Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Relatedness of Escherichia coli Isolated from Fecal Poultry and Bovine Housed in Tunisian Farms | Chapter 1 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 4

 

This study aimed to investigate the presence of integrons in commensal E. coli isolates from animal origins (poultry and bovine) housed in farms located in four different governorates of Tunisia (Sousse, Tunis, Bizerte and Gbeli), with a focus on antimicrobial resistance of the isolates and phylogroups as well as genetic characterization of genes encoding sulphonamides, tetracycline resistance (owing to their high rates of resistance in our collection and their excessive use in veterinary medicine in Tunisia). Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons are able to disseminate genes encoding antibiotic resistance by horizontal transfer, and play an important role in the evolution and dissemination of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.

 

Little detailed documentation has been researched on the excessive use of antimicrobials such as tetracycline and sulfonamides in veterinary medicine in Tunisia, and more studies are needed. A total of 58 commensal Escherichia coli isolates recovered from faecal samples of healthy poultry (n=31) and bovine (n=27) recovered from farms in Tunisia were examined for 20 antimicrobials as well as researched the presence of integron, variable regions (VRs), phylogroups, tetracycline (tetA, tetB, et tetC) and sulfonamides (sul1, sul2, and sul3) resistance genes. The most frequent resistance in poultry origin was to tetracycline (94.3%), sulfonamide (70.69%), nalidixic acid (61.29), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and streptomycin with 64.51%, to amoxicillin and ticarcilline with 58%. Whereas, for the bovine isolates, it noted high resistance to streptomycin (55.5%) and moderate resistance to tetracycline (37%) and amoxicillin (18.5%). Class 1 integrons were detected in 20, 6 isolates for poultry and bovine, respectively, as well as class 2 integrons were found in 2 and 1 isolates, respectively. Class 1 integrons were significantly associated with poultry origin (p=0.001). For poultry, sul1, sul2, and sul3 genes were detected in 14 (46.2%), 7 (23.8%), and 4 (8.9%) resistant isolates, respectively. Whereas, for bovine, 5 isolates were resistant to sulfonamide and sul1 and sul2 genes were detected in 4 and 1 isolates, with an absence of sul3 genes. and tetracycline genes tetA, tetB genes were observed in 27 (84.37%) and 8 (25%) resistant isolates, respectively, while TetC was not detected amongst our isolates. Seven arrangement gene cassettes were detected; dfrA1-satA1-aadA1 in one identical DNA fragment with approximate size of 2000 bp, and six arrangements of resistance gene cassettes of class 1 integron were detected; dfrA1+aadA1 (5isolates); for dfrA17+aadA1, dfrA12+ orfF+aadA2 each one two 2isolates; one isolate for aadA1 and dfrA5, respectively. In poultry, 16 isolates were found to belong to phylogroup A (subgroupA1: 12, subgroupA0: 4); 9 to B1, 1 to B2 and 5 to phylogroup D. However, in bovine 9 isolates have the phylogroups A1, 7 isolates B1, 4 isolates B2, and 3 isolates found to phylogroup D. Our results showed that the prevalence of resistance in E. coli isolates from poultry was much higher than that observed in bovin. This is worrisome for global human health, especially with the increasing consumption of poultry meat in Tunisia and in another part of the world owing to its relatively lower cost compared to red meat.

 

Author (s) Details

Hajer Kilani
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia and Faculty of Medicine, LR99ES09 Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Mohamed Salah Abbassi
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia and Faculty of Medicine, LR99ES09 Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Sana Lengliz
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia and Laboratory of Materials, Molecules and Application, LR11ES22, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Rim Dhifalli
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Bouraoui Jihene
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Riadh Mansouri
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Noureddine Ben Chehida
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Ilhem Boutiba-Benboubaker
Faculty of Medicine, LR99ES09 Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia and Department of Microbiology, Hospital of Charles Nicolle, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v4/1613

An Economic Analysis of Bovine Milk Production in Bhagalpur District of Bihar, India | Chapter 9 | Business, Management and Economics: Research Progress Vol. 5

