Degradation of Whole Cottonseed and Grass Hay by the Ruminal Bacteria and Their Survival in the Presence and Absence of Gossypol in Culture |Chapter 8 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

 

Whole Cottonseed (WCS) in vitro rumen incubation was applied to determine their nutrient and gossypol degradation characteristics and bacterial degradation profile in a consecutive batch culture system. It has been found that the presence of gossypol at 1 mM significantly depressed dry matter loss, gas production, and survival of mixed rumen microbes in culture.  Mixed rumen microbes appeared to adapt to the presence of gossypol in culture. However, it is still unclear which of the rumen microbes were affected by the gossypol.  Fractionation of the rumen microbial population was conducted to separate as much as possible, rumen bacteria from rumen protozoa and fungi.  The fermentation of whole cottonseed (WCS), grass hay (GH) by the bacteria was then studied in the presence and absence of gossypol in culture. The results of this experiment showed that there were significant differences (p<0.01) in the rumen bacterial degradation of WCS, GH with and without gossypol.  GH was the most degradable and WCS the least degradable of these substrates for rumen bacteria.  Similarly, fermentation of GH resulted in higher (p<0.01) gas production than that of WCS and GH with gossypol demonstrating that bacterial fermentation was reduced. Rumen bacteria did not appear to adapt to the presence of 1 mM gossypol suggesting that they were severely affected by gossypol.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ismartoyo
Department of Animal Science, The University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v6/2322

 

Notable in situ Degradability of Whole Cottonseed (WCS) and Grass Hay (GH) in the Rumen of Sheep| Chapter 1| Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 8

An experiment was conducted to examine the in situ degradation characteristics of whole cottonseed (WCS) and grass hay (GH) in the rumen of sheep fed 4 different diets. The 4 diets were T1 = GH alone, T2 = GH + 150 g WCS, T3 = GH + 300 WCS, and T4 = GH + 500 g WCS. The different parameters characterizing the extent and rate of the ruminal degradation of DM were examined. The DM loss data were fitted to an exponential equation p = a + b (1 - e-ct) (Ærskov and McDonald, 1979). The results of this experiment showed that there were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) in the degradability characteristics [a, b, A, B, C and (A + B)] of GH between the treatment diets. The lag times varied widely within and between the diets but the differences between diets were not significant (p>0.05). Although the degradation characteristics of GH and WCS tended to decrease when they incubated in the rumen of sheep fed T4, the differences between the diets were not significant (p>0.05). In conclusion, the results of this experiment did not show the significant effects of feeding whole cottonseed supplements on the rate and extent of ruminal degradation characteristics.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ismartoyo
Department of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar-90245, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v8/3654

Effects of Whole Cottonseed Supplementation on Rumen Microbial Populations in Sheep Fed Grass Hay | Chapter 3 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 10

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of feeding whole cottonseed (WCS) on the numbers of rumen microbes in the rumen of sheep fed grass hay (GH). During the first week of the experiment, two sheep were fed 800 g GH and 250 g concentrates, 50 g WCS, and 15 g minerals mixed. The whole cottonseed supplement was increased gradually as a substitute for GH, grass cube, and whole barley to reach level of 300 g WCS d^-1 by the fourth week, and 500 g WCS d^-1 by the eighth week. The results of this experiment indicated that supplementation up to 300 g d^-1 did not affect the numbers of rumen bacteria and Polyplastron. However, the suplementation WCS at 500 g d^-1 depressed the number of rumen fungi and protozoa. There was an indication of both the resilience of the rumen bacteria and the reductions in fungal and protozoal populations. It was concluded that the decrease in the number of rumen microbes might be due to the increase in the amounts of WCS supplement which contributed to additional dietary gossypol of 964 mg d^-1 and additional dietary fat of 70 g kg^-1 diet. In conclusion, supplementation WCS at 500 g d^-1 for sheep fed GH resulted in partial defaunation of the rumen.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ismartoyo
Department of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar- 90245, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v10/4244

Noteworthy Red Blood Cells Fragility of Sheep Fed Whole Cottonseed as a Feed Supplement for a Basal Diet Grass Hay | Chapter 11 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 8

