Simulation and Economic Evaluation of an Industrial Plant Producing Formalin | Chapter 02 | Simulation and Economic Evaluation of an Industrial Plant Producing Formalin

 

The chemical industry has the goal of generating profits, but the expenses involved in its construction and operation are high. Making bad decisions leads to big losses. In this context, computer simulation becomes fundamental in the development of any project in the chemical industry, from the attempt to optimise equipment to the implementation of a new industrial plant. Simulation allows a consistent and detailed approach to reality. In this work, the economic evaluation of a formalin plant was made. Formalin is the aqueous formaldehyde solution, marketed at 25 to 56% wt. UniSim®Design Suite R390.1 software was used to perform the computer simulation of the plant. The capital and operational costs were estimated using concepts based on reference literature. Economic feasibility was analysed by calculating net present value and internal rate of return, considering two distinct values for the interest rate, 10% and 15%. For the first, the venture was proved feasible and attractive. For the second, the feasibility was not achieved.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Igor Silva Guimarães
Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Luiz Antônio Corrêa Dias
Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Fernando B. Mainier
Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v8/6575

Synergistic Amelioration of Arthritis in Preclinical Models through Azathioprine and Pioglitazone Combination Therapy | Chapter 7 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 9

 The current investigation aimed to explore the antioxidant and anti-arthritic properties of a combination therapy involving azathioprine and pioglitazone, compared to their individual use, in rodent models. The antioxidant potential of the drugs and their combination was were assessed through tests for scavenging activities against H2O2 and nitric oxide. Furthermore, their anti-arthritic effects were evaluated using both in vitro methods such as protein denaturation and membrane stabilization assays, and in vivo models including formaldehyde and complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis. Results indicated that the combined treatment exhibited superior scavenging of free radicals compared to the individual drugs, suggesting enhanced antioxidant activity. Moreover, the combination showed significant inhibition of protein denaturation and red blood cell proliferation in vitro. In animal models, it effectively reduced paw volume in both formaldehyde and CFA-induced arthritis, along with normalization of altered biochemical parameters, as confirmed by radiological and histopathological analyses. These findings highlight the synergistic interaction between azathioprine and pioglitazone, leading to enhanced antioxidant and anti-arthritic effects compared to their individual administration.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Veeresh Babu Pratap,
Department of Pharmacology, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Bachupally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Soundarya Varla
Department of Pharmacology, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Bachupally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Dr. Ganga Raju M.
Department of Pharmacology, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Bachupally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V9/article/view/14366

Determination of Pharmacological Screening for Anti-arthritic Potential of Moringa oleifera in Rats Challenged with Formalin | Chapter 5 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 9

Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae), a plant of significant nutritional and therapeutic value endemic to the Indian subcontinent. Moringa's many portions have been used as a food supplement since the dawn of humanity. The most current evidence suggests that M. oleifera leaves could be used to treat a variety of inflammatory illnesses. The goal of this study was to look at arthritis and the preventive effects of Moringa oleifera (MO) leaf extracts in laboratory rats that had been exposed to formaldehyde. Methods: In albino Wistar rats, arthritis was produced by injecting 0.1 ml formaldehyde (2 percent v/v, sc) into the subplantar region of the right hind paw. The conventional medicine was diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg, i.p.). For 10 days, ethanolic leaf extracts of MO at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, as well as aqueous leaf extract at 500 mg/kg body weight p.o., were given. Changes in paw edoema volume, paw thickness, arthritis score, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, as well as histology of knee joints in all groups, were documented at the end of the study period. Results: Treatment with diclofenac sodium, ethanolic, and aqueous extracts of MO resulted in a significant reduction in paw edoema volume, paw thickness, and arthritis score. When compared to control animals, there was a significant reduction in the marker of inflammation in the treated animals. In comparison to the toxicant, histological findings revealed that extract-treated tissues were restored to normalcy. Aqueous extract treatment at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight was found to be more effective. Conclusion: At a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight, aqueous leaf extracts of MO had a greater anti-arthritic effect than ethanolic leaf extracts.

Author(s) Details

Professor, Dr. Nishat Fatima
Department of Pharmacology, Al Hawash Private University, Homs, Syria.

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Determination of Formaldehyde in Seafood and Food Products at Somdet Market, Kalasin Province | Chapter 10 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

Formaldehyde or formalin, which is acceptably assimilated, is deeply damaging. The aim of this study was to analyse formalin sulfated in fish and solidified meat. In Kalasin Province, the method was to pick samples. Examples were individual mackerel, fresh squid, solidified chicken, Saba fish, Shishamo fish, Jelly fish, Cockle, Clams, Squid, shrimp, White shrimp and Dolly fish. The techniques were to analyse the titration and formalin test kit for formaldehyde. The system of titration used formic corrosive in soluble arrangement by the abundance of iodine. Law No.151 (B.E.2536) was issued by the Ministry of Public Health's Formalin test unit to test formalin-debased foods. The findings showed that formaldehyde was 288 mg/L, 228 mg/L, 293 mg/L, 77 mg/L, 282 mg/L, 180 mg/L, 120 mg/L, 48 mg/L, 229 mg/L, 294 mg/L, 295 mg/L and 293 mg/L in mackerel, fresh squid, solidified chicken, saba fish, shishamo fish, jellyfish, cockle, shellfish, squid, white shrimp and cart fish in three duplicates. The test unit for formalin was to assess that all examples were infected with formalin. Furthermore, the formalin stature defiled in white shrimp, the second was shrimp and cart fish, the third was solidified chicken, the fourth was mackerel, the fifth was Shishamo fish, the sixth was squid, the seventh was new squid, jellyfish was the eighth, cockle was the ninth, Saba fish was the 10th, and shellfish was the latter. Formaldehyde arranged by the World Health Organization was cancer-causing for individuals, circumspectly that there was fair evidence for exacting malignancy of depression in individuals.

