Phenylpropanoid Pathway for Lignin Biosynthesis and Protein Defensive Strategy against Melon Fly | Chapter 8 | Current Topics on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 3

It is well known that many plant lectins produced in fruits have larvicidal effects as protective mechanisms. To fend off the impacts of herbivore insect assault, plants have a variety of morphological, biochemical, and molecular responses to herbivory. The defensive chemicals have an impact on herbivore eating, growth, and survival and are either generated constitutively or in reaction to plant harm. In order to understand the resistance and susceptibility against melon fly infestation, the current study compared the expression of lectin proteins in a few different cucurbit fruits. Fruit latex sap was made from both sensitive (cucumber, bitter gourd, and snake gourd) and resistant (chayote and bottle gourd) fruits, and lectin proteins were identified by hemo and leuco agglutination activity. Some have undergone partial purification to distinguish glycocode from N-acetyl glucosamine, and their stability to proteases, pH, and temperature was evaluated. After roughly 24 hours of incubation, the development of the larvae that were fed at low doses was hindered, and they were discovered dead at high concentrations. The histopathology demonstrates lectin-induced toxicity by showing damage to the larval gut area. By binding, causing digestive impairment in larval development, and resulting in death, the lectin protein causes toxicity. Comparative observations show that lectin protein produced from the chayote and bottle gourd fruit tissues secretes latex, protects against the infestation of melon fly larvae, and confers resistance. The current study describes the lignin content in the tissue of healthy and diseased cucurbit fruits, which may give evidence for their resistance to melon fly infestation and susceptibility to it. Due to elevated quantities of PPP (Phenylpropanoid Pathway) enzymes, large levels of monoolignol or polymerized lignin units would harden the cells and make it difficult for larvae to penetrate the cell wall and feed on those tissues.

Author(s) Details:

Madhusudana Somegowda,
Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticulture Sciences, Navile, Shivamogga, India.

Achur N. Rajeshwara,
Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, India.

S. Raghavendra,
Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticulture Sciences, Navile, Shivamogga, India.

Siddanakoppalu N. Pramod,
Department of Food Sciences and Technology in Davanagere University, Davangere, India.

R. Sagar,
Department of Soil chemistry Keladi Shivappa Nayaka, University of Agricultural and Horticulture Sciences, Navile, Shivamogga, India.

G. N. Thippeshappa,
Department of Soil chemistry Keladi Shivappa Nayaka, University of Agricultural and Horticulture Sciences, Navile, Shivamogga, India.

Shankarappa Shridhara,
Center For Climate Resilient Agriculture Keladi Shivappa Nayaka, University of Agricultural and Horticulture Sciences, Navile, Shivamogga, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTCB-V3/article/view/7502

Antimicrobial Potential of Hemolymph Lectin and Solvent Extracts of Tissues of Marine Crab, Atergatis integerrimus against Fish and Clinical Pathogens | Chapter 9 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 7

 Marine crabs are a rich source of bioactive chemicals with pharmacological capabilities, and antibacterial efficacy against clinically important infections has been established. The antibacterial activity of solvent extracts of different tissues and hemolymph lectin of Atergatis integerrimus against four fish and human pathogenic bacteria and four fungal pathogens is investigated in this study. E. coli was sensitive to the majority of the solvent extracts, while Enterococcus faecalis was particularly sensitive to the chloroform extract of the carapace and the butanol extract of the hemolymph. With butanol extract of entire body against Streptococcus mutans and Bacillus subtilis, the maximum zone of inhibition was recorded. The butanol extract of ovary, whole body, and crude hemolymph showed the greatest zone of inhibition against Vibrio harveyi when evaluated against the diverse tissue extracts. The acetone and ethylacetate extracts of hepatopancreas were toxic to Aeromonas hydrophila. The growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger was suppressed by butanol extracts from various tissues. Candida albicans growth was inhibited to considerable extent by chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol extracts. Almost all of the tissue extracts tested were resistant to Pencillium notatum. Based on preliminary research, a small number of pathogenic bacteria and fungi were chosen to investigate the effect of the pure lectin of Atergatis integerrimus, and antimicrobial activity was observed in all pathogens tested at a concentration of 100 g. As a result of our research, we can conclude that the tissue extract contains bioactive chemicals that particularly target pathogenic microorganisms, and that the isolated lectin, a crab defence molecule, has antimicrobial properties as well.

