Advancements in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies for Management of Bovine Mastitis | Chapter 5 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 2

Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland in milking animals, characterized by pathological changes in the gland along with abnormal physical and chemical alterations in milk. It is the most economically important disease, causing significant financial losses worldwide, including in India. The pathogenesis of mastitis occurs in three stages: invasion, infection, and inflammation. Clinically, mastitis can be divided into two categories: clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis. Clinical mastitis presents with clear inflammatory symptoms in the affected gland(s) and abnormal changes in the milk, whereas subclinical mastitis shows no apparent clinical manifestations and can only be detected through suitable diagnostic tests. Early and accurate diagnosis of mastitis is crucial for proper treatment, control, and prevention, which helps minimize losses. Clinical mastitis can be easily detected by observing abnormal changes in milk and by palpating the udder. For the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis, commonly used reliable tests include the CMT, SCC, and microbiological culture (considered the gold standard). Recent advancements in rapid and accurate diagnostic methods for bovine mastitis include PCR, FISH, LAMP, genomics and proteomics approaches, biomarker detection (such as acute phase proteins, enzymes, and cytokines), bioluminescence assays, sonography, IRT, robotic milking, nanotechnology, and AI technology. Conventional antibiotic treatment for mastitis has many limitations and risks, including challenges related to AMR, bacterial biofilm formation, and the intracellular localization of bacteria. Recent developments for effective mastitis treatment include the use of herbal treatments, AMPs, bacteriophages, bacteriophage endolysins, bacteria- and animal-derived antimicrobials, stem cell therapy, aptamers, and photodynamic therapy. Control and prevention of mastitis can be achieved by eliminating existing infections, preventing new infections, and monitoring udder health status. Early and accurate diagnosis of bovine mastitis through clinical examination, SCC, and advanced diagnostic techniques like PCR is essential for effective treatment, and alternative therapy to antibiotics, including ethnoveterinary medicine, can be used for improved mastitis management in the herd.

 

Author (s) Details

 

 

Siddiqui M.F.M.F.

Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, 431402, India.

 

Sakhare M.P.
Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, 431402, India.

 

Shaikh S.R.
Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, 431402, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v2/5150

Proposing a Breast Abscess Pathway to Guide General Surgeons: A Retrospective Audit | Chapter 11 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 12

Breast infections constitute one of the most common emergencies presenting to the accident and emergency globally, with the condition ranging from mild infection to sepsis. Breast infection/abscess is a fairly common surgical emergency presenting in the A&E department in the UK.  These patients are managed by the accident and emergency staff and the on-call general surgeons. Management is variable depending on the expertise of the staff attending to this group. This may lead to unnecessary hospital admission, perhaps culminating in patient dissatisfaction and injudicious use of resources. Herein, based on a single-center study, a simple, clear, and pragmatic pathway is proposed for acute breast infections. This is a retrospective audit of patients in the 10-month period from January to October 2016 admitted with breast infections. Symptoms for attendance, duration of stay, time taken for an ultrasound examination, clinical course, and follow-up were examined. Radiological assessment was recorded by picture archiving and communication system (PACS). Among all the subjects, 24 patients presented with symptoms suggesting infection/abscess, one presented with mastalgia without any obvious history of trauma, one had metastatic breast cancer and presented with hypercalcemia, and five cases had non-infected postoperative complications. Out of the total number of admissions to the SAU (31 patients), 67% or 21 patients required ultrasound evaluation. All patients received antibiotics regardless of the initial management. The proposed pathway addresses complete evaluation and states both the indications for conservative and open surgical management. It is hoped that this would achieve an improved patient experience, leading to service improvement by eliminating variability of care.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Salma Naseem
Department of Surgery, Breast Unit, Surrey & Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill, UK.

