Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy in Breath Analysis | Chapter 8 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 8

There are several potential medicinal and scientific uses for breath analysis, a relatively new field of inquiry. The environment, microorganisms in the gut and airways, and metabolites of ingested precursors all contribute to the body's internal production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are detected in breath. Several recent studies suggest that breath analysis may aid in the diagnosis of illnesses associated with alterations in breath composition. Infrared spectroscopy is a promising analytical method for the metabolic analysis of breath. There are substances in human breath that can be used to assess environmental exposure, diagnose diseases, and monitor physiological conditions. Exhaled breath promotes collaboration and is the ideal biological fluid because it is nearly limitless and causes little to no discomfort for the patient. Breath analysis is a suitable technique for certain applications, as exhaled breath can be captured without the need for medical personnel or privacy, and it typically doesn't produce infectious waste (although airborne infections may be present). Breath analysis is a non-invasive technique that reveals the overall health and condition of the body's metabolism by describing the volatile content of the bloodstream and airways using the volatile composition of exhaled breath (EB). However, because exhaled breath includes relatively little of the metabolites, the absorption strength of the metabolites is still quite moderate. This chapter presents recent applications of the infrared spectroscopic technique published between 2020 and 2025.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Andrei A. Bunaciu
S.C. AAB_IR Research S.R.L., 9-11A Gloriei Street, Bragadiru – Ilfov District, 077025, Romania.

 

Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo 12622, Egypt.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v8/6146

 

Role of TNF-α Gene Polymorphism as a Biomarker of Diabetic Nephropathy: A Study among Patients of the Telangana Region, India | Chapter 13 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 7

 

Background: Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is one of the complications in patients with prolonged diabetes. Diabetic nephropathy disorder is most commonly observed in patients with prolonged diabetes, even though other microvascular diseases due to diabetes are also observed. Among the genetic risk factors for DN, TNF-α, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, is proposed to act in a paracrine/autocrine manner and is hypothesised to be associated with insulin resistance. In the current study, the relationship of the G  C variant of the TNF-α gene in patients, associated with other biochemical parameters, with DN was investigated.

 

Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the inflammatory markers that are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and could serve as predictive or diagnostic biomarkers.

 

Methods: Demographic factors of the study group were obtained by directly interviewing the study group. Biochemical and diagnostic parameters of the study subjects, plasma glucose levels (fasting and postprandial), and renal function tests (Urea, creatinine) were obtained from the patient’s records. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of 50 type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and 50 non-diabetic control subjects.

 

The TNF-α (G    C) polymorphism was analysed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by restriction fragment length (RFLP) polymorphism analysis.

 

Results: Using statistical analysis, it was possible to correlate demographic parameters with genotyping results, and it was found that 50% patients were GG homozygotes (wild type), 30% were GC heterozygotes, and 20% were CC homozygotes. This suggests that low-grade inflammation could be one of the determinants in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and T2DM. Most of the patients (80%) in the hospital were not physically active, and these patients had much longer inpatient stays when compared to the patients who were involved in regular physical exercise. The control of inflammatory processes may be useful in the therapy of DN. As there is limited experience available for the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines in DN, it is beneficial to collect and mount evidence for the properties of inflammatory genes.

 

Conclusion: We conclude from this preliminary study that TNF-α G   C genotypes may be a useful biomarker for the early diagnosis of T2DM patients with insulin resistance and nephropathy.

 

Author(s) Details

Kaiser Jamil
Department of Genetics, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Masab Tank, Hyderabad-500004, Telangana, India.

 

Owaisul Haq
Department of Genetics, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Masab Tank, Hyderabad-500004, Telangana, India.

 

Zamin Ahmed
Department of Genetics, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Masab Tank, Hyderabad-500004, Telangana, India.

 

Sindhu Joshi
Mahavir Hospital and Research Centre, Masab Tank, Hyderabad-500004, Telangana, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v7/5716

 

Clinical Strategies for the Chemoprevention of Localized Prostate Cancer | Chapter 2 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 1