It has been reported that inclusion of whole cottonseed (WCS) in the diet of sheep increased red blood fragility (RBC). The effect of gossypol on erythrocyte fragility can be used to measure the safe feeding levels of cottonseed products to animals. An investigation was conducted to examine the effect of feeding WCS as a supplement for sheep fed grass hay on the RBC. The sheep were kept in an individual metabolism crate and fed 4 diets treatment (T1-T4). The 4 diets offered were T1 = grass hay (GH) alone, T2 = GH + 150 g WCS, T3 = GH + 300 g WCS, and T4 = GH + 500 g WCS per day (fresh basis). The results of this experiment indicated that the RBC fragility was sensitive to WCS intake. Although the increased in the hemolysis of RBC of the sheep fed T3 and T4 did not appear to be detrimental, nevertheless, prolonged feeding WCS would probably induce changes in and the damage to the blood constituents. In general, it may be concluded that supplementation at 500 g WCS d-1 (37% of the diet) which contributed to additional dietary gossypol and dietary fat significantly depressed   feed digestibility. The osmotic fragility of RBC was also increased at this level of WCS supplementation suggesting that some of diet free gossypol escaped from rumen detoxification and/or some bound gossypol might be hydrolysed in the rumen and absorbed via the small intestine, which induced biochemical changes resulting in increased RBC fragility.

Author(s) Details:

Ismartoyo,
Department of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar-90245, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V8/article/view/13479

Supplementation of Whole Cottonseeds in Ruminal Fermentation and Digestibility in Sheep Fed a Basal Diet with Grass Hay | Chapter 13 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 5

 Whole cottonseed (WCS) is rich in strength, protein and crude fibre content that is a good to be secondhand as a feed supplement for contemplative.  This experiment was conducted in vivo to scrutinize the effects of augmenting WCS as a supplement for sheep augment GH (Grass hay) on the obvious feed digestibility, and the rumen effervescence.  Four various diets (T1-T4) were used, GH unique, or GH plus 150, 300 or 500 g WCS d-1 (fresh action).  Latin square (4x4) exploratory design was employed to analyze the feed digestibility and feed effervescence. The main objective of the in vivo experiment was to try digestibility and rumen traits (pH, ammonia and VFA aggregation) of sheep augment the four diets. The results concerning this experiment indicated that supplementation of GH accompanying WCS at level of 500 g d-1 (0.37 of the diet) reduced DM, ADF and NDF digestibility. There was no statistically meaningful effect on total rumen VFA, unexpected the molar magnitudes of acetate, propionate and butyrate were altered apiece best rate of inclusion of WCS. These results submitted that WCS might have diminished the numbers or actions of cellulolytic rumen microorganisms.

Author(s) Details:

Ismartoyo,
Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V5/article/view/12586

Noteworthy of Rumen Microbial Degradation of Defatted Oilseeds Incubated in a Consecutive Batch Culture (CBC) System | Chapter 4 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 6

 Fat has an main role in contemplative diet. It can be utilised as energy beginning, although maybe reduce the progress of rumen microbes. An analysis was conducted to check the microbial degradation of defatted whole cottonseed (WCS) distinguished with other oilseeds in a ensuing batch civilization (CBC) system. The choice of the oilseeds were DRS1= defatted rape seed cv. Bienvenu, DRS2 = defatted rape seed cv. Libravo, DRS3 = defatted rape children cv. Samourai, DMS = defatted mustard source, DLS = defatted linseed. The CBC system was established in accordance with the methods of Theodorou [1]. The results concerning this experiment indicated that elimination fat from rape seeds and linseed increased DM misfortune and gas result. In contrast, removing fat from WCS acted not improve its DM deficit (p<0.05, SED = 12.7) indicating that the depressed DM loss of WCS was not on account of the fat content. In conclusion, although WCS contains bigger fibre content than other oilseeds, it need further analysis whether the fibre content, fat content or antagonistic-nutrients may cause the reduced microbial fermentation of WCS.

Author(s) Details:

Ismartoyo,
Department of Animal Science, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPAFS-V6/article/view/12342