 

Ahmed Hamad
Department of Surgery, Breast Unit, Mid Cheshire NHS Foundation Trust, Crewe, UK.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v12/3955

Common Mastitis Pathogens in Milk Samples of HF Crossbred Cattle | Chapter 5 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 8

Mastitis is the most imperative economic problem faced by dairy producers all over the world. Inflammation of the mammary gland is called mastitis. The present study was undertaken to identify the incidence rate for five major pathogens viz., Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (S. dysgalactiae) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the milk samples collected from Bangalore and Kolar district by PCR based microorganism detection technique. A total of 214 composite milk samples were screened by CMT and then PCR-based detection of pathogens for the samples was carried out. In this methodology, 30 ml of milk sample was strained to remove milk somatic cells and further centrifuged at 1000 x g for 15 min to discard the fat layer. The results revealed the presence of S. aureus in 28.5 per cent of the total animals screened, S. epidermis was identified in 15.42 per cent of cases. E. coli followed and the incidence rate was 13.55 per cent with regard to E. coli. S. agalactiae and S. dysgalactiae were identified in 10.28 per cent and 3.74 per cent of the cases respectively. None of the pathogens considered in this study were detected in 117 milk samples, these samples were also observed to be normal for CMT. The results correlate with the results of another study where PCR-based detection of mastitis pathogens in bulk tank milk samples revealed the highest incidence rate for S. aureus followed by S. epidermidis and E. coli in areas around Bangalore dist. The present study supported the fact that PCR-based identification of mastitis-causing pathogens from milk is a rapid and reliable method to reveal the exact bacterial etiology of mastitis.

 

Author (s) Details

P.V. Jadhav
Southern Regional Station of National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bangalore-560030, India.

 

D.N. Das
Southern Regional Station of National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bangalore-560030, India.

 

S.B. Tarate
Southern Regional Station of National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bangalore-560030, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v8/2152

Conventional Approach for Detection and Control of Mastitis in Dairy Animals | Chapter 7 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 8

This review enumerates the major bacteria involved for detection and control of mastitis in dairy animals. Mastitis is a potent economic disease affecting milk production in dairy cattle all over the world. The inflammatory response consists of an increase in blood proteins and white blood cells in the mammary tissue as well as in milk. Many infective agents have been implicated as cause of mastitis in bovines which include bacteria, fungi and algae. Of these, bacteria are found to be the main causal agent. The study also highlights some field applicable methods for sensible detection of intra mammary infection, since most of the sub-clinical cases of mastitis go unnoticed. There are a number of direct and indirect tests for the detection of subclinical mastitis. The major step towards avoiding mastitis would be apt detection, medication (depending on organism involved) and above all, control of incidences. The article in all focuses on the causative agent, detection and control methods of intra-mammary infections in cattle. Improvement in herd management by adopting simple practices like teat dipping, maintaining teat hygiene, hygiene of milk man, etc reduces the risk of occurrence of mastitis in the herd. Production of clean milk will also increase the competency of milk and milk products from India in the international market.

Author(s) Details:

P. V. Jadhav,
Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, India.

D. N. Das,
SRS of National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V8/article/view/13474

Study on the Prevention of Mastitis in Cattle during Dry Period Using Herbal Formulation | Chapter 1 | Research Aspects in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 4

 According to recent research, bacterial infections persist during the dry period and are the cause of clinical mastitis during breastfeeding. Dry cow therapy is used to treat existing infections as well as to prevent future infections during the dry time. It entails the administration of antibiotics intra-mammary. During the dry period, many modifiable management measures are used to combat intramammary infections. The goal of this study is to see how effective ethno veterinarian formulations are at preventing mastitis during the dry season in the field. In compared to normal antibiotic medication, the Ethno-veterinary combination of Aloe vera, Curcuma longa, and Calcium hydroxide is beneficial in preventing mastitis throughout the dry period under field settings. The natural plant-based formulation helped to contain the udder's microbial infection better than the control, according to the study. The pH of the milk was determined to be normal during the dry phase and early lactation. On the day of complete drying, the day of calving, and the fifth day of calving, the somatic cell count (SCC) is higher in the control group.

Author(S) Details

S. K. Kumar
Center for Ethno-Veterinary Science and Practices, Trans-Disciplinary University, Bangalore, India.

P. M. Deepa
Department of Preventive Medicine, Veterinary College Pookode, KVASU, India.

N. Punnimurthy
Center for Ethno-Veterinary Science and Practices, Trans-Disciplinary University, Bangalore, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RAAVS-V4/article/view/4843

The Mammary Gland Health and Prevention of Mastitis in Dairy Cows | Book Publisher International