Prostate cancer is a complex, heterogeneous disease that demands concurrent inhibition of multiple hallmark-associated pathways. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the United States and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is still a fatal disease. On the other hand, between 2016 and 2020, about 70% of Prostate cancer cases were diagnosed at a localized stage. Evolving data demonstrate that men with low-grade cancers treated with definitive therapies may now be exposed to morbidities of overtreatment and poor quality of life, with little or no benefit in terms of cancer-specific mortality. Active surveillance is thus the recommended management strategy for men with low-grade disease. Although this subgroup of men has reported anxiety during the AS period, they account to be highly motivated to make positive lifestyle changes to further reduce their risk of prostate cancer progression, underscoring the urgent need to identify novel strategies for preventing progression of localized prostate cancer to metastatic disease through pharmacologic means, an approach termed chemoprevention. Over the past decade, there have been several attempts to identify and evaluate agents and approaches for Prostate cancer chemoprevention targeting healthy men or men at relatively higher risk for Prostate cancer (HGPIN) or early phase trials of short duration in Prostate cancer patients with localized disease during the 4-6 week pre-surgical window (Biopsy to prostatectomy). Several promising agents such as soy isoflavones, lycopene, Selenium, Vitamin E, resveratrol, green tea catechins, and other nutritional approaches have been examined over the past 2 decades. However, currently, there are several limitations in the research approach used to systematically examine these agents and approaches for chemoprevention. Consequently, there are no concrete recommendations that can be provided to men who are on active surveillance to reduce the risk of progression from early to advanced stage of prostate cancer. The goal of this review is to summarize the current agents and approaches evaluated, targeting men on active surveillance, recognize the gaps, and identify a contemporary and comprehensive path forward. Results of these studies may inform the development of well-powered phase III clinical trials and ultimately provide a strategy for clinical chemoprevention in men on active surveillance, for whom, currently, there are no options for reducing the risk of progression to metastatic disease. Early phase trials must include objective markers of compliance with to study agent throughout the trial, in addition to pill counts and self-reported daily study-agent intake logs.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Nimat Alam
Department of Family and Community Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, USA.

 

Linda Esteban
Department of Family and Community Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, USA.

 

Enrique Tobias
Department of Family and Community Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, USA.

 

Jenet George
Department of Family and Community Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v1/4818

Newer Frontiers in Urology | Book Publisher International

The field of urology is undergoing a rapid evolution, shaped by groundbreaking research, innovative technologies, and a deeper understanding of patient-centred care. Newer Frontiers in Urology presents a comprehensive exploration of these transformative developments, offering readers an invaluable resource that bridges current practices with future possibilities. This book delves into cutting-edge topics such as minimally invasive surgical techniques, advancements in imaging modalities, and the growing role of artificial intelligence in diagnostics and treatment planning.

 

Key chapters address emerging therapies for challenging urological conditions, including genitourinary cancers, urinary tract infections, and stone disease. Contributions from leading experts highlight the integration of precision medicine, biomarkers, and genetic insights into personalized patient care. The text also considers the global impact of urological diseases, emphasizing equity in access to innovations and the need for collaborative international efforts.

 

By combining rigorous scientific analysis with practical applications, Newer Frontiers in Urology serves as an essential guide for clinicians, researchers, and healthcare professionals eager to stay at the forefront of their field. With its focus on innovation and patient outcomes, this volume inspires a forward-thinking approach to urology, underscoring the discipline's potential to improve lives worldwide.

 

Author (s) Details

Sriram Krishnamoorthy
Professor & Head, Department of Urology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-86-2/CH0

Targeting JNK-1 with Small Interfering RNA: Induction of Apoptotic Pathways in PC-3 Prostate Cancer Cells | Chapter 5 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 9

Jun-N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK-1) has been implicated in the transformation of primary fibroblasts and the regulation of tumor cell growth. Emerging evidence suggests that JNK-1 functions as a growth-promoting factor in prostate cancer cells, making it a potential therapeutic target. In this study, we utilized small interfering RNA (siRNA) to selectively suppress JNK-1 expression in the prostate cancer cell line PC-3. The targeted siRNA effectively reduced JNK-1 levels, leading to alterations in the expression of key apoptotic and cell cycle regulatory proteins, including p21, XIAP, and Bcl-2, while VEGF expression remained unaffected. In contrast, a control scramble siRNA did not impact the expression of these proteins. The silencing of JNK-1 was confirmed at the mRNA and protein levels via RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Functional assays revealed significant inhibition of cell proliferation, with apoptosis induction validated through flow cytometry, DNA fragmentation, and caspase activity assays. Notably, siRNA-mediated downregulation of JNK-1 led to a cell death rate of 52%, an apoptotic rate of 26%, and a viability rate of 22% after five days of treatment. These findings highlight the potential of JNK-1-targeting siRNA as a novel therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer. Further research is warranted to explore its clinical applicability.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Eduardo Parra
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saucache Campus, University of Tarapacá, Ave. Senator Luis Valente Rossi-2223, Arica, Chile.

 

Víctor Rojas
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saucache Campus, University of Tarapacá, Ave. Senator Luis Valente Rossi-2223, Arica, Chile and Doctorate Program in Translational Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Catholic University of Maule, 3480112, Talca, Chile.

 

Pedro Hecht
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saucache Campus, University of Tarapacá, Ave. Senator Luis Valente Rossi-2223, Arica, Chile.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v9/3718

Laboratory Diagnosis of COVID-19 | Chapter 3 | Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

COVID-19 is a novel virus and despite the predilection for the respiratory tract, it has the potential of becoming a multi-systemic disease. With its emergence arose the need for prompt and appropriate diagnostic and prognostic molecular tests that cut across all sections of laboratory medicine. A proper laboratory diagnosis is critical in order to aid clinical management and control the disease transmission.

