has no identified lymphoma anywhere, or (b) secondary lymphoma of the urinary bladder, which is much more common and is associated with a primary lymphoma that started in an extravesical location.

The majority of cases of lymphoma of the urinary bladder occur in middle-aged adults, and lymphomas of the urinary bladder have a female predominance. Secondary urinary bladder involvement occurs in 10% to 25% of leukemias and lymphomas, and it is more common in advanced stage systemic lymphoma. So far, less than 100 cases of urinary bladder lymphoma have been recorded. MALT lymphoma is the most common subtype of lymphoma in the urinary bladder, affecting adults over 60 years old, with 75 percent of cases being female. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma has also been confirmed to be normal, and it is thought to be caused by MALT transformation.

Visible haematuria, dysuria, urinary frequency, nocturia, and abdominal or back pain are all symptoms of urinary bladder lymphoma.

Submucosal masses are often discovered during radiology imaging investigations of lymphoma of the urinary bladder.

Lymphomas of the urinary bladder are defined by macroscopic analysis as distinct tumours that are wide and centred in the dome or lateral walls of the bladder.

Positive staining of lymphomas of the urinary bladder varies depending on the subtype of lymphoma; CD20 positive lymphomas are B-cell lymphomas.

CD20 and CD19 are positively stained in MALT lymphoma, while CD5, CD10, and CD11c are negatively stained. However, FMC7 is positively stained in MALT lymphoma.

Pan-keratin, vimentin, CK20, and CK7 appear to stain negatively in lymphomas of the urinary bladder.

Exhibit t (11; 18) of MALT lymphoma (q21: 21).

The MALT form of lymphoma of the urinary bladder is treated with radiotherapy, which normally results in no recurrence of the tumour.

Conclusions: Urinary bladder lymphoma may be either primary or secondary lymphoma.

The diagnosis of lymphoma of the urinary bladder is dependent on the anatomy of the resected or biopsied bladder lesion, which must be confirmed by immunohistochemical examination.

Urinary bladder lymphoma is a rare condition.

Radiotherapy is an effective cure for urinary bladder lymphoma.

Author (s) Details

Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo
Department of Urology, North Manchester General Hospital, Delaunays Road, Manchester, United Kingdom.

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A Detailed Literature Review on Primary Lymphoma of Bone | Chapter 6 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 Primary Bone Lymphoma (PLB) is a very unusual neoplasm, most often associated with bone pain and swelling, or as an unintentional imaging finding. The median diagnostic age is 55 years (range 50-60) with the predominance of males. In the paediatric and young adult population, PLB is highly rare. Diagnosis of PLB includes tissue biopsy and the most common subtype is Non-lymphoma Hodgkin's (NHL). Thoracic-abdominal-pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan, bone marrow biopsy and cytology of cerebrospinal fluid are used for disease staging. PLB is a rare lymphoma subtype with a favourable prognosis, characterised in most cases by localised disease Consolidation of chemo-immunotherapy with radiotherapy (RT) is a commonly used treatment technique with good results obtained for PLB.

Author(s) Details

Dr. E. Elhassadi
University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland.

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