Evaluate the Current Status and Importance of Macrophyte Floral Diversity of Meghadrigedda Reservoir at Andhra Pradesh, India | Chapter 7| Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 9

 

Aquatic macrophytes serve as a habitat for aquatic invertebrates as well as cover for fish. They also generate oxygen and provide food for some fish and other animals. They thrive in nutrient-rich water.  In the natural environment, herbivorous and omnivorous fish might find edible plants for consumption. Aquatic plants can provide nutritious food for fish in aquariums or backyard ponds. Ipomoea aquatica, an aquatic weed, might be managed in an environmentally benign way by including it in a fish diet. Fish feed is critical to the long-term viability of aquaculture production. However, fish nutrition is crucial since feed is the costliest component of the aquaculture system, accounting for around 60% of total production costs. The young grass carp prefer duckweeds such as Lemna, Spirodela, Wolffia, and Azolla until they reach a greater size and can consume macrophytes. Aquatic weeds are potential fish and animal feed components that are extensively spread across Indian water bodies. The higher nutritional content of aquatic weeds has lately enabled fish meal to be largely or entirely substituted. Aquatic weed meal has 11 to 32% crude protein, 2.9 to 16.81% crude fat, 8 to 31% crude ash, and a very high amino acid, mineral, and vitamin content, depending on the components employed. Phytoremediation is a sustainable, cost-effective technology that uses plants to convert and stabilize pollutants in soil and water bodies. Aquatic plant species, primarily a broad group of macrophytes, have long served as indicators of water body health. A review of the ways in which aquatic macrophytes can be used in the food production process, including as human food, livestock fodder, fertilizer (mulch and manure, ash, green manure, compost, biogas slurry), and food for aquatic herbivores like adults and larval forms of fish, crab, and prawns.

 

Author(s) Details

Karri Rama Rao
Department of Zoology, Dr. V. S. Krishna Govt. Degree College (A), Visakhapatnam, India.

 

R. Ramachandra Rao
Department of Zoology, Government Degree College, Rajam, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Karri Naga Mani
Department of Zoology, Narayana Junior College, Boyyapalem, Visakhapatnam, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v9/1569

A Determination of Phytoremediation by Native Species in Bauxite Spoil Dump: A Case Study of Kara-Kara, Linden, Guyana | Chapter 9 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 8

 

The difficulty in selecting species that can grow in degraded bauxite areas is a result of limited information on the Silviculture and ecological requirements of tropical native/exotic species. The main aim of this project was to assess the phytoremediation properties of the native species in areas degraded by bauxite mining. This study was conducted on an experimental site located in Kara Kara bauxite mined dump in Linden, Guyana. Soil and plant samples were collected from the study area. The study site was colonized by four native species Chrysobalanus icaco (Fat pork), Tapirira guianensis (Duka), Maprounea guianensis (Awati), and Anacardium occidentale (Cashew). One-way ANOVA from Statistix 10 Software Package was utilized to compare the heavy metal concentrations at two soil depths (0–15 cm and 15–30 cm). Very low levels of heavy metals presence were observed from the results of soil analysis in the study area. Lead (Pb) recorded the highest heavy metals concentration (13ppm) in the soil. Cadmium (Cd) had the lowest (0.3ppm) when compared to Arsenic (As) and Mercury (Hg) which had 3ppm and 1ppm respectively. The presence of heavy metals (Arsenic and Mercury) was found in plant tissues of the four species that colonized the study area. Awati and Cashew had the highest heavy metal concentration of Arsenic with 4ppm for Awati and 3ppm Cashew. The concentration of the other three heavy metals was too negligible to report on. In conclusion, the four native species Chrysobalanus icaco (Fat pork), Tapirira guianensis (Duka), Maprounea guianensis (Awati), and Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) have the ability to phytoremediate Arsenic and Mercury however not Cadmium and Lead. More trials needed to be conducted at different bauxite mined sites on the two species Awati and Cashew for phytoremediation and rehabilitation. This research should be replicated over a longer period of time at different bauxite sites with other species in order to identify those that can phytoremediate Pb and Cd.

