Synthesis, Morphological Studies of Nanocellulose Fibers of Mango Wood| Chapter 10 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 6

 

Agricultural biomasses are the prominent natural sources of cellulose currently available on the planet. When this was treated chemically, this acquires the properties such as toughness, good biocompatibility, and higher thermal stability. The purpose of this study is to transform agricultural biomass into value-added material through green synthesis, and hence, the nanocellulose is synthesised from Mango wood. In this study, Nanocellulose was extracted from Mango wood (Mangifera indica), a widely available agricultural biomass. The cellulose was alkali-treated, followed by bleaching to remove lignin and hemicellulose, pectins, and waxes. The green solvent, i.e., Ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) was used to dissolve cellulose to yield Nanocellulose through sonication and centrifugation. FT-IR, X-Ray Diffraction, SEM, TEM, and Thermo Gravimetry studies were used to examine the functionality, crystallinity, and morphology of synthesised nanocellulose. The functional groups and significant conversion of cellulose to nanocellulose are confirmed by FT-IR spectra. The crystallinity of the synthesised nanocellulose is illustrated by XRD. The surface architecture and size obtained are represented by SEM and TEM monographs. The TEM images depict that the synthesised nanocellulose has a dimension between 27.33 and 34.85 nm. The thermal studies evidenced that the synthesised nanocellulose shows superior thermal stability up to 473.8°C. As a result of high thermal resistance, this can be used in the manufacture of high-temperature-resistant materials. Due to their smaller size, these can be used to manufacture high-strength nanocomposites. The efficient conversion of agricultural waste into value-added material is achieved through a greener pathway. This study demonstrates the practical application of nanocellulose synthesised from agricultural biomass, providing a sustainable approach to solid waste management and reducing chemical usage in nanocellulose production in India.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Prasannakumar J K
Department of Chemistry, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.

 

Krishnakumar T K
Department of Physics, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.

 

Vijayakumar T N
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davanagere-577004, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v6/6740

Exploring Podophyllotoxin and Its Derivatives: Synthesis and Anticancer Developments | Chapter 4 | Recent Developments in Science and Technology for Sustainable Future

Many scientific studies have shown that plants are excellent source of useful bioactive substances. Sufficient proof of the healing properties of plants utilized in conventional medicine systems around the world can be found in scientific research. Lignans are the significant class of plant bioactive compounds from the pharmaceutical perspective and these are reported as folk medications in traditional medicines of China and Japan. Podophyllotoxin is one of the most well-known aryltetralin lignan due to its effectiveness in combating cancer. It is found in the Podophyllum plant species like P. hexandrum and P. peltatum rhizomes. Although podophyllotoxin is a strong antimitotic drug itself, it is too toxic for the human cancer therapy. Etoposide, teniposide, and etopophos the therapeutically significant anticancer drugs, are the semisynthetic derivatives of podophyllotoxin. These drugs have been used to cure many types of cancers, including lung, breast and testicular cancer. However, toxicity to the body, resistance to drugs and low absorption greatly restricted the use of these compounds in clinical therapy. However, in recent decades, substantial chemical modification and pharmacological research have been focused on the derivatives of podophyllotoxin to overcome these challenges and there is continuous search for more potent podophyllotoxin derivatives to treat a variety of malignancies. Thus our book chapter is focused on the importance of podophyllotoxin and its mode of action for cancer. Podophyllotoxin is found in Podophyllum plant species in rich amount but to maintain the ecological balance the commercially available podophyllotoxin is used for the chemical synthesis of its derivatives. We further discussed about about five well known derivatives of podophyllotoxin i.e. etoposide, teniposide, TOP 53, GL331 and NK611. The structures of podophyllotoxin and these derivatives are described along with their mechanisms of action. Very recent examples from 2021 onwards on the synthesis of C-4 and C-5 podophyllotoxin derivatives containing ester, piperazinyl-cinnamic amide moieties from podophyllotoxin are covered along with their anticancer potential.

Author(s) Details:

Abha Chaudhary,
Department of Chemistry, Govt. P. G. College, Ambala Cantt, India.

Deepak Sharma,
Department of Chemistry, Govt. P. G. College, Ambala Cantt, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDSTSF/article/view/13385

Preliminary Study on Rice Straw Degradation Using Microbial Inoculant under Solid-state Fermentation Condition | Chapter 9 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 8

Abundance and unmanaged agriculture residues lead to unutilized resource waste and environmental pollution. The application of microbial technology to manage agriculture waste could produce value-added products. A preliminary study on the biodegradation process of rice straw using different potential microorganisms was tested under laboratory study. Three different inoculant cultures were used to observe their efficiency in rice straw degradation. Combination cultures of microorganisms coding AMB1 show the potential degrading activity, which reduces the hemicellulose of rice straw by 50% from the raw material. The highest cellulase activity at 1.5 U/mL was also observed in rice straw treatment with AMB1, which was higher than in single inoculant fungi and commercial microbial products. Overall, the results suggested that the biodegradation of rice straw could be improved by using combination cultures, AMB1. The ability of these cultures to enhance biodegradation shows potential to shorten the decomposing period and may be used to manage agriculture waste.

