Enhancing Effects of Lactobacillus brevis CQPC12 on Antibiotic-Induced Motor Dysfunction in Mice | Chapter 4 | Application of Probiotics in Exercise and Thrombosis Inhibition

 

Lactobacillus brevis is a heterofermentative gram-positive organism that can be isolated from milk, cheese, sauerkraut, sourdough, silage, and the mouth and intestinal tract of humans. Lactobacillus brevis CQPC12, a lactic acid bacterial strain with strong in vitro resistance and potential for gut colonisation. This study evaluated the neuroprotective and performance-enhancing effects of Lactobacillus brevis CQPC12 (LBCQPC12), focusing on its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in a murine model of systemic perturbation. A state of systemic dysbiosis and inflammation was induced in mice via intraperitoneal injection of a broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail (containing neomycin, vancomycin, amphotericin B, ampicillin, and metronidazole) combined with lipopolysaccharide. Following intervention with LBCQPC12, comprehensive assessments were conducted. Functional performance was evaluated through endurance running and weight-loaded swimming tests. Histopathological analysis of brain tissue was performed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Systemic and cerebral oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were quantified, and gene expression profiles related to neurotrophic signalling, inflammation, and vascular metabolism in the brain and skeletal muscle were analysed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results demonstrated that LBCQPC12 treatment significantly improved physical endurance, as indicated by prolonged running and swimming durations. It also effectively mitigated systemic and cerebral oxidative stress by elevating levels of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione (GSH), while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA). Concurrently, LBCQPC12 exerted anti-inflammatory effects, lowering serum and brain concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), while elevating the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and reducing the liver index. At the molecular level, LBCQPC12 upregulated key genes in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling pathway, including protein kinase B 1 (AKT1), cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), BDNF itself, and extracellular regulated protein kinases 1 (ERK1). In skeletal muscle, it enhanced the expression of metabolic and angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), GLUT-4, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α). In conclusion, Lactobacillus brevis CQPC12 demonstrates substantial potential in counteracting antibiotic-induced central nervous system oxidative inflammation and skeletal muscle impairment, thereby preserving motor function. These findings position LBCQPC12 as a promising candidate for the development of next-generation functional probiotic formulations aimed at supporting neuromotor health.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Jiyou Wu
Sports Department, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.

 

Xiaoguang Yang
College of Physical Education, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, Shaanxi, China.

 

Yuhua Yang

Department of Sport Management, College of Humanities and Law, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-998509-9-6/CH4

 

A Definitive Role of Antibiotic Impregnated Nailing in Compound Fractures of Tibia | Chapter 11 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 9

 

Introduction: Antibiotic nails are currently the preferred treatment for Gustilo Type I, II, and IIIA fractures, replacing the conventional approach of fixing open tibia fractures. They not only expedite the one-step bone union process but also lessen the systemic adverse effects of parenteral antibiotics after surgery. These nails elute the antibiotic exactly in the right doses where it is needed to combat the infection and prevent a possible delayed union or hostile environment in Gustilo type I, II and IIIA compound tibial fractures.

 

Aim: The aim was to determine the definitive role of antibiotic-impregnated Intramedullary (IM) nailing in compound tibial fractures.

 

Materials and Methods: We treated twenty-five adults having compound tibial shaft fractures of Gustilo Type I and Type II and IIIA with antibiotic-impregnated IM nails to evaluate the outcome.

 

Results: Results were excellent to good in 92% (Lysholm’s scale). Partial weight bearing commenced at 5.44 weeks and full weight bearing after 10.48 weeks of operation on average. Radiological union achieved in 12 to 18 weeks (average 15.55 weeks) in all AO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen, German for “Association for the Study of Internal Fixation”) group A, group B fractures with Gustilo type I injury. Complex (AO group C), while Gustilo type II took 12 to 22 weeks (average 16.69 weeks). One Gustilo type IIIA fracture showed delayed union (beyond 22 weeks). There was minimal incidence of infection [overall 24% (20% in type II- superficial in 12% and deep in 8% cases; 4% in type IIIA-deep)]. One Gustilo type IIIA fracture showed infection along the deeper tissue planes. In the present study, results were better when compared with the above-quoted studies as 100% union was achieved with an overall infection rate of 24% only. The infection did not hinder the union and resolved with a local antibiotic release through nail and concurrent administration of systemic antibiotics.