 

Author(s) Details

Wilkinson Keola
Environmental Protection Agency, Ganges Street, Sophia Georgetown, Guyana.

 

Lewis Susy
University of Guyana, Turkeyen Campus, Greater Georgetown, PO Box 10-1110, Guyana.

 

Lewis Lawrence
University of Guyana, Turkeyen Campus, Greater Georgetown, PO Box 10-1110, Guyana.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v8/1713

Role of Pteris vittata L. in Phytoremediation of Arsenic-contaminated Soil | Chapter 9 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 1

Arsenic, one of the most abundant toxic elements in the earth’s crust, affects millions of human and animal populations throughout the world. Phytoremediation is a natural process of restoring soil fertility by removal of toxic contaminants by usage of a plant grown in the contaminated soil. In this regard, in 2001, Pteris vittata L. was discovered as the first plant to have the ability to uptake and accumulate arsenic. The fern has been found to assimilate large quantities of arsenic in both its inorganic forms - arsenite (AsIII) and arsenate (AsV). The review enumerates the potentialities of P. vittata as an arsenic hyperaccumulator, with all the evidence and findings from investigations and experimental studies carried out in the last two decades. The consolidated study shows the importance and scope of future utilization of biotechnological approaches of cloning of specific genes from P. vittata for further analysis and the gene transfer from this fern into other plants for effective phytoremediation of contaminated soil.

 

Author (s) Details

Sonali Ray
Department of Botany, Surendranath College, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v1/2259

Phytoremediation Activities of Indoor Plants: A Review | Chapter 6 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 1

Plants are commonly placed indoors to improve living and working spaces. Over the past 30 years, studies have demonstrated that indoor plants can significantly reduce most types of urban air pollution. Indoor plants purify the air from the harmful and toxic compounds present in it. Since ancient times, plants have been considered an auspicious symbol for many cultural and traditional purposes. Plants have also set their significance in human lives, not only biologically but also culturally. Plants have many beneficial activities like air purification, stress reduction, and improvement in cognitive power, and they exhibit many pharmacological activities too. Besides this, plants also add colors to the bland place, which makes the place more attractive and approachable. Plants that can thrive in partial shade/ indirect sunlight or full shade conditions can be listed under indoor plants. A sedentary lifestyle indoors has also had a great impact on human health. The closed and inadequately ventilated indoor spaces lead to Sick Building Syndrome (SBS), which is caused by particulate matter, like volatile organic compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, formaldehyde and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, as inorganic pollutants like O₃, NO₂, SO₂, etc. and organic pollutants like CO₂, CO, etc. that is released by the appliances and furniture present indoors. Plants absorb this particulate matter from the surroundings and convert it into energy required for their growth through photosynthesis. Plants help in mood elevation by providing fresh air and visual appeal. Phytoremediation deals with cost-effective environmental restoration by using plants to clean air, soil, and water. Various studies have proven that plants improve cognitive function by introducing them indoors. This review deals with the phytoremediating activities of various houseplants.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Christopher B. Lobo
Department of Pharmacognosy, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Maharashtra, India.

 

Gauri N. Narawade
Department of Pharmacognosy, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Maharashtra, India.

 

Archana P. Kharade
Department of Pharmacognosy, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Maharashtra, India.

 

Sayali B. Umap
Department of Pharmacognosy, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Maharashtra, India.

 

Sayali H. Dherange
Department of Pharmacognosy, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Maharashtra, India.

