Impact of Fertilizer, Herbicide, Algicide and Fungicide on Soil Microbial and Enzyme Activities in Maize and Rice Ecosystem | Chapter 2 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 5

 

To increase crop productivity, modern agricultural practices comprise fertilisers, algaecides, herbicides and fungicides. Fertiliser application profoundly impacts soil microbes and enzymes, with organic fertilisers generally promoting beneficial microbial communities and enzyme activities like phosphatase and dehydrogenase, while high-dose inorganic fertilisers can lead to negative effects, such as reduced microbial richness and inhibition of certain enzyme activities, often altering soil nutrient availability and pH. Long-term studies show that organic amendments can enhance microbial biomass and functional diversity, supporting nutrient cycling, while mineral fertilisers, especially in excess, may negatively affect soil health and microbial respiration. Fungicide application negatively impacts soil health by reducing microbial biomass, decreasing fungal populations, altering microbial community structure, and inhibiting enzyme activities, such as phosphatases, dehydrogenases, and ureases. These effects disrupt soil fertility and ecological functions, although the specific impact depends on the fungicide's type, dose, persistence, and soil conditions. Algicide application can negatively impact soil microbes and enzyme activities, decreasing microbial populations and altering community structure due to toxicity, while simultaneously affecting key enzymes like urease, phosphatase, and catalase involved in nutrient cycling and organic matter breakdown. However, studies show a complex relationship, with algicides sometimes causing an initial increase in certain microbial populations before a decline, highlighting the importance of application rates and exposure time. The overall effect can lead to reduced soil fertility and long-term ecological consequences. Herbicide application generally alters soil microbial communities and enzyme activities, often with an initial inhibitory effect on microbial respiration and enzyme activity, though this can be temporary. The specific impact varies significantly based on the herbicide's type, dose, and soil conditions. Some herbicides can be particularly detrimental to beneficial microbes, slowing crucial processes like nitrogen cycling, while others may promote the growth of specific microbes involved in herbicide breakdown. Combined herbicide applications often intensify negative effects, and long-term exposure can shift microbial community composition and function, influencing soil health and fertility.

 

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil microbial population and soil enzyme activity by the use of fertiliser in maize and inorganic input in the rice ecosystem.

 

A field experiment (2021 to 2023) was carried out using synthetic fertiliser doses with maize crops, followed by rice crops using inorganic inputs. Soil microbial population and enzyme activities were examined.

 

Maize field experiment revealed that the plots treated with 75 % Standardised Dose of Fertiliser (SDF) of NPK had the highest populations of diazotrophs (124 × 105cfu / g), Phosphobacteria (66.33 × 105cfu / g), and Azospirillum (0.409 × 105 MPN / g) than 100 % and 150 % SDF of NPK. The soil enzyme activity was higher in the unfertilized control plot than fertilised plot. These experimental results revealed that a low amount of fertiliser and no fertiliser favour the growth of soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activities, respectively. Followed by the rice field experiment, revealed that the soil microbial population was decreased by the application of inorganic inputs viz., fertiliser, algaecide, herbicide and fungicide. However, the maximum soil microbial population was found in algaecide application, followed by herbicide and fungicide.

 

The field experiment concluded that soil microbial population and enzyme activity were affected by inorganic amendments. Less inorganic fertilisers and no fertilisers improve soil microbial activities and soil enzyme activities.

 

Author(s) Details

M. Jeya Bharathi
Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Mariyappillai Anbarasu
School of Agriculture, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram -600117, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

R. Raghu
Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

E. Subramanian
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625 104, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v5/6350

Mechanism of Oxidative Process Inhibition by Roundup: Role of N-phosphomethylglycine and its Photodecomposition Products | Chapter 6 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 7

 

The presented material presents the results of studies performed on N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (NPMG). This compound is the active ingredient of the most widely used herbicide in agricultural practice, Roundup (Glyphosate; Tornado; and many others). The presented study investigates the behaviour and toxicological impact of NPMG, the active ingredient in widely used herbicides such as Roundup, Glyphosate, and Tornado. To assess the hazard of photochemical decomposition products formed under the influence of solar ultraviolet radiation and ozone, NPMG was exposed to hard UV radiation with λ = 250-600 nm with simultaneous bubbling with ozone. After 14.3 hours, NPMG is practically not identified in the solution. The decomposition process is complex and multistage. The toxicological effect of aqueous solutions of NPMG and the products of its photochemical decomposition was studied on test objects: luminous bacteria of the Ecolum series and ciliates Tetrahymena pyriformis. Treatment of NPMG with UV irradiation + ozonation leads to a 10-fold decrease in toxicity. Using lux-biosensors based on Escherichia coli, the ability of NPMG photochemical decomposition products to induce oxidative stress in bacterial cells was studied. A comparative study of genetic effects using two genetic bacterial test systems showed that among the products of NPMG photochemical decomposition, there are substances with weak mutagenic and genotoxic activity. It was shown that NPMG inhibits the activity of horseradish root peroxidase by a competitive type: Ki = 0.1004 mM; Km = 1.776 mM; I50 = 0.302 mM. The obtained data show that NPMG is able to block the antioxidant system and can cause the accumulation of free radicals in warm-blooded organisms, which is an addition to the available literature data on the biological targets of the Roundup herbicide.