The ideal specimen for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 is bronchoalveolar lavage but this is quite an invasive specimen to obtain. There is a high risk of infecting the caregiver via aerosols generated during the procedure. Instead, the WHO recommends nasal and oropharyngeal swabs for routine testing using flocked nylon swabs. Lung biopsy is reserved for post-mortem cases.

During sample collection, it is crucial that appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is worn and that the procedure is performed in a room with adequate ventilation. The best transport medium is the viral transport medium (VTM) stored on ice.

Sample processing should be performed in a biosafety level two (BSL-2) laboratory facility (or higher) due to the high infectivity of the virus. The widely accepted test for the early detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA is the Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Other modalities include antigen-based tests and viral cultures.

Concurrently, samples should also be obtained for biochemical tests due to the “cytokine storm” associated with severe COVID-19 infection. Hepatic and renal biomarkers including inflammatory markers such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) should be assayed as they could be elevated in severe manifestations of the disease.

The organ in the eye of the storm are the lungs and they were extensively studied during the pandemic. In COVID-19 infection, they may grossly appear to be heavy, congested and edematous with cut sections that show patchy areas of hemorrhage and focal areas of vascular plugging. Generally, the pulmonary pathologic features appear to be consistent with early/organizing diffuse alveolar damage (DAD).

The utility of laboratory tests for screening, diagnosis, monitoring and prognostication of COVID-19 is central to the management of this emerging infectious disease.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Khadija Abimbola Abdulraheem
Department of Medical Microbiology, National Hospital Abuja, Nigeria.

 

Richard Kelechi Samuel
Histopathology Department, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja FCT, Nigeria.

Selowo Temitope Toluse
Department of Chemical Pathology, Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi, Nigeria.

 

Mbwas Isaac Mashor
Morbid Anatomy Department, Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

 

 Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH3

Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Sweat as a Biomarker | Chapter 12 | Contemporary Perspective on Science, Technology and Research Vol. 6

Sweat glands (1.6–5 million) are distributed over the whole-body surface with an average density of 200 sweat glands per square centimeter. In the present medical scenario, several invasive methods are used to analyse the biomarkers in biofluids. Like, blood, urine, saliva and sweat, which are used for clinical analyses. Blood sampling is an invasive procedure, where patients require frequent analysis, are therefore at higher risk of infection. However, Its sample preparation, storage and plasma-protein removal is difficult. On the other hand, sweat analysis is very easy as compared with other biofluids, especially blood. The objective of the study is to analyse the transparent biofluid with low tonocity and slightly acidic nature with mean pH 6.3, which is more acidic than blood. Forehead sweat contains nitrogenous compounds like amino acids, lactic acid, electrolytes, urea and protein. A double beam uv-spectrophotometer2206 was used to determine amino acid, lactic acid and protein in sweat sample. Biomarkers were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. To determine the abnormalities in human body by using analytical methods. With these methodologies, diseases like diabetes and cancers can be analysed cost-effectively.

Author(s) Details:

Jeyadaisy I.,
Kumaraguru College of Technology, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Jeyadaisy. I, Coimbatore, India.

Paarkavidevi C.,
Kumaraguru College of Technology, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Jeyadaisy. I, Coimbatore, India.

Sathish Kumar B.,
Kumaraguru College of Technology, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Jeyadaisy. I, Coimbatore, India.

Ammu G.,
Kumaraguru College of Technology, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Jeyadaisy. I, Coimbatore, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPSTR-V6/article/view/13591

Biomarkers of Prostate Cancer – Screening, Diagnosis and Prognosis | Chapter 13 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 6

Nowadays, cancer has a major impact on society worldwide. In the India, number is increasing every year with lung, breast, colorectal/rectum, prostate, and stomach cancers having the highest number of incidences on a global scale. Prostate cancer has been observed to account for more than half of the total number of these cancer cases. Prostate cancer incidence increases steeply with age. Overall, cancer and the care of those who are diagnosed with cancer is a national expenditure costing high. The risk factors for prostate cancer include age, family history, ethnicity, diet, alcohol and smoking, high body weight and physical inactivity, medications, medical procedures, infections, endogenous hormones, and diabetes mellitus. Therefore, putting these together will provide a biological indicator of initiation, progression or spread or response to drug therapy regarding prostate cancer called prostate cancer biomarker. These biomarkers are important due to the ease of use as their levels can be elevated or depressed in response to cancer. In this chapter, we will discuss the biomarker that is helpful in screening, diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer.

Author(s) Details:

Jaswant Kaur,
Department of Biochemistry, Dr. S.S. Tantia Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India.

Mohit Sharma,
7th Battalion Punjab Armed Police, Jalandhar Cantonment, Punjab, India.

Seema,
Department of Physiology, Dr. S.S. Tantia Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India.

Rajinder Singh Ahi,
Department of Biochemistry, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot (Punjab), India.

