Impact of Fertilizer, Herbicide, Algicide and Fungicide on Soil Microbial and Enzyme Activities in Maize and Rice Ecosystem | Chapter 2 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 5

 

To increase crop productivity, modern agricultural practices comprise fertilisers, algaecides, herbicides and fungicides. Fertiliser application profoundly impacts soil microbes and enzymes, with organic fertilisers generally promoting beneficial microbial communities and enzyme activities like phosphatase and dehydrogenase, while high-dose inorganic fertilisers can lead to negative effects, such as reduced microbial richness and inhibition of certain enzyme activities, often altering soil nutrient availability and pH. Long-term studies show that organic amendments can enhance microbial biomass and functional diversity, supporting nutrient cycling, while mineral fertilisers, especially in excess, may negatively affect soil health and microbial respiration. Fungicide application negatively impacts soil health by reducing microbial biomass, decreasing fungal populations, altering microbial community structure, and inhibiting enzyme activities, such as phosphatases, dehydrogenases, and ureases. These effects disrupt soil fertility and ecological functions, although the specific impact depends on the fungicide's type, dose, persistence, and soil conditions. Algicide application can negatively impact soil microbes and enzyme activities, decreasing microbial populations and altering community structure due to toxicity, while simultaneously affecting key enzymes like urease, phosphatase, and catalase involved in nutrient cycling and organic matter breakdown. However, studies show a complex relationship, with algicides sometimes causing an initial increase in certain microbial populations before a decline, highlighting the importance of application rates and exposure time. The overall effect can lead to reduced soil fertility and long-term ecological consequences. Herbicide application generally alters soil microbial communities and enzyme activities, often with an initial inhibitory effect on microbial respiration and enzyme activity, though this can be temporary. The specific impact varies significantly based on the herbicide's type, dose, and soil conditions. Some herbicides can be particularly detrimental to beneficial microbes, slowing crucial processes like nitrogen cycling, while others may promote the growth of specific microbes involved in herbicide breakdown. Combined herbicide applications often intensify negative effects, and long-term exposure can shift microbial community composition and function, influencing soil health and fertility.

 

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil microbial population and soil enzyme activity by the use of fertiliser in maize and inorganic input in the rice ecosystem.

 

A field experiment (2021 to 2023) was carried out using synthetic fertiliser doses with maize crops, followed by rice crops using inorganic inputs. Soil microbial population and enzyme activities were examined.

 

Maize field experiment revealed that the plots treated with 75 % Standardised Dose of Fertiliser (SDF) of NPK had the highest populations of diazotrophs (124 × 105cfu / g), Phosphobacteria (66.33 × 105cfu / g), and Azospirillum (0.409 × 105 MPN / g) than 100 % and 150 % SDF of NPK. The soil enzyme activity was higher in the unfertilized control plot than fertilised plot. These experimental results revealed that a low amount of fertiliser and no fertiliser favour the growth of soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activities, respectively. Followed by the rice field experiment, revealed that the soil microbial population was decreased by the application of inorganic inputs viz., fertiliser, algaecide, herbicide and fungicide. However, the maximum soil microbial population was found in algaecide application, followed by herbicide and fungicide.

 

The field experiment concluded that soil microbial population and enzyme activity were affected by inorganic amendments. Less inorganic fertilisers and no fertilisers improve soil microbial activities and soil enzyme activities.

 

Author(s) Details

M. Jeya Bharathi
Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Mariyappillai Anbarasu
School of Agriculture, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram -600117, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

R. Raghu
Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

E. Subramanian
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625 104, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v5/6350

Determination of Structural Perturbation in Fungicide Derivative Compounds: A X-Ray Crystallographic Study | Chapter 9 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 4