The annual maintenance costs C of overall farms were estimated to be ₹1.17 lakhs of crossbred cows, ₹ 86.72 thousand of buffaloes, and ₹36.28 thousand of local cows. The overall cost of production of milk was estimated to be ₹ 29.17 per Kg of milk of crossbred cows, ₹ 29.35 per Kg of milk of buffaloes, and 32.64 per Kg of milk of local cows. Gross returns of crossbred cow's milk of the overall farm were accounted for in 1.52 lakh per year per crossbred cow, ₹ 1.12 lakh per year per buffalo, and ₹ 44.85 thousand per year per local cow.  The annual cash flow statement of benefit-cost ratio (BCR) was estimated to be on average 1.24 higher for crossbred cows, followed by 1.19 for buffalo, and 1.11 for the local cow. The project was approved as the net present value (NPV) was evaluated at ₹ 2.94 lakhs of crossbred cow, 1.65 lakhs of buffalo, and ₹ 54.99 thousand of local cow. The internal rate of return (IRR) was estimated to be 59.68 percent for crossbred cows, 37.89 percent for buffalo, and 12.30 percent for local cows of the cash flow statement as a positive association. As dairy farm sizes increase, both annual maintenance and investment costs tend to decrease, particularly due to lower depreciation costs. Larger farms lead to higher gross and net returns. Crossbred cows, buffaloes, and local cows have different lifespans and death periods, with crossbred cows showing the highest financial returns. Increasing farm size generally reduces costs and increases profitability, with crossbred cows showing the highest returns.

 

Author (s) Details

Ram Kumar Mandal
Department of Agricultural Economics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, (Bihar) -813210, India.

 

Sujita Kumari Sharma
Department of Agricultural Economics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, (Bihar) -813210, India.

 

Sandeep Kumar
Department of Agricultural Economics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, (Bihar) -813210, India.

 

M.K. Wadhwani
Department of Agricultural Economics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, (Bihar) -813210, India.

 

Veerabhadrappa Bellundagi
Department of Agricultural Economics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, (Bihar) -813210, India.

 

Nitu Kumari
Department of Agricultural Economics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, (Bihar) -813210, India.

 

Shalani Kumari
Department of Agricultural Economics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, (Bihar) -813210, India.

 

Ramnath Kumar Ray
Department of Agricultural Economics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, (Bihar) -813210, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/bmerp/v5/2468

Advancements in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies for Management of Bovine Mastitis | Chapter 5 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 2

Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland in milking animals, characterized by pathological changes in the gland along with abnormal physical and chemical alterations in milk. It is the most economically important disease, causing significant financial losses worldwide, including in India. The pathogenesis of mastitis occurs in three stages: invasion, infection, and inflammation. Clinically, mastitis can be divided into two categories: clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis. Clinical mastitis presents with clear inflammatory symptoms in the affected gland(s) and abnormal changes in the milk, whereas subclinical mastitis shows no apparent clinical manifestations and can only be detected through suitable diagnostic tests. Early and accurate diagnosis of mastitis is crucial for proper treatment, control, and prevention, which helps minimize losses. Clinical mastitis can be easily detected by observing abnormal changes in milk and by palpating the udder. For the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis, commonly used reliable tests include the CMT, SCC, and microbiological culture (considered the gold standard). Recent advancements in rapid and accurate diagnostic methods for bovine mastitis include PCR, FISH, LAMP, genomics and proteomics approaches, biomarker detection (such as acute phase proteins, enzymes, and cytokines), bioluminescence assays, sonography, IRT, robotic milking, nanotechnology, and AI technology. Conventional antibiotic treatment for mastitis has many limitations and risks, including challenges related to AMR, bacterial biofilm formation, and the intracellular localization of bacteria. Recent developments for effective mastitis treatment include the use of herbal treatments, AMPs, bacteriophages, bacteriophage endolysins, bacteria- and animal-derived antimicrobials, stem cell therapy, aptamers, and photodynamic therapy. Control and prevention of mastitis can be achieved by eliminating existing infections, preventing new infections, and monitoring udder health status. Early and accurate diagnosis of bovine mastitis through clinical examination, SCC, and advanced diagnostic techniques like PCR is essential for effective treatment, and alternative therapy to antibiotics, including ethnoveterinary medicine, can be used for improved mastitis management in the herd.