 

Author(s) Details

Saratovskikh E. A.
Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v7/5808

Treatment of 2,4-Dimethylamine Herbicide Intoxication Using Alkaline Diuresis and Pre-emptive Haemodialysis | Chapter 1 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

 Introduction: Chlorophenoxy herbicides are class of synthetic herbicides used to control broad leaved weeds. Their poisoning is very rare and l has no antidote. The mission of this case report is to emphasize the role of accurate diagnosis and management of 2, 4-D herbicide intoxication.

Case Report: We report a case of 19 year old male admitted after 6h of the deliberate ingestion of the contents of a half bottle (300 ml) of weedkiller named Dallas contents. Soon after ingestion the patient gave history of vomiting, after which patient became unconscious.

Patient was unresponsive to deep painful stimulus. He was sweating profusely with a temperature of 39 degree Celsius. Patient was electively intubated for airway protection.

Patient’s metabolic acidosis also worsened. Patient’s output dropped to 5-10 ml/hr. Patient was then taken on Haemodialysis. Patient’s urine output improved and GCS also improved.

Conclusion: 2,4-Dimethylamine intoxication is uncommon, doesn’t have an antidote with very high morbidity and mortality. Other therapies, such as gastrointestinal decontamination, first emergency resuscitation, and supportive treatment with haemodialysis when needed, must be added to alkaline diuresis, which is a life-saving treatment.

Author(s) Details:

Manjiri Naik,
Department of Medicine, MGM Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad, India.

Shamisha Khade,
Department of Medicine, MGM Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V12/article/view/12966

Application of Herbicide to Manage Weed Flora in Blackgram | Chapter 2 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 9

 Blackgram, accurately known as Vigna mungo, holds a meaningful place in Indian agriculture and cuisine. India is individual of the world's chief producers of blackgram, risking a vital duty in fulfilling both household consumption and ship demands. The yield of blackgram, a significant rhythm crop in India, is influenced by a multitude of pertain factors that together shape its result outcomes. Weed disease poses a significant challenge to the yield of blackgram, an important leguminous crop. Weeds not only preclude the crop's access to lively resources but too create friendly conditions for pests and afflictions, further compromising yield potential. Effective grass management practices are critical to mitigate these negative effects. Present phase describes the administration of weeds using herbicides. The study decided that the Echinochloacolona (29.39%) and Dinebraretroflexa (24.30%) were predominant weeds in blackgram. Further, the post rise application of propaquizafop+imazethapyr mixture from 53+80 was establish the suitable for persuasive control of composite weed vegetation associated with blackgram in central India.

Author(s) Details:

Shreya Malviya,
Department of Agronomy, Dr. C. V. Raman University, Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V9/article/view/12318

Distribution of Heavy Metals and Herbicides in the Cephalopod, Viscera and Shell of the Snail Achatina achatina | Chapter 6 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 5

 Every day, various contaminants are announced into the environment. The purpose concerning this chapter search out determine the concentrations of heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Zinc, Copper) and glyphosate in the cephalopod, entrails, and shell of the Achatina achatina invertebrate species so that find the areas place pollutants get the highest. The present study accepted place in the Nawa region of on west side when facing north-western Côte d'Ivoire. Heavy metals and glyphosate levels in Achatina achatina samples were determined utilizing atomic incorporation spectrophotometry and high-depiction liquid chromatography, respectively. The consequences demonstrate that lead (0,64 mg/kg), law enforcement officer (0,45 mg/kg) and zinc (1,165 mg/kg) accrue the most in the shell. On the other hand, glyphosate and cadmium grow most in the cephalopod (1,03 and 0,13 mg/kg respectively) and in the intestines (1,01 and 0,14 mg/kg respectively). Contamination of the invertebrate with weighty metals and glyphosate would certainly cause unfavorable effects on human strength and the environment.

Author(s) Details:

O. N’guessan,
Laboratoire Biodiversité et Ecologie Tropicale (BioEcoTrop), UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire.

D. Kouassi,
Laboratoire Biodiversité et Ecologie Tropicale (BioEcoTrop), UFR Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V5/article/view/12301

Determination of Weed Density, Yield and Quality Parameters in Winter and Spring Sown Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) | Chapter 10 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

 In this study, by utilizing a red lentil type of Kafkas, it is aimed to indicate the influence of cold and spring sowing weed control designs (no control, one time help weeding, two times help weeding and poison) on yield and grain character clearly through the randomized blocks detached plots trail desing method under the rainfeed conditions. According to the got results, winter planted and 2 times grass control method gives the highest plant crest 29.83 cm, pod per plant 25.40, grain per plant 24.13, plant organic yield 3.56 g, unit region biological yield 819.3 g/m2, grain yield 180.76 g/m2, and 100 essence weight 3.67 g. But seed protein content 22.52% and first pod height 12.16 cm were got from 2 times grass control spring sowing plots. Plant height, first pod height, plant piece yield, plant biological yield, organic yield and grain yield (m2), 100 essence weight, and grain protein content were concerned as statistically by sowing time. On the other hand yield and characteristic components stirred by weed contol methods they are indifferent groups according LDS test, except 100-seed weight. Although at plant altitude parameter, 2 times grass control and herbicide plots were likeness as statistically. When results evaluated, for lentil cultivation 2 times grass control and winter sowing gives better results in terms of yield elements and grain feature.