Mridula Mittal,
Department of Physiology, Adesh Medical College, Bathinda, Punjab, India.

Tejinder Singh,
Department of Biochemistry, GMC, Amritsar, Punjab, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V6/article/view/13364

A Study on Postpartum Depression: Is it All About Genes? | Chapter 5 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 4

Postpartum depression (PPD) refers to moderate or severe depression in a woman after she has given birth. This study investigated gene expression in euthymic women with a history of postpartum depression without any clinical signs of the disease at the onset of the study. The chosen hypothesis of this study is that stable modifications in gene expression might be involved in PPD development. The results demonstrated the extremely significant difference in gene expression signature (352 highly differentially expressed genes) in the women with a history of postpartum depression as compared to the control women without any previous psychiatric disorders. This understanding of the molecular events involved in the disease is crucial for its successful treatment. This finding will play an important role in the medical field as the identified genes appear to be potential markers of predisposition to depression.

Author(s) Details:

Landsman Anna,
Nursing Department, Lev Academic Center (JCT), Tal Institute, Jerusalem, Israel.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V4/article/view/13175

Study about Mir15a/Mir16-1 Cluster and Its Novel Targeting Molecules Negatively Regulate Cardiac Hypertrophy | Chapter 10 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 3

In this study, we screened hypertrophic-associated miR-NAs. We demonstrate the mir15a/mir16-1 cluster is negatively correlated with the degree of cardiac hypertrophy in patients with HCM. Additionally, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)  β is responsible for its down- regulation in CMs by directly binding to its promoters. In response to pathological stimuli, the heart develops ventricular hypertrophy that progressively decompensates and leads to heart failure. miRNAs are increasingly recognized as pathogenic factors, clinically relevant biomarkers, and potential therapeutic targets. We identified that mir15a/mir16-1 cluster was negatively correlated with hypertrophic severity in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The mir15a/mir16-1 expression was enriched in cardiomyocytes (CMs), decreased in hypertrophic human hearts, and decreased in mouse hearts after transverse aortic constriction (TAC). CM-specific mir15a/mir16-1 knockout pro- moted cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction after TAC. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) β was responsible for the downregulation of mir15a/mir16- 1 cluster transcription. Mechanistically, mir15a/mir16-1 cluster attenuated the insulin/IGF1 signal transduction cascade by inhibiting multiple targets, including INSR, IGF-1R, AKT3, and serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1). Pro-hypertrophic response induced by mir15a/mir16-1 inhibition was abolished by knockdown of insulin receptor (INSR), insulin like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), AKT3, or SGK1. In vivo systemic delivery of mir15a/mir16-1 by nanoparticles inhibited the hypertrophic phenotype induced by TAC. Importantly, decreased serum mir15a/mir16-1 levels predicted the occurrence of left ventricular hypertrophy in a cohort of patients with hypertension. Therefore, mir15a/mir16-1 cluster is a promising therapeutic target and biomarker for cardiac hypertrophy. Nanoparticle-carrying mir15a/mir16-1 treatment decreases cardiac hypertrophy and improves cardiac function in an experimental animal model of pressure overload. Our study exhibits important clinical implications for both the treatment and prediction of cardiac hypertrophy.

mir15a/mir16-1 cluster exerts protective effects against the progression of the car- diac hypertrophy and dysfunction (left). During hypertrophic stress, increased C/EBP β downregulates the mir15a/mir16-1 cluster, resulting in up-regulation of multiple target proteins (INSR, IGF1R, AKT3, SGK1) in cardiomyocytes, causing increased activation of insulin/IGF1 signaling, ultimately causing car- diac hypertrophy and dysfunction. The CHO-PEGA delivery system replenishes mir15a/mir16-1 in the heart, attenuating cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure (right). Meanwhile, reduced circulating mir15a/mir16-1 levels are associated with the hypertrophic degree and cardiac hypertrophy risk in patients (bottom).

Author(s) Details:

Hongchang Guo,
Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.

Ke Ma,
Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.

Wenjing Hao,
Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.

Yao Jiao,
Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.

Ping Li,
Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.

Jing Chen,
Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.

Chen Xu,
State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, and Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.

Fu-jian Xu,
State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, and Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.

Wayne Bond Lau,
Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.

Jie Du,
Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.

Xin-liang Ma,
Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.