 

Conclusion: Antibiotic-impregnated nails can be a trustworthy alternative single-stage treatment modality, obviating the need for multiple procedures to achieve the bony union in open fractures of the tibia. Early range of motion exercises of joints and early weight bearing are permitted because breakage of the implant is very uncommon due to load sharing.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kamal Kumar Arora
Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v9/1136

Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Resistance: A Systematic Review | Chapter 8 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 4

 

In this review, we have aimed to cover the systematic study of aminoglycoside group antibiotics drug resistance with respect to different enzymes responsible for drug modification, and genetic traits involved in drug resistance. Aminoglycosides are powerful, broad-spectrum antibiotics that can cure infections that present a serious threat to life. Upon the seminal introduction of streptomycin in 1944, an array of pivotal medications such as kanamycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin subsequently emerged. This succession of compounds incontrovertibly affirmed the utility of this category of antibiotics in managing gram-negative bacterial infections. During the 1970s, the introduction of semi-synthetic aminoglycosides, including dibekacin, amikacin, and netilmicin, demonstrated the feasibility of developing therapeutics with diverse toxicological profiles and efficacy against strains displaying resistance mechanisms to earlier-generation aminoglycosides. However, since that time, the rate of novel aminoglycoside development has significantly reduced. Contrarily, after a period of intensive scientific and clinical research, we now see these medications considerably differently from how people did when they were initially presented to the clinic. Antibiotic aminoglycoside resistance has significantly impacted clinical practice. The difficulty of resistance was one of the first faced by aminoglycosides, despite their potent bactericidal efficacy. The enzymatic alteration of the antibiotic is the most frequent form of clinically significant resistance against these treatments. Consequently, enhanced comprehension of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and their interactions with antibiotics is essential to promote the development of superior inhibitors and innovative semi-synthetic aminoglycosides. These novel compounds should demonstrate increased potency and efficiency while remaining unaffected by modifying enzymes. The study concluded that Aminoglycoside antibiotics have demonstrated synergistic antibacterial effects when combined with other antibacterial agents, anti-inflammatory agents, analgesics, natural plant extracts, and various compounds. Combining antibiotics with additional medications is a key technique for combating bacterial resistance. It is anticipated that the prediction of old AGAs therapeutic targets and the examination of critical bacterial growth mechanisms will set the groundwork for the discovery of novel AGAs derivatives and drugs coupled with AGAs.

 

Author(s) Details

Zahraa A.H. AL-Tameemi
Department of Quality Assurance and Academic Performance, Al-Iraqia University, Iraq.

Noor D. Almanaseer
Medlabs Consultancy Group, Amman, Jordan, Iraq.

Nesreen Ahmed Nasser
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v4/1248

Ecological and Biomedical Significance of Soil and Aquatic Microbes in River Deltas| Chapter 3 |Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 5

 

The world's deltas are home to a vast array of distinct soil and aquatic microbes, most of which take the form of bacteria, fungi, parasites, archaeans, actinomycetes, viruses, etc. They support the ecosystem in many ways, helping to preserve the equilibrium of the natural elements, the biogeological components, and the ecological components. In addition to offering plants environmental and natural defense against pests and diseases, soil microbes also help plants thrive. They play a critical role in converting nutrients and nitrogen into forms that plants can eat. The various functions that aquatic and soil bacteria play are decomposition, oxygen production, evolution, and symbiosis. Certain River Deltas have the highest concentrations of the saline soil-dependent bacterial and fungal community, whereas other River Deltas are enhanced with certain microbes that aid in soil remediation. In certain instances, variations in the C, N, and P ratios are caused by specific kinds of bacteria that break down hydrocarbons. Given that bacteria also produce various allergens and antigens, which are the primary causes of a variety of infectious diseases, some bacteria are used in research studies to produce anti-allergens and medicinal drugs.

 

Author(s) Details

Rajrupa Ghosh
Department of Allied and Health Science, Institute of Management Study, Affiliated to MAKAUT, E.M Bypass, 93 Mukundapur Main Road, West Bengal, Kolkata-700099, India.

Rituparna Acharya
Netaji Subhas Open University, DD-26, Sector-I, Salt Lake City, West Bengal, Kolkata-700064, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v5/1412

Efficacy of Antibiotics Available Along the Borders of Low-income Countries: A Case of Tanzania and Implications for Public Health | Chapter 1 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

 

The current generation of antibiotics is finding it harder and harder to cure bacterial illnesses in underdeveloped nations like Tanzania. Antibiotic resistance is facilitated by the widespread availability of substandard drugs, which puts the treatment of bacterial infections at risk. Antibiotics degrade more quickly when they are improperly stored or exposed to extreme tropical weather. Children under the age of five are estimated to suffer significant morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, especially pneumonia and acute febrile illness when they lack access to conventional medical care, especially antibiotics. The majority of these incidents occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

 

Where antibiotic sellers are less common, where antibiotic prescriptions are tightly enforced, or where antibiotics are more costly, there is usually a lower consumption rate than in other settings, especially for mild conditions that probably don’t need antimicrobial treatment. Broad-spectrum antibiotics belonging to the Watch group of the World Health Organization's (WHO) AWaRe classification accounted for more antibiotic sales.

 

In Tanzania, over 60% of antibiotic and antimicrobial consumption is in accordance with WHO’s target and Tanzania’s Access component of the AWaRE classification. However, there is wide variation in the amount and types of antibiotics imported each year in the country, making it difficult to draw conclusions and identify meaningful trends going forward with regard to the consumption of certain classes of antibiotics.

