Mechanisms of Biodegradation of Toxic Organic Compounds by Microorganisms, Focusing on Alkylphenol Degradation | Chapter 7 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 8

 In this chapter, the biodegradation of various toxic compounds by microorganisms has been discussed. First, the degradation characteristics of the Bacillus sp. CYR2 strain was described. Next, the isolation methods and degradation capabilities of recently studied rhizosphere microorganisms were described. Finally, the degradation of alkylphenols in a model soil using the mold Penicillium sp. CHY-2 as an example was explained, with a particular focus on alkylphenols (APs) among the compounds discussed in this chapter.　

Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, the isolated strain was identified as Bacillus sp. CYR2. Degradation of various toxic compounds and growth of CYR2 strain were evaluated with 2% and 4% inoculum sizes. Among the 2% and 4% inoculum sizes, bacteria showed highest growth and toxic compound degradation at 4% inoculum size. Especially, compared to 2% inoculum size, growth of the strain CYR2 at 4% inoculum size was increased by 15.3 folds with phenanthrene, 15.1 folds with 4-secondary-butylphenol, 13.6 folds with naphthalene, 9.1 folds with phenol, and 5.4 folds with 4-tertiary-butylphenol. Strain CYR2 at 4% inoculum size showed the highest removal of phenol (84±5%), followed by 4-tertiary-butylphenol (66±3%), 4-secondary-butylphenol (63±5%) and 4-nonylphenol (57±6%). Compared with 2% inoculum size, the degradation ability of strain CYR2 with 4% inoculum size was enhanced by 3.45 times with 4-tertiary-octylphenol, and 2.53 times with 4-tertiary-butylphenol. Our results indicated that the newly isolated Bacillus sp. CYR2 can be used for in situ bioremediation of phenol and APs contaminated water.

The bioremediation of alkylphenols using rhizosphere microorganisms isolated from the roots of land plants was conducted. Three land plants were used to analyze the tolerance against petroleum hydrocarbons and alkylphenols. The plant Hosta undulata showed tolerance against petroleum hydrocarbons (500 mg/kg) and one of the alkylphenol, i.e., 4-tert-butylphenol (4-t-BP). Hence, thirty bacterial and thirteen fungal strains were isolated from the 4-t-BP contaminated soil collected from the roots of this plant. The biodegradation of APs was investigated using the isolated bacteria and fungi. Decrement in the APs was analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fungi showed higher 4-t-BP degradation than bacteria. Strain SB-4 (Penicillium pinophilum) showed 76.8%, and strain SB-7 (Trichoderma asperellum) showed 49.2% degradation of 4-t-BP under shaking and static conditions respectively. Apart from 4-t-BP, strain SB-7 degraded other alkylphenols such as 4-sec-butylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol. The major metabolites produced during alkylphenols degradation with strain SB-7 were determined using Gas chromatography linked with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results suggested that the plant Hosta undulata had tolerance against the toxic compounds, and the rhizosphere microorganisms isolated from the roots of this plant might be applied for the bioremediation of APs-contaminated soils.

The feasibility of Penicillium sp. CHY-2 isolated from pristine Antarctic soils as a degrader of micropollutant 4-t-BP in contaminated soil containing indigenous microorganisms were evaluated for the first time. The strain CHY-2 completely degraded 4-t-BP present in the artificially contaminated soil within 3 weeks. Colony-forming unit analysis was used to observe the number of fungi and bacteria present in the soil. The viable cell count of fungi was increased from day 10 to day 21 in contaminated soil in accordance with the decrease of 4-t-BP concentration. These results suggest that 4-t-BP present in contaminated soil could be degraded by strain CHY-2.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Young-Cheol Chang
Department of Applied Sciences, College of Environmental Technology, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto, Muroran, 050-8585, Japan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v8/3209

Comparative Review of Systematic Microbiology Diagnostic Methods | Chapter 11 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 9

 Microbial identification is one of the inevitable roles both in diagnosis and screening of microbial metabolites. Now a days widely so many methods are currently well developed which is used for microbial identification. Anyhow crucial selection of effective method is very essential both in manage time and economic point of view. Hence in this review focused about cost and time of analysis of commonly used traditional and molecular microbial identification techniques. In traditional methods a single method is not sufficient and also it needs more number of biochemical confirmation which consumes more time and cost. Further in this review most of the modern methods of identification, cost of installation of instrument was discussed but which is very expensive. However identification of microorganism is repeatability and reproducibility is high, further sensitivity and accuracy also found more. Anyhow to minimize the time factor, modern methods are more ideal than conventional methods.