Yulin Li,
Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V3/article/view/13165

Consolidate the Diverse Strategies and Advancements for Managing Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer, Focusing on T1 High-grade Cases: A Comprehensive Review | Chapter 13 | Novel Research Aspects in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

 Objective: This inclusive review examines the impact of various scientific approaches employed over ancient times two decades in the treatment of T1 prime bladder tumor. The aim is to assess their influence on dispassionate outcomes through a orderly review.Literature Search Methodology: Through a systematic approach, a composition review spanning 2000 to 2020 was conducted across differing databases including PubMed, Medline, and Embase. This review focuses on randomized reserved trials (RCTs), dispassionate trials, research and review articles, and original offerings that address the diagnosis and administration of non-muscle obtrusive bladder cancer (NMIBC) inside the last two decades. Adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and PICOS tests (Population, Intervention, Comparators, Outcomes, and Study Design), we identified and culled over 573 studies. Ultimately, 85 articles were selected for reasoning, encompassing 19 anticipated trials, 44 RCTs, original and research items, a review article, and clinical tests. Retrospective studies were intentionally expelled to minimize bias.Results: The review delves into the duty of biomarkers in early NMIBC patient identification for predicting frequency and progression. Notably, P-cadherin verbalization and other stones show promise in recurrence and progression forecasting. Risk stratification arises as a pivotal finish to enhance NMIBC patient outcomes, even though refinements are still necessary.Studies underline the positive impact of radiance diagnostic cystoscopy (FDC) and Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) on repetition-free survival, even though their influence on progression and overall consequences is less evident. Consensus points to intravesical BCG therapy as ultimate transformative situation for altering prime T1 disease trajectories, specifically in terms of progress. Re-TURBT after 2-6 weeks is more endorsed by international peoples. Its potential to enhance continuation is debated, as it offers upgraded sampling for pathologic reading and discovery rates.While numerous items underscore the benefits of early cystectomy for NMIBC cases, contrasting viewpoints plan that cystectomy could conceivably result in overdone treatment. The consensus underlines the necessity for clear selection tests, as postponing cystectomy for NMIBC is associated with a more ominous prognosis distinguished to timely surgical interference.Conclusions: This comprehensive review evaluates the outcomes assign to scientific progresses in managing NMIBC inmates over the past two decades. Variability in outcomes between T1 bladder tumor patients stands from tumor heterogeneity and dispassionate staging. Despite advances in disease, risk stratification, and administration, larger studies are required to better include and tailor treatment for this patient subspace, with the aim of minimizing both over-situation and under-treatment.

Author(s) Details:

Walid F. Alame,
Division of Urology, Sahel General Hospital-FAUMC, Beirut, Lebanon.

Nehme Raad,
Department of Urology, Mouwasat Hospital, Qatif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Serge Ibrahim,
Urology Resident, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMMS-V4/article/view/12107

Role of Biomarker (Protein S100 β) in Clinical Neurological Assay in Pediatric Patients with Congenital Heart Disease | Chapter 4 | Current Progress in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 This stage aimed to determine either a correlation exists 'tween S100B serum levels and clinical qualification variables at the pre-operative period of pediatric sufferers with disease of the heart. S100B is a calcium-binding protein, belonging to the S100 family proteins that are characterized by their high solubility and, now, comprises 21 members that are expressed in a cell-particular manner. S100B protein has been projected as a brain injury biomarker in various clinical scenarios. We created a prospective case-control study that included all pediatric inmates (one period to 18 years old), accompanying congenital heart disease, admitted at our organization for surgical treatment, in a 3 month magnitude. We studied 44 patients at the pre-influential period and divided  bureaucracy  in  two  groups:  20 with clinical affecting animate nerve organs background and 24 without bureaucracy. Clinical pediatric neurological background variables were got, and serum levels of S100B protein  were measured utilizing the ELISA “sandwich” method.The  cut-off  for  S100B serum  level  in  victims     with  clinical affecting animate nerve organs background variables was 16 pg/ml, with responsiveness and specificity values of 70%  and  70.8%,  individually.  S100B protein  levels  greater  than  16  pg/ ml correlated accompanying clinical neurological upbringing variables (p=0.014, OR=2.556, and 95% CI=1.205  - 5.418). Neurological clinical background variables before movement may modify active resilience and the risk of affecting animate nerve organs complications. S100B protein appears expected the potential biomarker that we are looking for establishing affecting animate nerve organs morbidity risk at the preoperative period of section for congenital heart disease, due its equating with clinical affecting animate nerve organs background, as shown in this place study.Despite the need of more evidences, our results support a strong trend to contemplate S100B protein as a potential biomarker of clinical neurological culture in pediatric patients accompanying congenital heart disease at the pre-operative ending, because its antitoxin levels > 16pg/ml may predict affecting animate nerve organs damage at a reliably and costless habit before surgery, allowing the clinicians for a more correct neurological support postoperatively in order to advance results.

Author(s) Details:

Luis Antonio Pando-Orellana,

Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico and Departamento de Cardiologia Pediatrica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia “Ignacio Chavez”, Mexico.

Juan Calderon-Colmenero,

Departamento de Cardiologia Pediatrica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia “Ignacio Chavez”, Mexico.

Nancy Lucero Martinez–Rodriguez,

Departamento de Cardiologia Pediatrica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia “Ignacio Chavez”, Mexico.

Leonardo Del Valle-Mondragon,

Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia 'Ignacio Chavez', Mexico.

Victor Manuel Espinoza-Gutierrez,

Departamento de Cardiologia Pediatrica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia “Ignacio Chavez”, Mexico.