 

The quality of imported medicine and methods for its assessment plays a major role in the effectiveness of therapies and the treatment of many infectious diseases. Poor-quality and/or falsified products are circulating in huge amounts in many LMICs, which is one of the major reasons why more and more resistant bacteria emerge. This conflicting finding calls for a better understanding of issues surrounding antibiotic access and use in LMICs because these countries simultaneously face high burdens of antimicrobial resistance.

 

Consequently, a need was felt to conduct a microbiological cross-sectional study on the quality of some antibiotics, selected from administrative regions along the borders of Tanzania. That study was complemented by a systematic literature search on the quality of antibiotics available in LMICs, with special emphasis on Tanzania. The microbiological analysis involved seventy-six antibiotics from 22 manufacturers, of which six were from anonymous manufacturers and 29 had no manufacturing or expiration dates. Different antibiotic samples of the same kind produced variable results. Ambiguous antibacterial profiles were exhibited by samples of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, and amoxicillin as compared to their respective positive control antibiotics. The findings from the systematic review showed that in many cases, there were completely different active principal ingredients (APIs) compared to the declared ones. Therefore, these findings suggest the existence of counterfeit and/or substandard drugs in Tanzania, as significant variances in antibacterial effects were observed among antibiotics of the same type, which could have uncertain clinical outcomes.

 

The WHO describes substandard drugs as being “out-of-spec” and “authorized drugs that fail to meet either their quality standards or specifications, or both.” Substandard antibiotics may appear at the raw or crude API level because the antibiotic molecule may become unstable under specific storage circumstances or because there are too many potentially hazardous impurities.

 

Several factors have been pointed out to the availability of poor-quality antibiotics, which include weak penal sanctions, frail or absent national drug regulatory authorities, lack of proper drug law enforcement, lack of control of drugs for export, corruption, and conflict of interest, a dearth of political will and cooperation from stakeholders and other enforcers, just to mention a few.

 

Author (s) Details

Kennedy D. Mwambete
Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v6/1056

Trends of Neonatal Infections in Libya after a Decade: Common Bacteria and Treatment Strategies | Chapter 1 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 7

Neonatal infections represent a prevalent issue impacting newborns during their initial days, resulting in escalated mortality rates, particularly evident in less developed nations. The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze various aspects related to neonatal infections, including the incidence of deaths among newborns at different times in the same hospitals, the policy of antibiotics used for treatment in neonatal intensive care rooms in Libyan hospitals, and a comparison of the types of microbes present during different years. A total of 112 patients (61 males and 51 females) in 2003 and 120 patients (65 males and 55 females) in 2013, all aged between one day and twenty-eight days, were selected from the neonatal intensive care units of two separate hospitals, Tripoli Medical Centre (TMC) and Al-Jalaa Paediatric Hospital, Tripoli, Libya. Two studies examined the microbes responsible for the beginning of infections in newborns and compared different treatment modalities. Predominant infectious manifestations included septicemia, meningitis, septic arthritis, and pneumonia. A descriptive analysis was performed with SPSS version 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Gram-negative Klebsiella and Staphylococcus emerged as the prevalent bacterial strains responsible for neonatal infections. The antibiotic regimens commonly employed in medical facilities in Libya comprised ampicillin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, vancomycin, amoxicillin, meropenem, amikacin, tazocin, and cloxacillin. Gender disparities were observed in the incidence rates of septicemia and meningitis, with the former being more recurrent in females. The collective fatality rate stood at 5–10% among the entire neonatal cohort. Further research and surveillance efforts are warranted to address evolving bacterial resistance patterns and refine therapeutic approaches in this vulnerable population.

 

Author (s) Details

H. Abushwereb
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tripoli, Libya.

 

R. Ibrahim
Al-Jalaa Pediatric Hospital, Libya.

 

F. Ennafathi
Tripoli Medical Centre, Libya.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v7/1187

The Manifesting Menace of Multidrug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii | Chapter 6 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 2

Introduction: Infections due to Acinetobacter baumannii have become a global medical challenge. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB) isolates are causing catastrophic consequences in healthcare settings, particularly in critical care areas. Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the six most cardinal pathogens in the ESKAPE group of organisms, which includes Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, A. baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species. The mortality in patients who are suffering from A. baumannii infections can be as high as 75%. The most notorious problem encountered is the capacity of these species to acquire the different mechanisms of resistance and the emergence of strains that are resistant to all commonly used antibiotics coupled with the scarcity of development of new antibiotics, this has resulted in a limited choice of antibiotics for treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to isolate A. baumannii species from different clinical specimens and to determine their antimicrobial resistance pattern.

Methodology: The study was done in the Department of Microbiology, RMC, Loni. The clinical samples were subjected to Gram staining, and aerobic culture using MacConkey and blood agar. Acinetobacter baumannii species were identified by standard microbiological identification methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion technique.