 Without a high somatic cell count (SCC) or pathogens causing mastitis in dairy cows and consumer diseases, quality of produced milk must take precedence above quantity in the dairy sector. Keeping dairy cows healthy is a daily task for everyone involved in primary milk production. Mastitis, or inflammation of the mammary gland, is still one of the most common health concerns and causes of economic losses for cow farmers, despite increased technology support and veterinary interventions. Making the appropriate decisions and taking the proper steps to minimise external and internal factors that raise the risk of intramammary infection are critical for high-yielding dairy cows' mammary glands. The efficiency of commonly used antimastitis measures is limited due to the polyfactorial nature of mastitis and its reduction, thus it is vital to identify areas of risk in udder health programmes and monitoring systems. Only through adopting comprehensive udder health programmes should research efforts be made to further develop these comprehensive udder health programmes. The current study examines current understanding on damping and mastitis prevention, including SCC control, adequate feeding, housing and management, milking, and drying in dairy farming circumstances. This knowledge could aid in the improvement of mammary gland health, dairy cow welfare, and the production of safe milk for customers.

Author(s) Details

František Zigo
Department of Nutrition and Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.

Silvia Ondrašovicova
Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.

Mária Vargová
Department of the Environment, Veterinary Legislation and Economy, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.

Katarína Veselitz Lakticová
Department of the Environment, Veterinary Legislation and Economy, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.

Jolanta Bujok
Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.

Ewa Pecka-Kielb
Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/TMGHPMDC/article/view/4366

Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis: A Clinicopathological Study | Chapter 4 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 17

 Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis is a rather uncommon illness. This condition resembles cancer and tuberculosis. This syndrome is characterised by granulomatous inflammation with multinucleated large cells and epithelioid histiocytes. The inflammation is concentrated in the lobules. The purpose of this study is to look at the clinical and pathological features of eight cases of granulomatous lobular mastitis, as well as the literature.

The research is based on a prospective observational study. There were a total of eight patients examined. The investigations are now concluded. The patient was given Erythromycin 250 mg qid for seven days, Tinidazole 500 mg bid for two months, and steroids for seven days. After the tumours were removed, the sinuses were excised, and the abscesses were drained, oral steroids were given. There was a six-month follow-up.

The patients, who ranged in age from 18 to 36, were usually multiparous and nursing. In three cases, the lesion was found to be malignant, while in five others, it was found to be benign. Oral contraceptive tablets were used by the majority of the patients. In three cases, suppuration was observed, while sinuses were discovered in two others. On histological examination, a granulomatous inflammation centred on the lobules was found.

Conclusion: The diagnosis of granulomatous lobular mastitis should be established very carefully to avoid misunderstandings with malignancy, tuberculosis, fungal infection, sarcoidosis, mammary duct ectasia, cystic abnormalities in the breast with over palpation, and puerperal mastitis with over palpation. Despite its rarity, pathologists and surgeons must have a solid understanding of the disease in order to better its identification.

Author (S) Details

Sapna Goel
Department of Pathology, SHKM Government Medical college, Nalhar, Nuh, Mewat, Haryana, India.

Kanwar Singh Goel
Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, (SGT Medical College) Under SGT University, Budhera, Gurugram, Haryana, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V17/article/view/2607

Assessment and Characterization of Haptoglobin Isotype in Milk of Mastitis-Affected Cows | Chapter 10 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 2

 Haptoglobin is a major bovine acute phase protein and is reported to increase serum and milk whey during mastitis, underlining its potential as a biomarker for diagnosis. Since it is known that haptoglobin undergoes tissue-specific glycosylation resulting in various isoforms, this study was conducted to classify haptoglobin isoforms. Milk whey fraction and serum collected from animals with or without clinical mastitis were subjected to SDS-PAGE accompanied by western blot and haptoglobin protein immuno-detection in Puducherry, India. In a serum sample collected from clinical cases, all subunits (β, α1 and α2) of haptoglobin protein were found. However, in the milk whey fraction collected from the respective animals, only the β-subunit was found. Similar findings were found for milk whey fractions from subclinical cases, suggesting variations in haptoglobin isoform detected in serum milk whey. RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) study of the haptoglobin (Hp) gene, supporting the tissue-specific origin of haptoglobin, further confirmed this.

Author(s) Details

Indu Upadhyaya
Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.