 

Sanket P. Shinde
Department of Quality Assurance Techniques, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Maharashtra, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v1/4841

Three Harendong Plants from West Java as a Model for Phytoremediation | Chapter 5 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 7

 In Indonesia harendong are more usually known as Melastoma, ultimate widely known variety is M. malabathricum and M. affine D. Don. Several studies utilizing harendong as subjects frequently called M. malabathricum and M. affine D. Clothe as two different types, but in additional studies referred to it as a synonym. In an work to make harendong as phytoremediation powers, taxonomy question becomes very main, because the plant structure and metabolism of each different type of plant will be various. This research aims to study the morphological alternative and cytogenetic of three harendong plant samples from some places in West Hot beverage made from beans of a tree. The study was conducted on the semantic analysis of flowers, leaves, and ancestries. Observations were carried out during the whole of the flower petals covering the course of rotation, the construction of flower parts. Genetic reasoning was performed by counting the number of chromosomes from root samples utilizing squash accompanying Aceto-carmine staining methods. Based on semantic and cytogenetic study, M. malabathricum is suitable for phytoremediation power. In order to carry out a preliminary showing on the potential of this plant as a phytoremediation power, M. malabathricum L. were grown hydroponically in a mineral solution accompanying different concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu). The plant’s skill to accumulate those weighty metals in root, stem and leaves were also persistent. Fourty eight stems were divided into ten groups contain control group, treatment groups that was administered with PbCl2 (25, 50, 75 μM), CdCl2 (20, 100, 200 μM), CuCl2 (10, 45, 130 μM). The tumor of plant were observed formerly every three era for a month. The remark include measurement of plant climax, root length, and amount of leaves that were produced. The amount of Pb, Cd, and Cu that were accumulated in plant fabric was also calculated at the end of research. Based on cytogenetic reasoning three harendong samples are three different class which are Melastoma malabathricum L., M. affine D. Clothe, dan Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don The study also illustrated that M. malabathricum L. showed undisturbed tumor with 25, 50 and 75 μM PbCl2 situation. The accumulation study result indicate that M. malabathricum is the Pb hoarder plant. This finding may help the development concerning this plant for remediation of Pb-contaminated lands.

Author(s) Details:

R. Yuniati,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

A. Salamah,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

P. A. Miranda,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

R. Oktarina,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

Y. Astrini,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

W. Handayani,
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V7/article/view/12898

Study on Bioremediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) in Soil and Sediments by Microorganisms and Plants| Chapter 1 | Research Highlights in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 8

 

The present study aimed to investigate the biological remediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in the soil and sediments by microorganisms and plants. This chapter focuses on the possible trends of remediation of PCBs in the environment and the methodologies applied. It also reviewed the merits and demerits of using plants and microorganisms as biological detoxification agents. The last two decades have seen an increase in interest in biological methods for cleaning the environment, particularly the soil. For centuries, fungi and bacteria have served as the environment's natural detoxification systems for pollutants. Recent studies have demonstrated that using plants and microorganisms in the proper ratios and techniques will produce a desirable and better result for the detoxification of environmental contaminants, and most importantly, the natural environment won't be harmed because some of the processes are environmentally friendly. It is common knowledge that various unchecked human activities and chemicals in the biosphere have severely contaminated the environment. If left unchecked, this acute and widespread contamination of the air, soil and water by metals, chemicals and metalloids will be harmful to people and other living things. Despite the numerous steps taken to control the presence pf these compounds in the environment, their widespread presence and other members of the well-known class known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which share similar chemical, toxicological, and environmental characteristics, continues to rise. However, the hydrophobic nature and characteristics of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) tend to be much less responsive to bioremediation strategies. The study also highlighted the possible improvement measures on the combination of plants and microorganisms in bioremediation, thereby filling the gap left behind by the conventional methods of remediation with its enormous limitations and disadvantages to enable the triumph of agricultural practices. This chapter focuses on the possible trends of remediation of PCBs in the environment and the methodologies applied. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using plants and microorganisms as biological detoxification agents.

Author(s) Details:

Raymond Oriebe Anyasi,
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Rodepoort, South Africa.