Jorge Luis Cervantes-Salazar,

Departamento de Cardiologia Pediatrica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia “Ignacio Chavez”, Mexico.

 

Juan Verdejo-Paris,

Departamento de Cardiologia Pediatrica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia “Ignacio Chavez”, Mexico.

Alfonso Buendia-Hernandez,

Departamento de Cardiologia Pediatrica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia “Ignacio Chavez”, Mexico.

 

Armando Vega-Lopez,

Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico.

 

Pedro Jose Curi-Curi,

Departamento de Cardiologia Pediatrica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia “Ignacio Chavez”, Mexico.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMMR-V5/article/view/11384

Biomarkers for Cognitive Dysfunction: An Evidence Based Exploratory Review and the Challenges Involved in Developing Biomarkers | Chapter 11 | Recent Progress in Science and Technology Vol. 9

 As the community ages, the prevalence of intelligent dysfunction increases, making it a major community health concern. Biomarkers that can detect intelligent dysfunction early may supply a window for invasions that could delay or block its progress. This review article analyzes the current state of biomarker research for cognitive dysfunction, containing structural and working neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and blood-located biomarkers. It discusses the strengths and restraints of each type of biomarker and highlights hopeful new areas of research. The item also argues challenges in developing biomarkers for intelligent dysfunction, such as the lack of harmony on diagnostic tests and the need for large, long studies. Overall, the review highlights the potential of biomarkers to develop the diagnosis and situation of cognitive dysfunction and the need for persisted research in this area.

Author(s) Details:

Jerin James,
Department of Pharmacology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India.

Jamuna Rani,
Department of Pharmacology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India.

V. Sathyanarayanan,
Department of Pharmacology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPST-V9/article/view/10296

Current Understanding of Periodontal Etiopathogenesis and Precision Dentistry: Miles to go before we Sleep | Chapter 6 | Research Highlights in Disease and Health Research Vol. 6

 Periodontal affliction or periodontitis is a complex multifactorial chronic inflammatory affliction of the periodontium - the supporting construction of the tooth. Periodontitis leads to destruction of the combinational tissues as well as alveolar cartilage finally leading to incisor mobility and cuspid loss thereby moving quality of growth of the individual. Apart from tooth loss it likewise impacts systemic strength of the individual and is a risk factor/ modifying determinant associated with diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular afflictions, pre-term low birth pressure babies in pregnant girls, PCOS, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer disease and oral cancer. The understanding of determinants responsible for periodontal affliction is a cumulative influence by genetic, referring to practices or policies that do not negatively affect the environment, microbial and host-immune answer factors. However it appears that periodontal ailment is the net effect of the invulnerable response and the inflammatory processes, not the absolute presence of the microorganisms, based on available evidence. Currently the understanding of periodontal pathogenesis is that, in spite of microorganisms initiate periodontal affliction, perpetuation and progression of ailment is the net result of requirement of immune-inflammatory reactions. Immune–inflammatory methods governs patient susceptibility and is reduced by environmental determinants.Despite extensive research and information on etiopathogenesis of periodontitis, now periodontal therapy for all forms and asperity of periodontitis remain the same. The reason is that the dispassionate and radiographic parameters secondhand for diagnosis and assessment of periodontal effect of therapy to a degree Probing pocket depth, clinical affection loss and cartilage loss only depict past ailment activity.  The mediators of redness however have a promising potential to be a part of biomarkers of current periodontal activity, affliction progression and treatment productiveness indicators.Unfortunately, till date skilled are no biomarkers that are accurate or precise enough to monitor periodontal affliction initiation or progress. No biomarker has yet been confirmed for diagnostic use in periodontology. Since biomarkers are the endowment of precision medicine, allure application is still well in debt.Precision medicine is based on the association of clinical limits and biological markers that indicate the underlying organic processes. This enables highly correct prediction of periodontal ailment susceptibility, early diagnosis, forecast, and planning of ultimate suitable and secure treatment approach to address the needs of distinguishing patients that is the way forward.

Author(s) Details:

Pratebha Balu,
Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Puducherry, India.

Narayane Ramkumar,
Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Puducherry, India.

Monica Jagadeesan,
Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Puducherry, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V6/article/view/10284

Biomarkers for Early Detection of Lung Cancer | Chapter 7 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 3

 Lung Cancer is individual of the leading causes for tumor related deaths accompanying a 5-year continuation rate of only 18%.These are broadly divided into 2 types: NSCLC (non-limited cell alveolus cancer) and SCLC (small container lung tumor) and although treatments like a destructive agent, targeted situations are commonly used, the endurance rate is still very poor on account of the late detection of these cancers. Biomarkers are easily occurring biological genes that show changes when a tumor composition takes place. Various experimental and research data was brought back from search engines like PubMed, Google Scholar etc. Our item provides an overview of body part cancer, allure therapies, and mainly concentrates on potential biomarkers that take care of aid in the early detection of bronchi cancer.