Results: A total of 114 Acinetobacter baumannii species were isolated. The maximum number of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were recovered from pus sample (41.23%) followed by tracheal secretions (30.7%). The rate of isolation of A. baumanniiwas highest in critical care areas (42.11%). The highest resistance was noted against Tobramycin (100%) followed by Cefotaxim (98.4%), Piperacillin (96.8%), and Ceftazidime (96.2%). All strains were sensitive to Polymyxin B & Colistin. Multidrug-resistant A. baumannii isolates were found to be 77.19%.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates the alarming nature of multidrug-resistant organisms in critical care areas. Stringent vigilance and regular surveillance in critical areas to prevent colonization as well as cross-infection is recommended.  In addition to that, effective infection control protocols, regular practice of hand hygiene and strict implementation of antibiotics policy may help to control multidrug-resistant Intensive care unit (ICU) bugs.

 

Author (s) Details

Kulkarni Vishal L
Department of Microbiology, Bharatratna Atalbihari Vajpayee Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

 

Kinikar A G
Department of Microbiology, DBVP Rural Medical College, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, (DU), Loni, Maharashtra, India.

 

Bhalerao D S
Department of Microbiology, DBVP Rural Medical College, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, (DU), Loni, Maharashtra, India.

 

Deorukhkar S C
Department of Microbiology, PCMC PG Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

 

Roushani S B
Department of Microbiology, DBVP Rural Medical College, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, (DU), Loni, Maharashtra, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v2/5133

Proposing a Breast Abscess Pathway to Guide General Surgeons: A Retrospective Audit | Chapter 11 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 12

Breast infections constitute one of the most common emergencies presenting to the accident and emergency globally, with the condition ranging from mild infection to sepsis. Breast infection/abscess is a fairly common surgical emergency presenting in the A&E department in the UK.  These patients are managed by the accident and emergency staff and the on-call general surgeons. Management is variable depending on the expertise of the staff attending to this group. This may lead to unnecessary hospital admission, perhaps culminating in patient dissatisfaction and injudicious use of resources. Herein, based on a single-center study, a simple, clear, and pragmatic pathway is proposed for acute breast infections. This is a retrospective audit of patients in the 10-month period from January to October 2016 admitted with breast infections. Symptoms for attendance, duration of stay, time taken for an ultrasound examination, clinical course, and follow-up were examined. Radiological assessment was recorded by picture archiving and communication system (PACS). Among all the subjects, 24 patients presented with symptoms suggesting infection/abscess, one presented with mastalgia without any obvious history of trauma, one had metastatic breast cancer and presented with hypercalcemia, and five cases had non-infected postoperative complications. Out of the total number of admissions to the SAU (31 patients), 67% or 21 patients required ultrasound evaluation. All patients received antibiotics regardless of the initial management. The proposed pathway addresses complete evaluation and states both the indications for conservative and open surgical management. It is hoped that this would achieve an improved patient experience, leading to service improvement by eliminating variability of care.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Salma Naseem
Department of Surgery, Breast Unit, Surrey & Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill, UK.

 

Ahmed Hamad
Department of Surgery, Breast Unit, Mid Cheshire NHS Foundation Trust, Crewe, UK.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v12/3955

Pharmaceutical Micropollutants (Antibiotics) in Drinking Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) | Chapter 3 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 2

The presence of pharmaceutical micropollutants, particularly antibiotics, in drinking water, has emerged as a critical environmental issue. These contaminants enter aquatic ecosystems through multiple pathways, including sewage discharge, industrial wastewater, and improper disposal. Antibiotics, due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity, pose significant threats to aquatic organisms and human health.

This chapter explores a range of topics concerning antibiotics, including measurement techniques, their concentrations in water treatment plants across various countries, methods for their removal in water treatment plants (WTP), and their environmental and health impacts.

The chapter also assesses advanced treatment technologies, including membrane filtration, activated carbon adsorption, and advanced oxidation processes, to improve removal efficiencies. Despite these advanced methods, conventional treatment processes remain insufficient in fully eliminating antibiotics from water, underlining the need for more integrative solutions.

The chapter discusses the environmental and health impacts, particularly the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and long-term health risks associated with antibiotic exposure.

The findings call for enhanced regulatory frameworks and technological advancements to address the persistent issue of pharmaceutical contaminants, particularly antibiotics, in drinking water.