Harrison Ifeanyichukwu Atagana,
Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Rodepoort, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHAS-V8/article/view/9257

Determination of Phytotreatment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Contaminated Soil | Chapter 10 | Current Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 4

The main goal of this study was to determine whether Chromolaena odorata stem cuttings could grow and thrive in soil that contained different concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners found in Aroclor 1254 and whether they could potentially decontaminate such soil in a greenhouse environment. A group of chemicals known as PCBs are created commercially by directly chlorinating biphenyls. Chromolaena odorata plants were replanted into soil with 100, 200, and 500 ppm Aroclor in 1-liter pots. The trials received daily waterings to a moisture field capacity of 70%. The number of completely formed leaves per plant, the length of the shoots, the chlorophyll content of the leaves, and the length of the roots were all measured during harvest. Although plants in the 500 ppm treatment only showed a decrease in growth after the sixth week, PCB was not phytotoxic to the growth of C. odorata. For the 100, 200, and 500 ppm treatments, the corresponding percentage increases in plant height were 45.9, 39.4, and 40.0. There were decreases in root length, leaf chlorophyll content, and leaf number. It was not statistically different from the treated samples that the control sample had a 48.3% increase in plant height, showing that C. odorata could survive such high PCB concentrations and be used to clean up polluted soil. The C. odorata plant absorbed 6.40 to 64.60 ppm of total PCBs on average per kilogramme of soil. resulted in PCB absorption rates per kilogramme of contaminated soil ranging from 0.03 to 17.03 percent. Plant root tissues were where PCBs were most often found, with bioaccumulation factors ranging from 0.006-0.38. PCB absorption by the plant increases as the chemical's concentration does. If these high BAF are maintained, C. odorata would be a promising candidate plant for phytoextraction of PCB from a PCB-contaminated soil.

Author(s) Details:

Raymond Oriebe Anyasi,

Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Rodepoort, South Africa.

Harrison Ifeanyichukwu Atagana,

Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Rodepoort, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAGEES-V4/article/view/7475

Assessment of Biological Remediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) in the Environment by Microorganisms and Plants | Chapter 4| Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 3

Between the 1930s and the 1980s, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were widely employed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Despite the fact that their usage has been severely restricted, many PCBs can still be detected in the environment, such as in soils and sediments. This overview covers the most common remediation methods, such as phytoremediation, microbial degradation, chemical reagent dehalogenation, and PCB elimination using activated carbon. Supercritical water oxidation, ultrasonic radiation, bimetallic systems, nanoscale zero-valent iron based reductive dehalogenation and biofilm covered activated carbon, electrokinetic remediation, and nZVI particles in combination with a second metal are all discussed as new insights from recent PCB remediation studies. Despite several efforts to limit its presence, the extensive dispersion of this material, as well as other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with similar chemical, toxicological, and environmental characteristics, continues to grow in the environment. The focus of this review is on prospective trends in PCB cleanup in the environment, as well as the methods employed. Plant remediation and microorganism degradation are also contrasted as biological detoxification methods for the chemical. This will highlight prospective bioremediation improvement strategies combining plants and microorganisms, filling the gap left by standard remediation treatments, which have their own limits and problems.

Author(s) Details:

R. O. Anyasi,
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.

H. I. Atagana,
Institute for Science and Technology Education, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V3/article/view/7046

Study on Phytoremediation Potential of Vetiver Plants and Its Amelioration by Ascorbic Acid in Constructed Wetlands | Chapter 6 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 8

 The primary goal of this research is to evaluate the performance of vetiver plants (Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash) in phytoremediation of service station wastewater in artificial wetlands under controlled greenhouse conditions. The study also attempts to see how vetiver plants respond to ascorbic acid (AA) amendment after being treated with service station effluent. The study's findings revealed that seven days of ascorbic acid (10 mg/mL) treatment on alternate days for up to 15 days to the service When compared to un-amended wastewater treated vetiver plants, station wastewater treated vetiver plants improved their growth, tolerance, and hyper-accumulation capacity. According to the findings, adding calculated amounts of ascorbic acid to metal-contaminated soil/wastewater improves vetiver plants' phytoremediation potential by raising their tolerance to heavy metal stress.

Author(s) Details

G. Dhanya
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala- 695581, India.

D. S. Jaya
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala- 695581, India.


View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V8/article/view/3239