Author(s) Details:

Vinit Vaidya,
Department of Botany, Thakur College of Science and Commerce, Thakur Village, Kandivali (East), Mumbai-400101, India.

Vedaant Bhandary,
Department of Botany, Thakur College of Science and Commerce, Thakur Village, Kandivali (East), Mumbai-400101, India.

Priyanshi Vishwakarma,
Department of Botany, Thakur College of Science and Commerce, Thakur Village, Kandivali (East), Mumbai-400101, India.

Faisal Qureshi,
Department of Botany, Thakur College of Science and Commerce, Thakur Village, Kandivali (East), Mumbai-400101, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V3/article/view/9916

The Potential of Cancer Biomarkers and Biosensing Technology for Early Detection of Cancer: A Comprehensive Review | Chapter 4 | Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 6

 Cancer discovery in early stages may decrease the demise rate as initial treatments grant permission be employed which will minimise the chance of flattering metastasis. After some genes metamorphosis few specific proteins and enzymes produced are over-signified for different cancers, which are alike for different cancers. The presence of those particular bio-molecules and concentrations of those biography-molecules in biological sample, famous as biomarkers can be an important form in detecting cancer. Apart from the earlier discovery techniques, a new detection styles has been employed in malignancy research. Sensors for biological molecules that is, optical, electrochemical, magnetic sensors are working which provides mathematical signals against biological samples via various mechanisms. These bio anticipating technologies enables economical, simple, sensitive consequences, which minimises cancer discovery complications. Herein this chapter will present, conversation of various biomarkers employed in discovery cancers with new detection flows using biosensors of different devices like microfluidic chips in smartphone, nano molecule located biosensors etc.

Author(s) Details:

Sourav Das,
The Neotia University, Sarisha, West Bengal, India.

Sukanta Roy,
The Neotia University, Sarisha, West Bengal, India.

Anirbandeep Bose,
TAAB Biostudy Services, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

Subhasish Mondal,
The Neotia University, Sarisha, West Bengal, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COPS-V6/article/view/9465

Recent Biochemical Markers for Cardiovascular Diseases: Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications | Chapter 7 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 11

 The major cause of death and morbidity worldwide is cardiovascular disease. A better prognosis may result from early detection of a potential CVD risk and early care. Cardiac biomarkers are crucial in the early diagnosis within the "golden period" in order to carry out an early intervention and maybe undo cardiac damage. The potential biochemical markers linked to heart tissue, inflammation, and underlying metabolic processes have been identified in numerous studies and may help in the clinical evaluation of the population at risk or who is at vulnerability. This chapter gives a general overview of the cardiac biomarkers that are frequently utilised for CVD risk assessment as diagnostic and prognostic tools.

Author(s) Details:

Deepika Dalal,
Department of Biochemistry, N.C. Medical College and Hospital, Israna, Haryana, India.

Ashish Kumar Malik,
Department of Psychiatry, N.C. Medical College and Hospital, Israna, Haryana, India.

Anjali Dhama,
Department of Biochemistry, N.C. Medical College and Hospital, Israna, Haryana, India.

Veena Singh Ghalaut,
Department of Biochemistry, N.C. Medical College and Hospital, Israna, Haryana, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V11/article/view/8031

Thin Film Gas Sensors Detecting Hydrogen Peroxide | Chapter 8 | New Trends in Physical Science Research Vol. 8

 

This review discusses the results of studies on many types of semiconductor H2O2 sensors. The properties of electrochemical detectors, sensors based on organic and inorganic materials, graphene and nanosensors are analyzed. Optical and fluorescent sensors, detectors made of porous materials, quantum dots, fibers and spheres are briefly discussed. The results of our studies at the YSU of hydrogen peroxide sensors  from solid solutions of carbon nanotubes with semiconducting metal oxides are also presented in the review. The basics of making respiratory biomarkers containing vapors of  hydrogen peroxide, which allow assessing the degree of disease of a person with various respiratory diseases (asthma, lung cancer, etc.), are discussed.

Author(s) Details:

Vladimir M. Aroutiounian,
Yerevan State University, Armenia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NTPSR-V8/article/view/7887

In Silico Prediction and 3D Model Analysis of Potential Epitope of Heat Shock Protein-70 (HSP70) Gallus gallus as Candidate Biomarkers for Poultry Meat Quality Tests| Chapter 8 | Emerging Challenges in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 5

The major goal of this study was to look for possible heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) epitopes in chickens (Gallus gallus). The epitopes are crucial for developing a vaccination that will generate antibodies against HSP70, which can then be utilised as biomarkers to evaluate HSP70 expression. There is a link between HSP70, which indicates the presence of stresses, and meat quality, according to other studies. Physical, chemical, and biological stresses can reduce the quality of bird meat before, during, and after broiler slaughter. The discovery of a possible biomarker for HSP70 will be extremely useful in determining the quality of poultry meat. In this work, the HSP70 sequences of Gallus gallus were analysed in silico to look for possible epitopes as biomarkers. The approach employed was a bioinformatics-related software-based method. Two putative biomarker candidate peptides related to HSP70, AILMGDKSENVQD and ISWLDRNQMAEKEEYEHKQKELEK, were obtained from this investigation. These epitopes can also be used to create a three-dimensional model. More study is needed to demonstrate the efficacy of these two indicators in vivo.