Author(s) Details:

R. Senthilraj,
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Velappanchavadi, Chennai, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB/article/view/13231

Cholesterol is Involved in Tumorigenesis and Its Potential Therapeutic Prospects | Chapter 7 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 5

 This division will help citizens accomplish the important function of cholesterol during cyst formation in addition to the importance of adjusting their diets, have a healthful lifestyle, and of bodily conditioning. Tumor cells are characterized by hasty growth and limitless replication potential; accordingly, their high energy and biosynthesis necessities need to be compensated, particularly the biosynthesis of cell membranes. Recent studies have proved that cholesterol, an essential component of cell membranes, has a meaningful impact on the development of tumours, invulnerable system dysregulation, and unhealthy changes in epigenetic mechanisms. Cholesterol biosynthesis is an extremely accepted phenomenon in creatures, the process is complicated. There is a growing interest on targeting cholesterol in the treatment of malignancy. First, it was comprehensively inspected the major function of cholesterol on oncogenicity, the therapeutic aims of cholesterol and its metabolites in tumor, and provide detailed awareness into the essential roles of cholesterol in arbitrating immune and epigenetic machines of the tumor microenvironment. It is believed that malignancy cells indulge excessive metabolic consequences of red body fluid cholesterol intake to maintain cancer progression, that may demonstrate why the level of serum cholesterol in few cancer victims is normal or even beneath normal ranges. Additionally, due to allure function in cholesterol metabolism, the gut microbiome is an basic facts of cancer mediation. To determine more therapeutic mediations in oncology, the most recent research on the potential aims of cholesterol and their metabolism was summarised.

Author(s) Details:

Yang Xi,
Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Address: No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province-313000, China.

Zhou Yani,
Graduate School of Medical College of Zhejiang University, Address: No. 268 Kaixuan Road, Jianggan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province-310029, China.

Mao Jing,
Graduate School of Second Clinical Medicine Faculty, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Address: No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province-310053, China.

Wu Yinhang,
Graduate School of Second Clinical Medicine Faculty, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Address: No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province-310053, China.

Hou Xiaohui,
Graduate School of Nursing, Huzhou University, Address: No. 1 Bachelor Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province-313000, China.

Zhuang Jing,
Department of Nursing, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Address: No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province-313000, China.

Qi Quan,
Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Address: No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province-313000, China.

Han Shuwen,
Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Address: No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province-313000, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V5/article/view/11051

Untargeted Metabolic Profiling of Rumen Fluid and Milk in Lactating Dairy Cows Affected by Subclinical Ketosis | Chapter 06 | Research Aspects in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 6

 Ketosis metabolic research on nursing dairy cows has been done all over the world, however there have been few studies in Korea. The research of ketosis metabolic illnesses requires biofluids from nursing dairy cows. The goal of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profiles of healthy (CON) and subclinical ketosis (SCK) nursing Holstein cows using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two groups of six Holstein cows were formed (CON and SCK groups). A stomach tube and a pipeline milking system were used to collect rumen fluid and milk samples, respectively. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to identify and quantify metabolites, which were then identified and quantified using the Chenomx NMR Suite 8.4 software and Metaboanalyst 5.0. Butyrate, found in the SCK group's rumen fluid, The levels of sucrose, 3-hydroxybutyrate, maltose, and valerate were considerably greater in the SUGAR group than in the CON group, which had significantly higher levels of N,N-dimethylformamide, acetate, glucose, and propionate. Maleate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, galactonate, and 3-hydroxykynurenine were found to be greater in milk from the SCK group than in milk from the CON group, which had higher levels of galactitol, 1,3-dihydroxyacetone, -glutamylphenylalanine, 5-aminolevulinate, acetate, and methylamine. Ketosis disorders and the quality of rumen fluid and milk are linked to certain metabolites. This study will be used as a reference tool for ketosis metabolomics research in Korea in the future.

Author(S) Details

Jun-Sik Eom
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.

Hyun-Sang Kim
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.

Shin-Ja Lee
Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea and  University-Centered Labs, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.

Youyoung Choi
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.

Seong-Uk Jo
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.

Jaemin Kim
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea and Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea

Sang-Suk Lee
Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea.

Eun-Tae Kim
Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea.

Sung-Sill Lee
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea and  Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea and University-Centered Labs, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.


View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RAAVS-V6/article/view/6989

Investigation of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Excoecaria agallocha L.: Critical Overview | Chapter 12 |New Perspectives in Agriculture and Crop Science Vol. 2

Mangrove survives in the most hostile environment with fluctuating tidal and saline regime. The present work focused on a detailed study on quantitative estimation of phytoconstituents and DPPH radical scavenging activity of Excoecaria agallocha L., a mangrove from Kattiparambu and Chirackal of Ernakulam District, Kerala. Preliminary phytochemical investigation indicated the presence of biologically active metabolites of leaf, stem and root of the plant in different solvents. Methanol and hexane gave maximum results. Since the plant grows in stress conditions showed the presence of amino acids. Recorded values for high protein in leaf (4.8%), stem (1.93%), Carbohydrate in the root (11.17%) at Chirackal. Phenols (6.02%), flavanoids (3.6%) and tannins (5.68%) was observed in leaf samples of the species at Chirackal. Methanolic extract showed maximum free radical scavenging activity (IC50-141.56 µg/ml) in leaf samples and stem showed minimum (IC50-931.3 µg/ml) in chloroform extract. The range of DPPH radical scavenging activity in the solvent is Methanol > Ethyl acetate > Ethanol > Chloroform. 

Author(s) Details 

S. Sofia
Department of Botany, St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam, Kerala, India. 

View Book: - http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/172