 

Author (s) Details

 

MohammadMehdi Fowzi
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

 

Ehsan Jafarpisheh
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

 

Mohammad Mehdi Amin
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran and Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v2/3220

Goat Margarine: Nutritional Composition and Antibacterial Properties for a Healthier Choice | Chapter 4 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 9

Traditional goat margarine can be made by separating the fat from butter. The structure of margarine contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, those atoms are bonded together (saturated and unsaturated). Goat milk collected from domesticated goats, pieces of cloth, yogurt, refrigerator and milk pudding machine, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The aim of the study is to evaluate the chemical constituents of goat margarine and its antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens. In this study, 2g of the goat margarine was mixed thoroughly with 7 ml of alcoholic sodium hydroxide. The margarine constituents were examined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), it contained 41 compounds, fifteen of which were identified as the major compound, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (22.39%), Methyl stearate (14.92%), methyl elaidate (13.80%), Methyl tetradecanoate (10.74%), Capric acid, methyl ester (8.34%) Lauric acid (4.52%) methyl octanoate (2.70%), linoleic acid methyl ester (2.57%), Methyl 11-octadecenoate (1.90%), methyl caproate (1.77%), Methyl pentadecanoate (1.72%), Methyl (8E,11E)-8,11-octadecadienoate (1.70%), Heptadecanoic acid, methyl ester, (1.46%),trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (Oleic acid) (1.20%), Methyl palmioleate (1.00%). For microbial sensitivity test using the paper disc diffusion method, to screen the antibacterial activity of goat margarine and performed by using Muller Hinton agar. The effect of goat margarine, against four different pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus cereus, were carried out by using a disc diffusion technique, the antibacterial activity was detected against Salmonella typhimurium. With the least effect on Escherichia coli. The antibacterial activity of the antibiotics, (Ciprofloxacin, Tetracycline Ceftriaxone, Chloramphenicol and Gentamycin), were tested by the disc diffusion technique, and by measuring zones of inhibition, shows that there were differences, among all antibiotics the highest activity of antibiotic against bacteria was due to the action of ciprofloxacin. Ceftriaxone and Tetracycline antibiotics give the lowest activity. Among the bacteria the highest inhibition zone by antibiotic against Salmonella typhimurium, and the lowest one against Escherichia coli. This study concludes that goat margarine contains non-polar components that have potent antibacterial activity against pathogen bacteria.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Rasha Khalid Abbas
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied and Industrial Science, University of Bahri, Sudan and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts in Mukhwa, University of Albaha, 65931, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v9/4067

Pollutants of Emerging Concern in Treated Urban Wastewater in Acapulco Guerrero, Mexico | Chapter 7 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 6

Treated urban wastewater is an important source of emerging contaminants (EC), since conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are not designed to efficiently remove these contaminants, facilitating their entry into the aquatic environment through the effluents. This study focused on identifying EC in the influent and effluent of a conventional urban WWTP. Analytical methods such as high-performance mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) were used to analyze samples, using a non-target compound approach that seeks to identify all compounds present in the samples without prior selection. The results revealed the presence of a variety of ECs, including antibiotics such as sulfonamides (sulfamethoxazole) and fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin), drugs such as carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, metoprolol, alprenolol, lidocaine and metaxolone, as well as pesticides, predominantly insecticides and fungicides in the effluent. These contaminants can have toxic effects and bioaccumulate in marine organisms, threatening biodiversity and affecting human health by integrating into the food web. The importance of carrying out continuous monitoring studies of EC in aquatic ecosystems that receive treated water from WWTPs is emphasized, in order to identify priority sources of EC according to their toxicity. This knowledge would allow the treatment technologies used to be adapted to mitigate impacts on human health and the ecosystem. Implementing effective management strategies that address the presence of ECs in treated wastewater is essential to preserve water quality and the health of aquatic ecosystems and human communities.

 

Author (s) Details

Martinez-Organiz A.

Escuela Superior de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Carretera Nacional Chilpancingo-Petaquillas, Ex Rancho Shalako, Calle Universidad S/N, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico.

 

Mendoza-Ramos J. E.
Escuela Superior en Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Carretera Nacional Acapulco-Zihuatanejo Km 106+900, Col. Las Tunas, Tecpan de Galena, Guerrero, México.

 

Herrera-Navarrete R.
Centro de Ciencias de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Privada de Laurel No. 13 Col. El Roble. C.P. 39640, Acapulco, Guerrero., México.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v6/1013

Pharmaceutical Micropollutants (Antibiotics) in Drinking Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) | Chapter 3 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 2

 

The presence of pharmaceutical micropollutants, particularly antibiotics, in drinking water, has emerged as a critical environmental issue. These contaminants enter aquatic ecosystems through multiple pathways, including sewage discharge, industrial wastewater, and improper disposal. Antibiotics, due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity, pose significant threats to aquatic organisms and human health.
This chapter explores a range of topics concerning antibiotics, including measurement techniques, their concentrations in water treatment plants across various countries, methods for their removal in water treatment plants (WTP), and their environmental and health impacts.
The chapter also assesses advanced treatment technologies, including membrane filtration, activated carbon adsorption, and advanced oxidation processes, to improve removal efficiencies. Despite these advanced methods, conventional treatment processes remain insufficient in fully eliminating antibiotics from water, underlining the need for more integrative solutions.
The chapter discusses the environmental and health impacts, particularly the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and long-term health risks associated with antibiotic exposure.
The findings call for enhanced regulatory frameworks and technological advancements to address the persistent issue of pharmaceutical contaminants, particularly antibiotics, in drinking water.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

MohammadMehdi Fowzi (MSc Student)
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

 

Ehsan Jafarpisheh (MSc Student)
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

 

Mohammad Mehdi Amin
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v2/3220

Antimicrobial Properties of Homo Fermenting Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Isolated from Kunu-Zaki (A Spontaneously Fermenting Nigerian Cereal Beverage) | Chapter 8 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 Aim: The present study aimed to determine the antibiotic reaction and adhesion

pattern of antimicrobial homo-fermenting LAB strains in the fermenting slurries of

kunu-zaki, Nigeria.