Author(S) Details

T. Elayabharathi
Department of Zoology, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, India.

J. Vinoliya Josephine Mary
Department of Zoology, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, India.

S. Mary Mettilda
Department of Zoology, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, India.

Balaraman Deivasigamani
CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608502, Tamilnadu, India.

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Mucosal Open Cavities: Organs Supported by Specific Microbiocenoses Increasing Human Resistance | Chapter 12 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

 New aspects of safety mechanisms for the human mucosal cavity are under consideration. It has been proposed that mucosal cavities act as mucosal organs on the basis of their own data. Progress in developing thoughts about the identification and binding of glycoconjugates by mucosal organs is reflected. New mucosal organ players were suggested and identified. Probiotic/symbiotic lectins and probiotic/symbiotic microorganisms were included in the system and glycoconjugates were synthetic polymeric multi-valence patterns. Lectins and glycoconjugates (mucin-like or imitating, antigens, polysaccharides and other metabolites of high molecular mass and postbiotics) were suggested to connect to other non-antibody-origin glycoconjugate-recognizing molecules and receptors of the higher hierarchical defence systems of humans. Proposed ideas, techniques, approaches, methods and algorithms endorse the definition and sub-concepts of working ordered mucosal organs identifying and reversibly binding glycoconjugates. The data is useful for the construction of unique pro/synbiotic microbiocenoses ordered by biotope for use in medical biotechnology.

Author(s) Details

Vladimir M. Lakhtin
Department of Medical Biotechnology, G.N. Gabrichevsky Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.

Mikhail V. Lakhtin
Department of Medical Biotechnology, G.N. Gabrichevsky Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.

Stanislav S. Afanasiev
Department of Medical Biotechnology, G.N. Gabrichevsky Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.

Valery Yu. Davydkin

Department of Medical Biotechnology, G.N. Gabrichevsky Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.

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Determination and Characterization of Lectin Activity from Texas Live Oak (Quercus fusiformis) | Chapter 8 | Current Research Trends in Biological Science Vol.4

 

Lectin is a protein of non-immunological origin. It is a protein with agglutination properties. They have
biological properties that can be exploited for medicinal and therapeutic purposes. The objective of
this study was to isolate and characterize lectin activity in Texas Live Oak (Quercus fusiformis). More
specifically, the study aimed to determine the lectin’s blood group specificity and pH stability,
determine effects of seasonal variation, soil moisture and soil pH on lectin activity. The study also
aimed to determine the presence of antifungal activity in Q. fusiformis extracts. Lectin activity was
detected and compared via agglutination and protein assays. Protein partial purification was
accomplished using diethylaminoethyl ion-exchange chromatography matrix. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to assess purity of the lectin. Results showed that Q. fusiformis extracts’ lectin activities are stable at a pH range of 5.2 - 9.2 but with a significant decrease in activity above pH 9.2. Lectin activity was significantly higher when assayed against sheep red blood cells as compared to other blood groups tested. Quercus fusiformis extract is devoid of antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer. Seasonal variation, soil moisture, and soil pH do not significantly correlate with lectin activity. Results from HPLC showed presence of three peaks indicating a partial purification of the Q. fusiformis lectin.

Author (s) Details

Ruby A. Ynalvez
Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A & M International University, Laredo, Texas, USA.

Carmen Cruz-Mac Kinnon
Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A & M International University, Laredo, Texas, USA.

Marcus A. Ynalvez
Department of Social Sciences, Texas A & M International University, Laredo, Texas, USA.

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