Synergistic Amelioration of Arthritis in Preclinical Models through Azathioprine and Pioglitazone Combination Therapy | Chapter 7 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 9

 The current investigation aimed to explore the antioxidant and anti-arthritic properties of a combination therapy involving azathioprine and pioglitazone, compared to their individual use, in rodent models. The antioxidant potential of the drugs and their combination was were assessed through tests for scavenging activities against H2O2 and nitric oxide. Furthermore, their anti-arthritic effects were evaluated using both in vitro methods such as protein denaturation and membrane stabilization assays, and in vivo models including formaldehyde and complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis. Results indicated that the combined treatment exhibited superior scavenging of free radicals compared to the individual drugs, suggesting enhanced antioxidant activity. Moreover, the combination showed significant inhibition of protein denaturation and red blood cell proliferation in vitro. In animal models, it effectively reduced paw volume in both formaldehyde and CFA-induced arthritis, along with normalization of altered biochemical parameters, as confirmed by radiological and histopathological analyses. These findings highlight the synergistic interaction between azathioprine and pioglitazone, leading to enhanced antioxidant and anti-arthritic effects compared to their individual administration.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Veeresh Babu Pratap,
Department of Pharmacology, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Bachupally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Soundarya Varla
Department of Pharmacology, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Bachupally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Dr. Ganga Raju M.
Department of Pharmacology, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Bachupally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V9/article/view/14366

Facet for Anomalous Accessory Articulation of the Coracoid Process of Scapula in the North Indian Region: Prevalence and Clinical Significance | Chapter 10 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 9

Coracoclavicular (CCJ) joint a diarthrodial synovial articulation sometimes exists between the conoid tubercle of the clavicle & superior surface of the coracoid process. It presents with a variable frequency ranging between 0.55% and 30%. This unique entity is usually asymptomatic but may sometimes present with pain or predispose to arthritic changes in neighbouring joints of the shoulder region. The study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of this joint in the Indian population from osteological samples and included 500 scapulae; 250 right and 250 on the left side. The observations and analysis were done during a 6 month period from June 2017- November 2017. Evidence of CCJ was obtained in the form of definitive facets on the superior surface of the coracoid process. The presence of facets for the joint was observed in 21.8% with a higher proportion on the left side (26%) as compared to the right (17.6%). Facets are presented with a spectrum of shapes and surface features. CCJ is not rare and likely to have an acquired etiology favoured by genetic and environmental factors. We would like to propose that the coracoclavicular joint is not rare, but rather, a common variant of the pectoral girdle. The facets displayed distinctive shapes with unique surface features and surface projection. On the basis of these variations in the morphology of the articular surfaces, we would like to suggest an acquired etiology in the formation of these joints.

Author(s) Details:

Sehgal Garima,
Department of Anatomy, King George’s Medical University, India.

Rani Anita,
Department of Anatomy, King George’s Medical University, India.

Chopra Jyoti,
Department of Anatomy, King George’s Medical University, India.

Kumar Navneet,
Department of Anatomy, King George’s Medical University, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V9/article/view/13633

The Relationship between Modern Rheumatology and War: A Review | Chapter 13 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 This phase provides a brief review of how wars in current history have formed the development of rheumatology as a medical concentration. Rheumatology was a field well documented in the old world by various methods of medicine, containing those of India, China and Ancient Greece. This experiences seems to have happened forgotten and is not well known in the up-to-date medical society. Nonetheless, in a civilian setting, it is important for the fields of rheumatology and military medicine. On account of doctors treating soldiers' arthritis all along World Wars I and II, many crippled disorders were identified for the first time. Doctors medicating soldiers for a assortment of musculoskeletal complaints during WWI and WW2 bring about the identification of new inflexible diseases, not previously recognised in Westerly medicine. Synthetic Weapons in both wars bring about the discovery of many Ailment Modifying Anti Hard Drugs (DMARDS) still commonly secondhand today in rheumatology. This chapter inquires to reveal news from military history important to the field of rheumatology annals. There were 93,000 recorded cases of arthritis in US soldiers during Great war. The government was providing $10,000,000 occurring to around 35,000 former help members for disadvantages resulting from chronic arthritis ten age after Great war concluded in the US, indicating the importance of arthritis in military history. Many hard illnesses were discovered for the first period as a result of physicians acting soldiers' arthritis during Experience Wars I and II. This history is main for the disciplines of rheumatology and military medicine in opportunities of peace.