Background: Lactic acid bacteria are usually found in decomposing plants and

lactic products. Lactic acid is the major metabolic end-product of the carbohydrate

fermentation. LAB is a large group of fermentative, anaerobe aero-tolerant

microorganisms that are usually present in the gut of humans and other animals,

raw vegetables, meat and meat products, and cereal.

Study Design: Samples were obtained directly from the 72-hour fermenting mash

of the kun-uzaki made from each cereal type. The Pour plate technique was used

to isolate the organisms. The pure colonies isolates were examined according to

their colony morphology, catalase reaction and gram reaction. Inhibition of

indicator lawn used ≥10mm inhibition as antibiotic susceptible. Adhesion was

measured by staining and quantifying grains of Digitariaexilis (acha), Sorghum

bicolour (sorghum) and Pennisetum americanum (millet) in composite and non

composite proportions. LAB isolates were obtained on MRS agar. Homo

fermenting isolates were identified at species level using the API 50 CHL test kit.

Antibiotic sensitivity testing on the identified isolates followed the modified

standard Kirby-Bauer procedure on MRS agar (pH 7.4) using the disc diffusion

technique with selected antibiotics. For quality control of the antibiotics, sensitive

reference strains S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli ATCC 25922 obtained from

the Nigeria Institute of Medical Research were used. Adhesion properties were

determined by differential staining of the bacterial cells that bound to intestinal

epithelial cells as observed under light and phase contrast microscopy. 

Results: Antimicrobial substances produced by the eight LAB isolates inhibited

the growth of four selected human pathogens in vitro. All eight LAB isolates were

resistant to amoxicillin, gentamycin and ciprofloxacin. L. plantarum126, L.

paracasei sub sp paracasei339 and Pediococcus damnosus32 were resistant to

erythromycin whilst all others were susceptible. L. plantarum126 and L.

paracaseisubspparacasei339 were resistant to all antibiotics tested. All LAB

isolates demonstrated high in-vitro intestinal epithelial cell adhesion potential. The

result of this study documents findings on the antibiotic resistance pattern of these

eight homo-fermenting lactic acid bacteria present in ready to drink kunu-zaki. If

these homo-fermenting strains are to be used in kunu-zaki as starter cultures, it is

important that they should be further carefully examined for inability to transfer

antibiotic resistance genes to food pathogens.

Conclusion: When used in conjunction with these antibiotic treatments, kunuzaki

may not have an impact on the antibacterial activity of LAB. To ensure that these

LAB strains cannot pass antibiotic resistance genes to food pathogens, they must

be thoroughly screened if they are to be used as kunu-zaki starter cultures.

 

Author (s) Details

S. O. Oluwajoba

Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria and Department of Biological Science, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.

F. A. Akinyosoye

Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

V. O. Oyetayo

Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

Please see the link - https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v3/211

A Narrative Review Examining the Impact of Clinical Pharmacist Intervention in Rational Antibiotic Use in Pediatric Patients | Chapter 4 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

The drastic changes regarding the growth in demand for pharmacists in healthcare and patient needs have been significant in parallel to the redefinition of the educational and professional responsibilities of pharmacists. Irrational use of antibiotics is one of the major problems for many developing countries and  the rapid growth of antibiotic resistance is widely acknowledged. Irrational practice of antibiotics comprises prescription of incorrect dose, duration, route of administration, and regimen frequency and are influenced by certain interrelated factors and drivers. The primary complications of irrational antibiotic use are antibiotic resistance with an increase in poorer health outcomes, increased healthcare costs, more extended hospitalization, and higher mortality, particularly in the pediatric population. WHO identified India as one of the top countries with higher rates of antibiotic resistance globally with proven reports of inappropriate and irrational use of antibiotics resulting in increased incidence and the threat of antimicrobial resistance. The scope of clinical pharmacy delineates the promising use of antibiotics more rationally than ever. Clinical pharmacists are responsible for achieving goals by spreading awareness and educating about optimal drug use to govern pharmaceutical promotions at the hospital, subsequently progressing outcomes. The narrative review aimed to discuss major influencing factors and compilations associated with irrational antibiotic use, concerns in the pediatric population regarding pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic characteristics, and the contribution of clinical pharmacist intervention in addressing the global concern of irrational antibiotic use. Clinical pharmacist services can help to determine appropriate antibiotic dosing regimens in pediatric populations concerning physiological and anatomical changes.