 Chemical is beneficial for the synthesis of new compounds with more distinguishing actions and less adverse reactions, to increase/decrease the event of action of the original drug or to take a more potent compound, to restrict the operation to a specific whole of the body and to reduce the antagonistic reactions, toxicity and added disadvantages associated. Some of the fungicides have currently been visualized to lose their effectiveness and evolve resistance to ruling class. If the structures of analogous chemical compound are understood, substitutes maybe created. A rational approach to test these fungicides search out know the three spatial structure of these compounds and macro- microscopic receptor sites as well as their microscopic complex. X-Ray crystallographic techniques were used to determine the fundamental disruption in poison derivatives and compare the effect of their molecular links with other receptor locales. In present studies, crystal and microscopic structure of systemic fungi- cide (β-4-(iodophenoxy)- α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole- 1-flammable liquid) is carried out. The whole cell parameters were contingent upon directly on CAD-4 Enraf Nonius 4-circle mechanical diffracto- meter in ω – 2 θ  scan way using Ni-cleaned CuKα ⋋ (1.5418 Å) radiations. The unit cell limits are a = 8.136(2) Å, b = 16.762(1) Å, c = 21.979(1) Å, α = 90(1)º, β = 92.54(2)º, γ = 90(2)º. The space group was driven to be P21/n.

Author(s) Details:

Jyotsna Sengar (Chauhan),

Department of Physics, Rajeev Gandhi Technical University, Gandhi Nagar Airport By Pass Road, Bhopal-462 036, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V4/article/view/11315

Elevation of Glutathione-S-transferase and Inhibition of Cholinesterase Activity as a Biomarkers of Fungicide Toxicity in Mosquitofish Gambusia affinis: Experimental Investigation | Chapter 3 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 6

 Due to their longevity in the environment and possible impacts, pesticides have become a serious environmental problem. As a result of the effects of these chemicals, aquatic populations are vanishing all over the world. Water, in particular, is a key contamination carrier. In this study, the toxicity of ARTEA 330EC, a systemic fungicide that is being used for the first time in Algeria to combat grain pests, is assessed using two biochemical parameters: glutathione-S-transferase and cholinesterase. Gambusia affinis specimens were treated with ARTEA 330EC doses of 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm. The average weight and size of exposed specimens have both fallen dramatically, according to the findings. Parallel to a decrease in the average rate of GSH, biochemical parameter monitoring revealed a considerable stimulating protein (Synthesis) connected with GST activity stimulation. The three fungicide concentrations show a considerable increase of acetylcholinesterase activity (25, 50 and 75ppm). Finally, our data imply that the rise in GST observed in connection with acetylcholinesterase inhibition could be used as toxicity indicators. Fungicide ARTEA 330EC in Gambusia affinis

Author(S) Details

N. Bourenane Bouhafs
Laboratoire de toxicologie cellulaire, faculté des sciences, Département de biologie, Université Badji Mokhtar, Annaba, 23000. Algérie.

M. R. Djebbar
Laboratoire de toxicologie cellulaire, faculté des sciences, Département de biologie, Université Badji Mokhtar, Annaba, 23000. Algérie.

H. Berebbeh
Laboratoire de toxicologie cellulaire, faculté des sciences, Département de biologie, Université Badji Mokhtar, Annaba, 23000. Algérie.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V6/article/view/4857

Study on Evaluation of the Efficacy of Different Fungicides against Fusarium musae, a Fruit Rot Disease of Banana | Chapter 10 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 4

 Due to the paucity of research on fusarium fruit rot diseases of banana and their management in India, it is thought worthwhile to conduct research on fusarium fruit rot diseases of banana and their management in south Gujarat in order to extend the shelf life of banana fruits and reduce losses caused by post-harvest diseases. As a result, the current investigation was launched. In this study, nine fungicides were tested against F. musae using the poison food technique on PDA medium at various concentrations. Mancozeb 75 WP at 2500ppm, azoxystrobin (20%) + difenoconazole (12.5%) at 1000ppm, and propiconazole (25 EC) at 500ppm and 1000ppm were found to be the most superior because they completely inhibited F. musae mycelial growth In vivo, the lowest fusarium fruit rot severity was found with propiconazole (25 EC) at 1000ppm in pre (6.61 percent) and post-inoculation (6.7 percent) treatments at 8 days after inoculation in pre (6.61 percent) and post-inoculation (6.7 percent) treatments at 8 days after inoculation. At 8 days after inoculation, azoxystrobin (20%) + difenoconazole (12.5%) at 500ppm and chlorothalonil (75 WP) at 2500ppm were shown to be the least efficient in decreasing the severity of fusarium fruit rot in pre and post inoculation treatments.

Author(S) Details

Tushar T. Baria
Department of Plant Pathology, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, 396 450, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V4/article/view/4302