Immunohistochemistry in Bladder Cancer: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Molecular Subtyping Applications | Chapter 2 | Newer Frontiers in Urology, Volume II

 

Introduction: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has evolved from a primarily diagnostic adjunct to a central component of precision oncology in bladder cancer. By bridging histomorphology with molecular characterisation, IHC contributes to diagnosis, prognostication, staging, and therapeutic decision-making. However, variability in marker selection, interpretation, and standardisation remains a challenge in routine practice.

 

Aim: This chapter aims to provide a focused overview of the role of IHC in bladder cancer, addressing current gaps in consistent application while highlighting its diagnostic utility, prognostic and predictive significance, role in molecular subtyping, and integration with emerging technologies.

 

Key Points: IHC facilitates accurate detection of carcinoma in situ, molecular luminal–basal subtyping, and refined staging using markers such as CK20, GATA3, CK5/6, and smoothelin. Prognostic markers, including Ki-67 and p53, and predictive biomarkers such as PD-L1 and HER2, demonstrate increasing clinical relevance, with reported diagnostic and prognostic accuracies supporting their use in selected settings. The integration of multi-marker panels, digital pathology, and molecular diagnostics enhances reproducibility and precision, though limitations related to inter-observer variability, assay standardisation, and evolving biomarker validation persist.

 

Conclusion: IHC remains a cornerstone of bladder cancer pathology, underpinning diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic stratification. With ongoing innovations in biomarker discovery, artificial intelligence, and standardisation, IHC continues to evolve as a critical platform for translational and clinical application in urologic oncology.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Vijayanand Mani
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Bhavyadeep Korrapati
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Vivek Meyyappan
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Velmurugan Palaniyandi
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Hariharasudhan Sekar
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Sriram Krishnamoorthy
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-68-8/CH2

Clinical and Paraclinical Factors Implicated in the Recurrence of Benign Jaw Tumors; A 10-Year Assessment Study | Chapter 2 | Current Progress in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

 This phase evaluates the framework of a case control study, dispassionate and paraclinical features involved in or that signal the recurrence of mild tumors.  The jaw bones can develop the alike types of tumors as the other cartilages of the body but concede possibility also develop tumors emergent from the alveolar processes (epulis) and the developing dentition (odontomes).  Odontogenic and non-odontogenic benign jaw tumours and swelling-like swellings of the jaws can be famous. The sort of medical procedure performed or the lump's histological type may have donated to its frequency.We carried out a case control study all along the period from January 2010 to April 2020 in the wholes of Stomatology and maxillofacial surgery, radiology and study of plants units of Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé Central Hospital and Yaoundé Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Pediatrics Hospital. Our study registered 253 files of patients the one were diagnosed accompanying benign jaw tumors, 127 were contained in the study of which 38 were expelled because their files contained lacking information and those the one had neither radiological nor histological work ups.We kept 89 study participants accompanying a recurrence rate of 7.51%. In our study, we had 61.8% women and 38.2% males accompanying a sex percentage of 0.62. In our study 88.51% of patients were considered using a conservative medicine while 11.49% of patients were discussed using a radical situation.The radiographic tumour aspect, fang preservation, type of induced sleep, placement at the angle and ramus of the jaw, and histomorphology (ameloblastic fibroma and osteoma) were all statistically significant predictors of frequency. There are a number of clinical and paraclinical variables that are connected to the recurrence of jaw tumours. These variables can aid in foreseeing recurrences and, as a result, lower the difficulties that create delayed medicine.

Author(s) Details:

Zilefac Brian Ngokwe,
Department of Oral Surgery, Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.

Edouma Bohimbo Jacques,
Department of Oral Surgery, Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.

Bola Antoine Siafa,
Department of Ophthalmology, ENT and Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.

Ntep Ntep David Bienvenue,
Department of Oral Surgery, Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.

Mballa Amougou Jean Claude,
Radiology and Medical Imaging Unit, Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Cameroon.

Nokam Kamdem Stephane,
Department of Oral Surgery, Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.

Kouamou Tchiekou Audrey,
Department of Oral Surgery, Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.

