Introduction: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has evolved from a
primarily diagnostic adjunct to a central component of precision oncology in
bladder cancer. By bridging histomorphology with molecular characterisation,
IHC contributes to diagnosis, prognostication, staging, and therapeutic
decision-making. However, variability in marker selection, interpretation, and
standardisation remains a challenge in routine practice.
Aim: This chapter aims to provide a focused overview of the
role of IHC in bladder cancer, addressing current gaps in consistent
application while highlighting its diagnostic utility, prognostic and
predictive significance, role in molecular subtyping, and integration with
emerging technologies.
Key Points: IHC facilitates accurate detection of carcinoma
in situ, molecular luminal–basal subtyping, and refined staging using markers
such as CK20, GATA3, CK5/6, and smoothelin. Prognostic markers, including Ki-67
and p53, and predictive biomarkers such as PD-L1 and HER2, demonstrate
increasing clinical relevance, with reported diagnostic and prognostic
accuracies supporting their use in selected settings. The integration of
multi-marker panels, digital pathology, and molecular diagnostics enhances
reproducibility and precision, though limitations related to inter-observer
variability, assay standardisation, and evolving biomarker validation persist.
Conclusion: IHC remains a cornerstone of bladder cancer
pathology, underpinning diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic stratification.
With ongoing innovations in biomarker discovery, artificial intelligence, and
standardisation, IHC continues to evolve as a critical platform for
translational and clinical application in urologic oncology.
Author(s) Details
Vijayanand Mani
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Sri Ramachandra Institute of
Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Bhavyadeep Korrapati
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Sri Ramachandra Institute of
Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Vivek Meyyappan
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Sri Ramachandra Institute of
Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Velmurugan
Palaniyandi
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Sri Ramachandra Institute of
Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Hariharasudhan Sekar
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Sri Ramachandra Institute of
Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Sriram Krishnamoorthy
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant, Sri Ramachandra Institute of
Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-68-8/CH2
No comments:
Post a Comment