Author(s) Details:

Malini Alexander,
University of South Wales, Llantwit Rd, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, United Kingdom.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V6/article/view/12687

Moraxella osloensis: A Rare Potential Pathogen in Immunocompetent Individuals | Chapter 9 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 5

 The case report highlights a singular case of Moraxella osloensis septic arthritis in alcoholic patient with asserted history of fall following attack by a household animal. Moraxella osloensis is a rare causative power of infection in persons with most cases stated in immunocompromised patients. Moraxella osloensis is part of usual flora in the skin, gelled waste membranes and respiratory tract of persons. Infection at this moment organism is precious, and few cases in literature were reported. This study report a case of 40years traditional chronic alcoholic patient the one presented accompanying septic arthritis of left body part joint. Culture of purulency aspirate was found to be certain for gram negative coccobacilli that were aerobic, oxidase beneficial and catalase positive. Authoritative identification of the isolate as M. osloensis by 16S rRNA deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing has been stated as a useful method for correct labeling. M.osloensis was identified by Biochemical tests and Vitek 2 Compact. Prompt control of contamination was achieved by situation with I.V. Meropenem for 7 days along with debridement of abandoned knee joint. As this structure has been isolated from non-immunocompromised victims and children accompanying osteoarticular infection, we intend that M. osloensis be considered as a rare potential bacterium in immunocompetent individuals the one present with a clinical exact likeness monoarthritis.

Author(s) Details:

S. Pratibha,
Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Trauma and Orthopedics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

R. Praveen Kumar,
Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Trauma and Orthopedics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V5/article/view/10487

A Comparative Study of Different Types of Joint Effusions in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Northern India | Chapter 12 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 Arthritis is the most common symptom of a variety of joint problems. This is when synovial fluid analysis comes in handy. Synovial fluid analysis has long been advised as a standard procedure for aiding in the diagnosis of arthritis. Synovial fluid moisturises and lubricates the joints by filling the gaps in the joint cavities.

Objective: To improve diagnosis accuracy, examine the gross, microscopic, and biochemical differences in synovial fluid in diverse sources of joint effusions, as well as assess synovial fluid cytology with biochemical parameters in various forms of arthritis.

Materials and Procedures: The synovial fluid of 477 patients was examined in the Department of Biochemistry at SKIMS Medical College & Hospital, Bemina, Srinagar, India, in collaboration with the Department of Pathology. The synovial fluid was separated into two halves after a gross examination to determine its total volume, clarity, and viscosity. The synovial fluid was split in half and sent for biochemical analysis and microscopic examination.

Joint involvement was detected in individuals between the ages of 16 and 75, with 182 males and 295 females among the 477 synovial fluid samples examined.

Septic arthritis had the greatest total leucocyte count, while osteoarthritis had the lowest. Septic arthritis (95 percent) had the most neutrophils, while osteoarthritis had the least (24 percent ). Osteoarthritis and gouty arthritis had the highest sugar levels in synovial fluid (70-90 mg/dL each), while septic arthritis had the lowest. Protein levels were highest in rheumatoid arthritis (4.1-6.5 gm/dL) and traumatic arthritis (4.2-6.4 gm/dL), and lowest in osteoarthritis (1.2-2.4 gm/dL). The maximum number of positive synovial C-reactive protein cases (130) were discovered in rheumatoid arthritis, with rheumatoid factor positive in 143 instances and negative in 127 cases of osteoarthritis.

Conclusion: Protein and sugar biochemical analysis of synovial fluid aids in the diagnosis of various kinds of arthritis. The presence of RF in synovial fluid aids in the diagnosis of monoarticular arthritis. In rheumatoid arthritis, C-reactive protein levels in synovial fluid were high, and this test, along with others, can be used to diagnose the illness. Synovial fluid analysis will be used more frequently in hospital services, assisting clinicians in early management and providing specific benefits in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with joint illness.

Author(S) Details

Qazi Najeeb Ahmad
Department of Biochemistry, Govt. Medical College Anantnag (J&K) India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V11/article/view/4654

Magnitude of Ocular Manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cross Sectional Observational Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital in East India | Chapter 3 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

 1. Determine the severity of ocular symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

2. Determine the statistical significance of patient age in relation to disease duration.

3. Determine the statistical significance of disease duration in relation to the incidence of ocular manifestations.

The study was conducted as a cross-sectional observational study.

The sample size is 144.

The study will last 18 months.

In this investigation, case control was not required.