Sando Zacharie,
Department of Morphological Sciences and Morbid Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.

 

Bengondo Messanga Charles,
Department of Oral Surgery, Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMMR-V8/article/view/11733

Studies on Gross, Histomorphological, Histochemical and Ultrastructural Characteristics of Pecten Oculi in Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) | Chapter 2 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 2

 Guinea chicken (Numida meleagris) Pecten Oculi were examined for gross, histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural studies on their 18 eyes. There are 13 to 17 accordion (pectineal) folds in the pecten oculi. These snake-like accordion folds began at the cauda of the optic nerve and travelled distally into the vitreous humour via the fundus. The shape of pecten oculi was similar to that of a water-based sailboard. Pecten oculi's maximum average length and height were found to be 3.3780.061 mm and 5.9130.074 mm, respectively. Microscopically, the pecten oculi resembled a festoon of blood capillaries, with elastic, collagen, and reticular fibres that matched the structure of a spring diving board, which operates according to Hook's law. Melanocytes, melanosomes, and melanin granules were found in and surrounding pecten oculi blood capillaries. It is separated into three sections: the peak, the middle third, and the base. In the apex, the largest concentration of melanin was found. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in the pecten oculi was found to be very low histochemically. Glycogen activity was shown to be high in the optic nerve and collagen fibres of pectineal capillaries. Nucleated erythrocytes were seen ultrastructurally at the luminal area of pectineal blood capillaries with a tight intercellular endothelial connection. Primary and secondary lamellae containing pigment depositing globules were found in the luminal region of pectineal capillaries. Pecten oculi of Guinea fowl includes different anatomical properties as a haemostatic organ, phagocytosis, supplying source of energy to vitreous after diffusion, protecting eye from UV sunlight radiation, supplementing of nourishment, and providing oxygen to the retina to maintain visual acuity.

Author (S) Details

Pratiksha Mishra
Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary and Animal science, Udaipur, Rajasthan (RAJUVAS), India.

Balwant Meshram
Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary and Animal science, Udaipur, Rajasthan (RAJUVAS), India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V2/article/view/3708

Effects of Formaldehyde on Swiss Albino Mice | Chapter 3 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 2

 In a number of concentrations, formaldehyde (FA) is toxic. FA can react with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that are cellular components, even at lower concentrations. By harming parenchyma and degradation of functions, FA causes cellular toxic effects in the liver, lungs, kidney and brain. This research was performed to examine serum biochemical changes and the cytotoxic effects of FA toxicity in Swiss albino mice on the liver, lungs, kidneys and brain. To this end, mice were divided into four similar classes, i.e. Regulation, inhalation, intraperitoneal and oral. The exposure groups were further divided into three subgroups that were exposed to FAda daily for 30 days in the case of inhalation and oral groups and 10 days in the case of acute toxic effects in the intraperitoneal group. Samples of blood and tissue were obtained after exposure and examined for biochemical and morphological studies. Following FA exposure, serum biochemical parameters such as Aspartate Transaminase (AST) and Alanine Transaminase (ALT) were significantly increased (P ⁇ 0.05) in mice. Gross morphological changes, i.e. congestion and petechial haemorrhages of the liver, were revealed in the anatomical findings. The research revealed gross irregularities in the lungs, i.e. congestion. But in the kidney and brain, no gross abnormal features were found. Histologically, the liver displayed distributed lymphocytic infiltration, sinusoid dilatation, necrosis and parenchymal cell degeneration in orally exposed mice (10 mg/kg) and diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, and necrosis was seen in 7 and 10 mg/kg body weight in intraperitoneally FA injected mice. Lung tissue showed haemorrhages in the 5 ppm inhaled community treated. In all intraperitoneally exposed groups, Kidney showed reduced Bowman's space in 10 mg/kg treated oral group and congestion, tubular necrosis, increased Bowman's space. In the inhaled groups, brain tissue showed that degenerating neurons with either pycnotic or karyorrhectic nuclei were steadily increased in the highest concentration group. All these results showed that, in a dose-related way, FA has annoying toxic effects on mice.

Author(s) Details

Marya Afrin
Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/360