Author (s) Details

Theeranat Suwanaruang
Faculty of Science and Health Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin, Thailand.

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Effects of Formaldehyde on Swiss Albino Mice | Chapter 3 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 2

 In a number of concentrations, formaldehyde (FA) is toxic. FA can react with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that are cellular components, even at lower concentrations. By harming parenchyma and degradation of functions, FA causes cellular toxic effects in the liver, lungs, kidney and brain. This research was performed to examine serum biochemical changes and the cytotoxic effects of FA toxicity in Swiss albino mice on the liver, lungs, kidneys and brain. To this end, mice were divided into four similar classes, i.e. Regulation, inhalation, intraperitoneal and oral. The exposure groups were further divided into three subgroups that were exposed to FAda daily for 30 days in the case of inhalation and oral groups and 10 days in the case of acute toxic effects in the intraperitoneal group. Samples of blood and tissue were obtained after exposure and examined for biochemical and morphological studies. Following FA exposure, serum biochemical parameters such as Aspartate Transaminase (AST) and Alanine Transaminase (ALT) were significantly increased (P ⁇ 0.05) in mice. Gross morphological changes, i.e. congestion and petechial haemorrhages of the liver, were revealed in the anatomical findings. The research revealed gross irregularities in the lungs, i.e. congestion. But in the kidney and brain, no gross abnormal features were found. Histologically, the liver displayed distributed lymphocytic infiltration, sinusoid dilatation, necrosis and parenchymal cell degeneration in orally exposed mice (10 mg/kg) and diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, and necrosis was seen in 7 and 10 mg/kg body weight in intraperitoneally FA injected mice. Lung tissue showed haemorrhages in the 5 ppm inhaled community treated. In all intraperitoneally exposed groups, Kidney showed reduced Bowman's space in 10 mg/kg treated oral group and congestion, tubular necrosis, increased Bowman's space. In the inhaled groups, brain tissue showed that degenerating neurons with either pycnotic or karyorrhectic nuclei were steadily increased in the highest concentration group. All these results showed that, in a dose-related way, FA has annoying toxic effects on mice.

Author(s) Details

Marya Afrin
Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

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Preliminary Risk Assessment Posed by Formaldehyde Residues in Clothing to Vietnamese Consumers: Critical Observation | Chapter 5 | International Research in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol.3

 The assessment of potential health risks posed by formaldehyde in clothing to consumers is of

increasing concern worldwide. Because of this, it is necessary to develop an exposure model that can
realistically mimic clothes wearing conditions. This study aims to preliminarily develop a health risk
assessment model for formaldehyde in clothing, and then to assess the potential health risk posed by
formaldehyde in textiles to adults and infants in Vietnam using the model. Finally, this study aims to
examine the plausibility of the adopted permissible values for formaldehyde in clothing in Vietnam. In
the model, two exposure factors for dermal exposure and overall exposure routes, i.e. sweat type and
perspiration area, were considered. The margins of exposure (MOE) were calculated to estimate the
health risks from worst case and average exposures. The assessment shows that acute exposure via
inhalation can pose health risks to Vietnamese consumers in both cases. In regards to chronic
exposure, dermal exposure is about four (for infants) and seven (for adults) times higher than
exposure via inhalation, but no risks were found for average exposure. If a MOE of 100 is defined as
‘safe’ used, dermal and total chronic exposure to worst case cause potential risks, whereas no health
risks were found for exposure to average case. With the model, the adopted Vietnamese permissible
values for formaldehyde in clothing were assessed as not posing a health risk to Vietnamese
consumers, hence they are accepted.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Van Nam Thai
HUTECH Institute of Applied Sciences, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Vietnam.


Akihiro Tokai
Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

Huy Ba Le
Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry- HUFI, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

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Study on Release of Formaldehyde from Endodontic Sealers | Chapter 10 | Current Research and Development in Chemistry Vol. 2

Periapical alterations or irritations resulting from root canal therapy may be caused by overinstrumentation, infection or adverse effects from substances liberated from root canal filling materials. Chemothera-peutic agents containing formaldehyde are commonly used in the treatment of dental disease. Formaldehyde is known to local irritation and skin sensitization following acute and subacute exposure. The objective of this study was to evaluate AH 26, endomethasone, N2, AH plus, diaket, forfenan and roeko seal automix (RSA) for the presence of the formal-dehyde. Sealer's powder and liquid were analyzed before and after mixing formaldehyde analysis was done using highperformance liquid chromato-graphy with thermo-separation products spectra system and photodiode assay. Analysis showed that the AH 26, endomethasone, N2 powders and forfenan liquid contained formaldehyde and and their mixture were releasing formaldehyde. It could not decetcted any formaldehyde in AH plus, diaket and RSA samples. Because endodontic sealers can get into contact with surrounding soft and hard tissues, they should have an acceptable biocompatibility. Sealers with inferior biocompatibility, such as formaldehyde-releasing materials, should no longer be applicable in practice because safer alternatives are available.

Author(s) Details

Mehmet Sinan Evcil
Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.

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