Author(s) Details:

Mohammad Azeem,
Maternity and Children Hospital, Buraidah, Al Qaseem, KSA.

Pankaj Arora,
Lords University Alwar-Bhiwadi-Delhi Highway, Chikani, Alwar, Rajasthan, India.

Yousif Alosaily,
Maternity and Children Hospital, Buraidah, Al Qaseem, KSA.

Aifan Saad Alrsheedi,
Al Razi Medical Company Buraidah, Al Qaseem, KSA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V12/article/view/12969

Highlighting the Synergistic Approach against the Antibacterial and Antioxidant Responsiveness of Tartaric Acid-Capped Silver Nanoparticles | Chapter 11 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 4

 This phase outlines a streamlined one-cauldron synthetic approach for producing bright nanoparticles silver nanoparticles capped accompanying tartaric acid while maintaining a controlled diameter. Comprehensive description using UV/Vis and FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, DLS, and Zetasizer techniques was attended to unveil key properties of the nanoparticles. The note of a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) band at 406 nm with 1.07 absorbance wholes confirmed successful combining. SEM images illustrated well-scattered, spherical particles, and the z-average breadth distribution in colloidal solution was persistent to be 79.20 nm, accompanying a surface charge of -28.2 mV. The antibacterial efficacy of the finished nanoparticles, both independently and as well fluoroquinolones (Ofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Gemifloxacin) and macrolides (Erythromycin and Azithromycin), were assessed against grandam-negative and gram-positive animals using the disc spread method. Antioxidant activity against the DPPH (1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) was still evaluated by the standard assay form. Positive cooperative effects were noted, reinforcing the antibacterial activity of medicines against studied microorganisms. The study suggests the potential healing application of Tartaric acid-capped bright nanoparticles in combination with medicines. Additionally, the capped nanoparticles shown noteworthy antioxidant activity, signifying their versatility in biomedical sciences uses.

Author(s) Details:

Irshad Begum,
Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.

Sana Shamim,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dow College of Pharmacy (DCOP), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi 75270, Pakistan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V4/article/view/13006

Ear Drops for External Ear Disease: An Overview of Treatment Options | Chapter 2 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

 Selecting the right solution for nonneoplastic condition of the external attention is important for the profitable management of the patient. Debridement of the external attention is both demonstrative and therapeutic for common environments involving the extrinsic ear. Otologic drops is usually dependable for the common environments of the external ear if tympanic membranes are undamaged. Ear cleanliness and avoidance of water and ear picks are critical to avoid repeating or chronic infections.

Author(s) Details:

Gun Taylan,
Department of Otolaryngology, Ankara Liv Hospital, Turkey.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V8/article/view/12784

Antibiotic Resistance with Cancer Treatment | Chapter 30 | Socio-Scientific Interaction in Diabetes and Cancer and Its Management

 Infections are common in patients with cancer, and they depend upon effective antibiotics to both prevent and treat bacterial infections. Infection is the second leading cause of death in patients with cancer. Loss of efficacy in antibiotics due to antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an urgent threat against the continuing success of cancer therapy. The study highlights the health and financial effect of antibiotic resistance in patients with cancer. Furthermore, recommend measures to control the emergence of antibiotic resistance, highlighting the risk factors associated with cancer care. A lack of data in the etiology of infections, specifically in oncology patients in United States, is identified as a concern, and a centralized and specialized surveillance system for patients with cancer to predict and prevent the emergence of antibiotic resistance. In this finding better ways to predict, prevent, and treat antibiotic-resistant infections will have a major positive impact on the care of those with cancer.

Author(s) Details:

Hari Mohan Prasad Singh,
Department of Chemistry, Dr. L.K.V.D College, Tajpur, Samastipur- 848130, India.

Kumari Sushma Saroj,
Department of Zoology, Dr. L.K.V.D College, Tajpur, Samastipur- 848130, India.

Sanjeev Kumar Vidyarthi,
Department of Botany, Dr. L.K.V.D College, Tajpur, Samastipur- 848130, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/SSIDCIM/article/view/12748

Food Industry and Pharmaceutics, a Substantial Challenge by Antibiotic Residues| Chapter 1 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 4

 Dairy production are healthy food articles that include any of vital nutrients. It has existed demonstrated that leftover antibiotics have contaminated specific products.  These residues have any of negative health impacts on people. They severe major hypersensitive reactions as well as antimicrobial opposition against a number of dangerous pathogens. Antibiotic leftover levels in milk and milk products have existed alleviated and reduced utilizing a variety of methods, including heat treatments.  Reductions in medicines overflow into dairy output have not been considerably remarkable, forceful researchers to find new approaches to prevent or lower their risk  and limit their complications on human health. In this division we describe the misuse of medicine above approved safe levels, in addition to the pharmacokinetics of more common medicines to understand their end use effects on users. The misuse of antibiotics is very linked to antimicrobial resistance, likely the extraordinary hereditary modulatory abilities of bacteria. To underrate the need for unnecessary milk transfer and associated health risks, milk needs to judged at several production levels from accumulation to consumption. Analytical forms include chromatography,   high tightness electrophoresis, STAR protocol, NIR spectroscopy and so forth. Herein, our summary provides valuable context on the significance of the treatment of "medicine overloaded" milk with heat as an productive tool to underrate overflow into end consumers.