Author(s) Details:

Firat Alabay,
Ankara Directorate of Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Ankara, Turkiye.

M. Sait Adak,
Field Crops Department, Faculty of Agricultural, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V4/article/view/10819

Utilization of Modified Elephas maximus Dung as Oxyfluorfen Sequestrant: Adsorption and Kinetic Modeling Studies | Chapter 13 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 1

 This stage aims to focus on sequestration of Oxyfluorfen from liquid media engaging Elephas maximus dung (EMD), a natant biowaste, infrequently reported abroad. Attention is sought on Oxyfluorfen, one of ultimate employed herbicides for ruling the growth of annual broadleaf and grassy weeds. Oxyfluorfen is top-secret as low severe toxicity compound by the World Health Organization (WHO) and by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  However, appropriate conclusion of redundant Elephas maximus excrement (EMD) is critical for environmental protection through exercise of resources. The experiment is start in batch mode accompanying various functional elements such as piece size, beginning Oxyfluorfen concentration, MEMD dosage, contact opportunity, pH, and temperature.  The results, that were evaluated using isothermal and energetic models, suggest that the Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo II Order energetic model suit the data well, with the maximum amount of oxyfluorfen expulsion of 88.9%.  It has been driven that Elephas maximus dung (EMD) powder has the highest potential for the detachment of Oxyfluorfen, hence upholding an alternative environmentally benign procedure, established the derived notes, supported by theoretical judgments.

Author(s) Details:

N. Muthulakshmi Andal,
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore-641004, Tamil Nadu, India.

G. Preethi,
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore-641004, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V1/article/view/10503

 This phase aims to focus on sequestration of Oxyfluorfen from liquid media engaging Elephas maximus dung (EMD), a natant biowaste, infrequently reported somewhere. Attention is sought on Oxyfluorfen, one of ultimate employed herbicides for ruling the growth of annual broadleaf and grassy weeds. Oxyfluorfen is top-secret as low severe toxicity compound by the World Health Organization (WHO) and by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  However, appropriate disposition of redundant Elephas maximus excrement (EMD) is critical for environmental protection through exercise of resources. The experiment is start in batch mode accompanying various functional elements such as atom size, primary Oxyfluorfen concentration, MEMD dosage, contact opportunity, pH, and temperature.  The results, that were evaluated using isothermal and energetic models, suggest that the Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo II Order energetic model suit the data well, with the maximum amount of oxyfluorfen eradication of 88.9%.  It has been driven that Elephas maximus dung (EMD) powder has the highest potential for the preoccupation of Oxyfluorfen, hence advocating an alternative environmentally benign procedure, established the derived remarks, supported by theoretical estimates.

Author(s) Details:

N. Muthulakshmi Andal,
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore-641004, Tamil Nadu, India.

G. Preethi,
Department of Chemistry, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore-641004, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V1/article/view/10503

Monitoring and Assessment of the Microbial Populations and Chemical Characteristics of Paraquat Treated Soil | Chapter 2 | Cutting-edge Research in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 6

The aim of this analysis was to look at the microbial community and chemical components of soils that had been treated with paraquat. The soil samples were handled with paraquat at three different concentrations: low (0.3 ml/L), prescribed (0.6 ml/L), and high (0.9 ml/L). Normal techniques were used to perform microbial and chemical experiments. Microbes like Staphylococcus sp., Micrococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus sp., Actinomycetes bovis, Actinomycetes israeli, Streptomycetes sp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Absidia  The microbes were affected by the paraquat application to the soils at different weeks after application (WAA), as most were found absent in some of the treated soil samples, as shown by the results of the control soil samples. The organic matter and carbon contents of the paraquat-treated soils were significantly higher (P=.05) at the 4th WAA, with 1.93 percent, 1.93 percent, and 1.84 percent and 1.34 percent, 1.12 percent, and 1.12 percent, respectively, while the pH of the soils was significantly higher (P=.05) at the 2nd WAA, compared to the other WAA and control soils. Similar doses of paraquat at different WAA have different effects on soil microbial communities and chemical components. As a result, the effects of paraquat on the microbial community and chemical components of soil varied depending on the quantities used and the time it was applied. Since the fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes species included in this study were herbicide-sensitive, they could be used as a reliable indicator of soil biological importance. It also decides the form of microbes in the soil by killing those that are unable to tolerate its effects, leaving only the resistant ones.

Author (s) Details

John Kagana Dagze
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Mubi - Adamawa State, Nigeria.

B. Chimbekujwo Ishaku
Department of Plant Science, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria.

Tari Tizhe Dlama
Government Secondary School (Senior Section), Michika – Adamawa State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CRAS-V6/issue/view/59