 

Author (s) Details

 

 

Siddiqui M.F.M.F.

Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, 431402, India.

 

Sakhare M.P.
Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, 431402, India.

 

Shaikh S.R.
Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, 431402, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v2/5150

Condemnation and Financial Loss due to Ovine and Bovine Liver Abscesses and Necrosis in the Sudan | Chapter 9 | Newest Updates in Agriculture and Veterinary Science Vol. 3

 Livers are famous for its extreme nutritional value. In Sudan, they are eroded raw as a cuisine habit. Surveys concerning liver abscesses and necrosis in ovine and cow livers were carried out to indicate their magnitude and business-related impact. The effect of the season on those affections was studied. Prospective study at various periods during 1994 and 1995 and retrospective studies for all seven years from 1996 to 2002 were completed activity to study liver condemnation of killed cattle and person in agreement in Omdurman Central Abattoir and Elsabalouga Abattoir respectively. Liver condemnations due to various affections during the ending 1994-1995 were found expected 26.2% in sheep and 5.4% in cattle; Out of those condemnations, 57.6 % and 22% individually were found expected due to abscesses and loss. While during the ending 1996-2002, out of the 15.45 condemned ovine dweller, 77.43% were condemned on account of abscesses and necrosis and Out of the 10.69% of the member of genus bos condemned livers, 11.96% were convicted due to abscesses and fatality. The number of total condemned ovine and member of genus bos livers and the conviction for necrosis and abscesses were strongly to quite correlated. It was found that the ovine and bovine liver condemnations were not considerably impacted by the seasons.

Author(s) Details:

E. Hind Osman,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Sudan.

B. Elsir,
Faculty of Animal Production,Sudan University of Science and Technology, Sudan.

Mohamed T. Ebrahim,
Faculty of Animal Production,Sudan University of Science and Technology, Sudan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NUAVS-V3/article/view/9773

Studies on Clinical and Ultrasonographic Examinations in Cattle with Empty Rectum | Chapter 4 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 2

 Aim: Due to the absence of faeces and or empty rectum, the analysis was carried out to elicit GI disturbances in cattle. Design of the Research: In clinical cases, the study was performed. Study location and duration: Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Institute of Research, Orathanadu-614 625, India. During the year 2015-16, the analysis was carried out. Methodology: For this study, animals with a steady decrease in dung and mucoid or scant and absence of faeces were chosen. All the animals selected underwent clinical and thoraco-abdominal ultrasound exams. Results: In total, twenty nine cattle with different GI disorders were found to be affected. The frequency of GI disturbances in cross-bred Jersey cows was greater (65.52 percent). Absence of faeces (65.52 percent), anorexia (58.62 percent), scant/tarry/mucous covered foul odour faeces (34.48 percent), arched back (24.14 percent) and abdominal distention were the popular clinical indications (24.14 percent ). Both 29 animals selected were subjected to thoraco-abdominal ultrasonography showing peritonitis (31.03 percent), paralytic ileus with peritonitis and pericarditis (10.34 percent each), uroabdomen, intussusception, caecal dilatation, abomasal dilatation and peritonitis with intussusception (6.90 percent each), diaphragmatic hernia, reticular abscess, omasal impaction and peritonitis. Clinical and ultrasonographic tests, based on this research, were found to be a useful method for the diagnosis of GI disorders in empty rectum cattle. Conclusion: Thoraco-abdominal ultrasonography has been shown to be a valuable diagnostic imaging technique to identify empty rectal lesions in cattle. Thoracic and abdominal ultrasound play an important role in the diagnosis of thoracic-abdominal disorders in cattle in large-scale animal practise.

Author(s) Details

Dr. M. Saravanan
Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu-614 625, TANUVAS, India.

Dr. M. Ranjithkumar
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-600 007, TANUVAS, India.

Dr. S. Yogeshpriya
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu-614 625, TANUVAS, India.

Dr. R. Ravi
Department Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal-637 002, TANUVAS, India.

Dr. K. Kannan
Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu-614 625, TANUVAS, India.

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