Jacob Thanislass
Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry 605009, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/360

Recent Advancement in Immuno-Detection of C3a, a C3 Complement Activated Product in Mastitis Milk, a Potential Diagnostic Marker | Chapter 9 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 2

 The subclinical type of mastitis is difficult to diagnose and causes the dairy industry to suffer tremendous economic losses. It has become a danger to public health as a whole, so a definite diagnosis of the disease is required. Due to its adverse effect on milk production and quality and its effects on public health, subclinical mastitis is of greater significance within the sense of mastitis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a novel diagnostic marker to diagnose the subclinical type of mastitis. The presence of proteose peptone component 3 precursor, trypsin precursor, complement component-C3, Ig heavy chain precursors and a C-type lectin domain as differentially expressed protein during the early stage of mastitis was discovered by two-dimensional gel analysis of the whey protein fraction of normal and mastitis milk samples.  Complement component-C3 was evaluated for its diagnostic potential among these proteins found. The Western blot analysis of milk whey in subclinical cases of mastitis (M+, M++ & M+++) established the accumulation of C3a, a complement component-C3 enabled substance. In addition, the hemolytic behaviour of the milk whey samples cited above correlated positively with the number of somatic cells. Since C3a has already been identified as an anaphylotoxic agent, chemo tactically attracts lymphocytes at the inflammation site, which can be diagnostically relevant for subclinical mastitis in the detection of milk whey. Therefore, for the diagnosis of mastitis, the use of the complement component may be considered, as it has been shown to be directly linked to the removal of microorganisms activated during infection and activated products such as C3a are detected in milk, as shown in this study.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Thanislass Jacob
Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry 605 009, India.

Gangasudan Subramani
Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry 605 009, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/360

Recent Advancement: Ethno-veterinary Formulation for Treatment of Bovine Mastitis | Chapter 8 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 2

 Introduction: The aims of the research were to carry out a clinical trial of ethno-veterinary medicinal products for mastitis, to carry out an intervention effect review on the reduction of antibiotic residues in milk when herbal formulations are used, and to determine in vitro the pharmacological understanding of the ingredients in the formulations based on published literature and phytochemical evaluation. Methods: Mastitis herbal formulations have been reported by a healer, and protection and efficacy have been verified using the technique previously suggested[1]. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) approach has established clinical mastitis. Before and after treatment with Ethno-Veterinary Medicine (EVM), pH, Somatic Cell Count (SCC) and Electric Conductivity (EC) were controlled and reported in field studies involving 27 animals. For 7 days, freshly prepared fine herbal paste was applied externally over the udder 10 times a day. The udder was well washed with water prior to each application and the milk from all quarters was fully removed. Two lemon fruits were also fed twice daily to the affected cows. Before and after intervention, bulk milk samples were checked for the presence of antibiotic residue(s) in milk. Based on the literature and phytochemical examination, the pharmacological understanding of the ingredients in the formulation was evaluated. Results: In animals with mastitis, the select parameters (pH, SCC, EC) became standard within 6-7 days of treatment. The development of milk returned to near normal at the stage of pre-mastitis. Thus, with this formulation, mastitis can be treated effectively. The intervention effect review showed a reduction of antibiotic residues in milk by 18 to 49 percent. The [Aloe vera (L.) Burm Mix. F, Longa Curcuma L. Calcium hydroxide] works synergistically and, due to its wide range of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, offers an effective treatment for clinical mastitis. Conclusion: With this formulation, mastitis can be controlled effectively. The intervention effect study showed a reduction of antibiotic residues in milk by 18-49 percent. The [Aloe vera (L.) Burm Mix. F, Longa Curcuma L. Calcium hydroxide] works synergistically and, because of its wide range of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, offers an effective treatment for clinical mastitis. In the treatment of mastitis, this conventional formulation is very effective. The intervention impact analysis showed a decrease in antibiotic residues in milk of 18 to 49 percent, suggesting that natural products based on EVM are an important alternative to synthetic chemicals in the treatment of cattle mastitis.

Author(s) Details

M. N. Balakrishnan Nair
TransDisciplinary University, School of Health Sciences, Veterinary Ayurveda group, Bangalore-560106, Karnataka, India.

N. Punniamurthy
EVM Herbal Training and Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thanjavur-613403, India.

P. Mekala
EVM Herbal Training and Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thanjavur-613403, India.

N. Ramakrishnan
EVM Herbal Training and Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thanjavur-613403, India.

S. K. Kumar
TransDisciplinary University, School of Health Sciences, Veterinary Ayurveda group, Bangalore-560106, Karnataka, India.
View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/360