Slit lamp biomicroscopy with a 90 D Volk lens was used to examine the anterior and posterior segments. The procedures included gonioscopy, applanation tonometry, automated perimetry, and indirect ophthalmoscopy. A dry eye examination was performed.

SPSS version 20 was used for statistical analysis, with a p value of less than 0.05 considered significant.

Females (118) outnumbered males in this study of 144 patients. Ocular signs were found in 53 (36.7%) of patients, bilaterally in 35 (66%) of patients, and multiplely in 32 (60.4%) of patients.

The most prevalent ocular symptom was dry eye (30.5 percent ).

In terms of visual manifestations and age groups (p=0.000), the length of disease was statistically significant (p=0.001).

Conclusion: The most prevalent ocular manifestation was dry eye.

In terms of visual signs, the length of disease was statistically significant.

When compared to age groups, the duration of disease was statistically significant. Ocular signs of Rheumatoid Arthritis are prevalent and should be addressed as soon as possible.

Ophthalmologists should be trained to look for ocular as well as other extra-articular signs of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Author (S) Details

Udbuddha Dutta
Department of Ophthalmology, R.G. Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India.

Uddeepta Dutta
Department of General Medicine, Medical College and Hospital, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V10/article/view/3502

Determination of Pharmacological Screening for Anti-arthritic Potential of Moringa oleifera in Rats Challenged with Formalin | Chapter 5 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 9

Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae), a plant of significant nutritional and therapeutic value endemic to the Indian subcontinent. Moringa's many portions have been used as a food supplement since the dawn of humanity. The most current evidence suggests that M. oleifera leaves could be used to treat a variety of inflammatory illnesses. The goal of this study was to look at arthritis and the preventive effects of Moringa oleifera (MO) leaf extracts in laboratory rats that had been exposed to formaldehyde. Methods: In albino Wistar rats, arthritis was produced by injecting 0.1 ml formaldehyde (2 percent v/v, sc) into the subplantar region of the right hind paw. The conventional medicine was diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg, i.p.). For 10 days, ethanolic leaf extracts of MO at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, as well as aqueous leaf extract at 500 mg/kg body weight p.o., were given. Changes in paw edoema volume, paw thickness, arthritis score, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, as well as histology of knee joints in all groups, were documented at the end of the study period. Results: Treatment with diclofenac sodium, ethanolic, and aqueous extracts of MO resulted in a significant reduction in paw edoema volume, paw thickness, and arthritis score. When compared to control animals, there was a significant reduction in the marker of inflammation in the treated animals. In comparison to the toxicant, histological findings revealed that extract-treated tissues were restored to normalcy. Aqueous extract treatment at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight was found to be more effective. Conclusion: At a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight, aqueous leaf extracts of MO had a greater anti-arthritic effect than ethanolic leaf extracts.

Author(s) Details

Professor, Dr. Nishat Fatima
Department of Pharmacology, Al Hawash Private University, Homs, Syria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V9/article/view/2518

Assorted Advances Therapeutic Strategies of Inflammatory Arthritis | Chapter 13 | Research Trends and Challenges in Medical Science Vol. 7

 A type of inflammatory disease, arthritis is a complex group of conditions characterised by inflammation of the joints that can typically affect one or more joints, deformity, and disability. Various environmental and other causative factors affect approximately 100 different types of arthritis, but the two most common types are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis can also have inflammatory effects, frequently carnaging the joint carti over time, whereas rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition that causes inflammatory joint symptoms in the body. Usage of biological agents targeting cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1) alpha, beta, or tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in synovial rheumatoid fibroblasts that are potent metalloproteinase inductors (MMPs). They are engaged actively in mutual destruction. Different clinical and demographic characteristics of arthritis play a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory markers and have made it possible to develop highly efficient assorted treatment strategies of wide synthetic or traditional drug applicability, including NSAIDs. Corticosteroids, cytotoxic medicines, etc., but these medicines are associated with major side effects, whereas herbal medicines such as Curcuma longa, Boswellia, are effective for mild to moderate forms of inflammatory arthritis and contribute to improved performance.

Author(s) Details

Sudhanshu Mishra
School of Pharmaceutical Science, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalay, Bhopal, India.

Disha Sharma
Dr M C Saxena College of Pharmacy, Lucknow, India.

Vikash Chaturvedi
LNCT University, Bhopal, India.

Sudhi Pandey
Swarrnim Startup & Innovation University, Gandhinagar, India.

Anshita Raghuvanshi
Dr M C Saxena College of Pharmacy, Lucknow, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/361