Author(s) Details:

Sulaiman Ngongu Depamede,
Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Mataram, Jl. Majapahit 62 Mataram, NTB, 83125, Indonesia.

Budi Indarsih,
Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Mataram, Jl. Majapahit 62 Mataram, NTB, 83125, Indonesia.

I Ketut Gede Wiryawan,
Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Mataram, Jl. Majapahit 62 Mataram, NTB, 83125, Indonesia.

Muhamad Hasil Tamsil,
Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Mataram, Jl. Majapahit 62 Mataram, NTB, 83125, Indonesia.

. Maskur,
Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Mataram, Jl. Majapahit 62 Mataram, NTB, 83125, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ECAFS-V5/article/view/6983

A Brief Study about Choriocapillaris Vascular Density Changes: Healthy Vs. Advanced Exudative Age-related Macular Degeneration Previously Treated with Multiple Anti-VEGF Intravitreal Injections | Chapter 14 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 The goal of this study was to use OCT-A to emphasise the differences in choriocapillaris VD in healthy ae-AMD eyes.

Introduction: Since the implementation of OCT-A in clinical practise, we have made significant progress in our understanding of age-related macular degeneration, particularly the exudative variety (AMD).

Method: In this observational, cross-sectional investigation, 21 healthy and 21 ae-AMD eyes were included, all of which had already been treated with anti-VEGF. All subjects had their Angio-View retina patterns focused on the fovea (6.4 mm) recorded using a Solix full-range OCT (Optovue Inc., Freemont, CA, USA). The primary goal of the study was to examine choriocapillaris VD in healthy and ae-AMD eyes. For the analysis, automated measurements of whole image choriocapillaris VD (percent) and fovea grid-based (percent) were taken. The contour flow measure algorithm was utilised to assess the flow area (mm2) of macular neovascularization (MNV) using Angio-View patterns. The statistical analysis included both groups' best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA).

The average age in healthy eyes was 60.9 (8.3), but in ae-AMD eyes it was 73.33 (15.05). The mean BCVA (ETDRS letters) in healthy eyes was 98.47 (1.50) and 7.04 (5.96) in ae-AMD eyes. The Mann–Whitney test revealed statistical significance when comparing choriocapillaries VD for entire and fovea healthy and ae-AMD eyes (p 0.0001 (t = 4.91; df = 40) and p 0.0001 (t = 6.84; df = 40), respectively). The link between MNV and VD of choriocapillaries was not statistically significant in either the entire or fovea areas (F = 0.38 (R2 = 0.01) and 1.68 (R2 = 0.08), respectively). Furthermore, type 3 MNV was found to have higher choriocapillaris non-perfusion in this investigation. The choriocapillaris is particularly fascinating to research when it comes to the pathogenesis of type 3 MNV.

Conclusions: In ae-AMD eyes, choriocapillaris VD was statistically significantly lower than in healthy eyes. In the early stages of MNV pathogenesis, choriocapillaris dysfunction might be noticed. Future applications could be used to assess choriocapillaris VD in a variety of MNVs, including Type 1, Type 2, Combined Type 1–Type 2, RAP, and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV).

Author(S) Details

Maria Cristina Savastano
Unit of Ophthalmology, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00191 Rome, Italy and Unit of Ophthalmology, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.

Clara Rizzo
Ophthalmology, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.

Gloria Gambini
Unit of Ophthalmology, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00191 Rome, Italy and Unit of Ophthalmology, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.

Alfonso Savastano
Unit of Ophthalmology, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00191 Rome, Italy and Unit of Ophthalmology, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.

Benedetto Falsini
Unit of Ophthalmology, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00191 Rome, Italy and Unit of Ophthalmology, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.

Daniela Bacherini
Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, AOU Careggi, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy.

Carmela Grazia Caputo
Unit of Ophthalmology, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00191 Rome, Italy and Unit of Ophthalmology, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.

Raphael Kilian
Ophthalmology Unit, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.

Francesco Faraldi
Torino, Eye Clinic, ASL Torino 5, 10024 Turin, Italy.

Umberto De Vico
Unit of Ophthalmology, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00191 Rome, Italy

Stanislao Rizzo
Unit of Ophthalmology, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00191 Rome, Italy and Unit of Ophthalmology, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy and Consiglio Nazionale della Ricerca (CNR), Istituto di Neuroscienze, 56124 Pisa, Italy.


View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V5/article/view/6675