Author(s) Details:

Sami El Khatib,
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon, Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon and Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics (CAMB), Gulf University for Science and Technology, Kuwait.

Rima Omairi,
Department of Food Sciences & Technology, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon.

Maha Krayem,
Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon.

Sanaa Khaled,
Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon.

Hanan Rahal,
Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon.

Hussein Hassan,
Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon.

Mohamed Salla,
Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V4/article/view/10997

Pneumonia amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Report | Chapter 2 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 5

 Nocardiosis is an contamination with raised morbidity and mortality and has the skill to cause localized or integral suppurative disease in persons and animals. Pulmonary nocardiosis is a subacute or never-ending necrotizing pneumonia caused by aerobic actinomycetes of the genus nocardia and infrequent in immune-able patients. Clinical disease of pulmonary nocardiosis is difficult owing to the correspondence of its performance with different respiratory pathogens that contain actinomycetes members and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The trouble in diagnosing human nocardiosis in the lab stands from the fact that most labs do not adhere to the lengthy process of early development times necessary for isolation of a Nocardia spp. sophistication.  The lack of clinical, workshop and epidemiological data on the incidence of nocardiosis in persons undermines allure significance as a potential bacterium. Here, we present a case of pulmonary nocardiosis in an older fellow who initially presented symptoms related to those in Covid 19 but was later diagnosed accompanying the condition.  The patient has a past history of diabetes and myasthenia gravis on mycophenolate mofetil. Despite the fact that nocardiosis is widespread in immunocompromised things, the difficulties we faced were in detecting a case with corresponding radiological findings to Covid 19 pneumonia and the dissimilarities in therapy options 'tween the two.

Author(s) Details:

Arushi Mohan,
Department of Emergency Medicine, Aster CMI Hospital, Bangalore, India.

Abhinaya Shekhar,
Department of Internal Medicine, Aster CMI Hospital, Bangalore, India.

M. S. Brunda,
Department of Internal Medicine, Aster CMI Hospital, Bangalore, India.

Prakash Doraiswamy,
Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Aster CMI Hospital, Bangalore, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V5/article/view/10858

Determination of Hygienic-sanitary Quality of Ready-to-Eat Salmon Sashimi (Salmo salar) | Chapter 7 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 3

 This study proposed to investigate the clean-sanitary character of salmon (Salmo salar) sashimi ready for use in the city of Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil, through the microbiological, physicochemical, and antimicrobial resistance description, and the potential risks to consumers’ energy. Salmon (Salmo salar) is among the fish whose devouring as a fresh inexperienced food has evenly increased, principally presented as sushi and sashimi. Fifty sashimi samples from 5 bars were characterized for inventory of Aerobic Psychrotrophic Heterotrophic Bacteria (APHB) and Aerobic Mesophilic Heterotrophic Bacteria (AMHB), Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms at 45ºC (thermotolerant coliforms), coagulase-positive Staphylococci, demeanor of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella sp., and determination of hydrogen potential (pH) and total changeable basic nitrogen (TVB-N). The bacterial isolates were judged for their resistance sketch to the antimicrobial agents. The verdicts demonstrated that the counts of APHB, AMHB, and coagulase-definite Staphylococci, as well as the determination of pH and TVB-N, were inside the safe limits for devouring set by national and worldwide standards. Salmonella sp. and V. parahaemolyticus vicinity, Enterobacteriaceae and thermotolerant coliform counts, and their disagreement accompanying those standards bred questions about the hygienic and clean quality of sashimi.  The Staphylococcus aureus and V. parahaemolyticus isolates demonstrated resistance to Penicillin, Ampicillin, Cefoxitin, Cefotaxime, Tetracycline, Gentamicin, and Amikacin, while the Salmonella sp. separate showed no opposition to all the antimicrobial agents intentional. The results showed that 48% of the samples were hold right to consumption while 52% had unsatisfactory clean - sanitary value for the parameters judged. It is suggested that comparable work be carried out in various cities in the country for a fuller survey of the quality concerning this food cast, as well as experimental studies related to management and raw materials.

Author(s) Details:

Iara Oliveira Arruda,
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Talitha Maria Porfírio,
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Edgar Nascimento,
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Demetrio de Abreu Sousa,
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Daniel Oster Ritter,
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Marilu Lanzarin,
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPAFS-V3/article/view/10238