Author(s) Details:

Nurul Ain Abu Bakar,
Agrobiodiversity and Environment Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Mohammad Hariz Abdul Rahman,
Agrobiodiversity and Environment Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Nur Alyani Shakri,
Agrobiodiversity and Environment Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Syuhaidah Abu Bakar,
Agrobiodiversity and Environment Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Abhar Abdul Hamid,
Agrobiodiversity and Environment Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V8/article/view/13476

Recent Advances Fermentation Technology for Bioethanol Production as One of Potential Energy Sources| Chapter 2 | Recent Progress in Science and Technology Vol. 4

 Rising the concern of energy security and the instability in fossil fuels price in addition to the adverse effect of these fossil fuels on the environment, made the world searching for alternative energy sources that are sustainable and clean to the environment. One of these alternative energies is bioethanol. Bioethanol is produced by microbial fermentation either from sugar crops or starchy grain crops depending on their availability as first-generation carbon sources for bioethanol production. These carbon sources are edible in nature and could lead into food-vs-fuel conflict and famine specially in developing countries. Inedible lignocellulosic biomass such as abundant agriculture byproducts and forestry waste are developed as second-generation carbon sources for bioethanol production. However so far, the excessive production cost of bioethanol from these lignocellulosic biomasses limiting the application of this technology for commercialization on large scale. In addition to the first and second generations of bioethanol technologies, there is third generation of carbon sources that currently under investigation for bioethanol production by gasification a wide verities of biomass sources into syngas (SG). Syngas is a mixture of carbo dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen. This syngas can be utilized as a carbon source for microbial fermentation using anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium sp. to convert syngas into bioethanol and organic acids. In general, the interest in bioethanol as an alternative energy to fossil oil is due to its favorable properties as energy source.

Author(s) Details:

Osama O. Ibrahim,
Biotechnology,Bio Innovation LLC,7434 Korbel Dr.Gurnee IL. 60031, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPST-V4/article/view/9439

Phenylpropanoid Pathway for Lignin Biosynthesis and Protein Defensive Strategy against Melon Fly | Chapter 8 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 3

It is well known that many plant lectins produced in fruits have larvicidal effects as protective mechanisms. To fend off the impacts of herbivore insect assault, plants have a variety of morphological, biochemical, and molecular responses to herbivory. The defensive chemicals have an impact on herbivore eating, growth, and survival and are either generated constitutively or in reaction to plant harm. In order to understand the resistance and susceptibility against melon fly infestation, the current study compared the expression of lectin proteins in a few different cucurbit fruits. Fruit latex sap was made from both sensitive (cucumber, bitter gourd, and snake gourd) and resistant (chayote and bottle gourd) fruits, and lectin proteins were identified by hemo and leuco agglutination activity. Some have undergone partial purification to distinguish glycocode from N-acetyl glucosamine, and their stability to proteases, pH, and temperature was evaluated. After roughly 24 hours of incubation, the development of the larvae that were fed at low doses was hindered, and they were discovered dead at high concentrations. The histopathology demonstrates lectin-induced toxicity by showing damage to the larval gut area. By binding, causing digestive impairment in larval development, and resulting in death, the lectin protein causes toxicity. Comparative observations show that lectin protein produced from the chayote and bottle gourd fruit tissues secretes latex, protects against the infestation of melon fly larvae, and confers resistance. The current study describes the lignin content in the tissue of healthy and diseased cucurbit fruits, which may give evidence for their resistance to melon fly infestation and susceptibility to it. Due to elevated quantities of PPP (Phenylpropanoid Pathway) enzymes, large levels of monoolignol or polymerized lignin units would harden the cells and make it difficult for larvae to penetrate the cell wall and feed on those tissues.

Author(s) Details:

Madhusudana Somegowda,
Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticulture Sciences, Navile, Shivamogga, India.

Achur N. Rajeshwara,
Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, India.

S. Raghavendra,
Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticulture Sciences, Navile, Shivamogga, India.

Siddanakoppalu N. Pramod,
Department of Food Sciences and Technology in Davanagere University, Davangere, India.

R. Sagar,
Department of Soil chemistry Keladi Shivappa Nayaka, University of Agricultural and Horticulture Sciences, Navile, Shivamogga, India.

G. N. Thippeshappa,
Department of Soil chemistry Keladi Shivappa Nayaka, University of Agricultural and Horticulture Sciences, Navile, Shivamogga, India.

Shankarappa Shridhara,
Center For Climate Resilient Agriculture Keladi Shivappa Nayaka, University of Agricultural and Horticulture Sciences, Navile, Shivamogga, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTCB-V3/article/view/7502

Advanced Study on the Biological Pigments in Plants Physiology | Chapter 9 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 4

Plant physiology has become a daunting obstacle. The mysteries remain, despite the best efforts, most of the processes found can not be played in vitro, and it can not be assumed to date that information about the complex biochemical processes of the plant is properly understood. The need to produce food is an emergency in the world, so it is necessary to have some information that will allow us to advance in this sense. A major advance in the understanding would be able to be here, is a sharp change of direction the re-direct the attention to the trunk of the plants rather than the leaves; but this will allow us to better understand the mysteries of plant physiology. Through the dissociation of water molecules such as chlorophyll in plants, our discovery of the intrinsic property of melanin converts light energy into chemical energy, marking a turning point in relation to the chemical reaction considered to be the most significant in the world to date: photosynthesis.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Arturo Solís Herrera

Human Photosynthesis® Study Center, Aguascalientes, Mexico.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/353