Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Relatedness of Escherichia coli Isolated from Fecal Poultry and Bovine Housed in Tunisian Farms | Chapter 1 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 4

 

This study aimed to investigate the presence of integrons in commensal E. coli isolates from animal origins (poultry and bovine) housed in farms located in four different governorates of Tunisia (Sousse, Tunis, Bizerte and Gbeli), with a focus on antimicrobial resistance of the isolates and phylogroups as well as genetic characterization of genes encoding sulphonamides, tetracycline resistance (owing to their high rates of resistance in our collection and their excessive use in veterinary medicine in Tunisia). Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons are able to disseminate genes encoding antibiotic resistance by horizontal transfer, and play an important role in the evolution and dissemination of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.

 

Little detailed documentation has been researched on the excessive use of antimicrobials such as tetracycline and sulfonamides in veterinary medicine in Tunisia, and more studies are needed. A total of 58 commensal Escherichia coli isolates recovered from faecal samples of healthy poultry (n=31) and bovine (n=27) recovered from farms in Tunisia were examined for 20 antimicrobials as well as researched the presence of integron, variable regions (VRs), phylogroups, tetracycline (tetA, tetB, et tetC) and sulfonamides (sul1, sul2, and sul3) resistance genes. The most frequent resistance in poultry origin was to tetracycline (94.3%), sulfonamide (70.69%), nalidixic acid (61.29), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and streptomycin with 64.51%, to amoxicillin and ticarcilline with 58%. Whereas, for the bovine isolates, it noted high resistance to streptomycin (55.5%) and moderate resistance to tetracycline (37%) and amoxicillin (18.5%). Class 1 integrons were detected in 20, 6 isolates for poultry and bovine, respectively, as well as class 2 integrons were found in 2 and 1 isolates, respectively. Class 1 integrons were significantly associated with poultry origin (p=0.001). For poultry, sul1, sul2, and sul3 genes were detected in 14 (46.2%), 7 (23.8%), and 4 (8.9%) resistant isolates, respectively. Whereas, for bovine, 5 isolates were resistant to sulfonamide and sul1 and sul2 genes were detected in 4 and 1 isolates, with an absence of sul3 genes. and tetracycline genes tetA, tetB genes were observed in 27 (84.37%) and 8 (25%) resistant isolates, respectively, while TetC was not detected amongst our isolates. Seven arrangement gene cassettes were detected; dfrA1-satA1-aadA1 in one identical DNA fragment with approximate size of 2000 bp, and six arrangements of resistance gene cassettes of class 1 integron were detected; dfrA1+aadA1 (5isolates); for dfrA17+aadA1, dfrA12+ orfF+aadA2 each one two 2isolates; one isolate for aadA1 and dfrA5, respectively. In poultry, 16 isolates were found to belong to phylogroup A (subgroupA1: 12, subgroupA0: 4); 9 to B1, 1 to B2 and 5 to phylogroup D. However, in bovine 9 isolates have the phylogroups A1, 7 isolates B1, 4 isolates B2, and 3 isolates found to phylogroup D. Our results showed that the prevalence of resistance in E. coli isolates from poultry was much higher than that observed in bovin. This is worrisome for global human health, especially with the increasing consumption of poultry meat in Tunisia and in another part of the world owing to its relatively lower cost compared to red meat.

 

Author (s) Details

Hajer Kilani
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia and Faculty of Medicine, LR99ES09 Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Mohamed Salah Abbassi
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia and Faculty of Medicine, LR99ES09 Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Sana Lengliz
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia and Laboratory of Materials, Molecules and Application, LR11ES22, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

Rim Dhifalli
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Bouraoui Jihene
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Riadh Mansouri
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Noureddine Ben Chehida
Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, 20 Street Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia.

 

Ilhem Boutiba-Benboubaker
Faculty of Medicine, LR99ES09 Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia and Department of Microbiology, Hospital of Charles Nicolle, Tunis, Tunisia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v4/1613

Importance of Colibacillosis in Poultry | Chapter 5 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

Colibacillosis is any diseased condition caused by avian pathogenic E. coli, a Gram negative, non-acid-fast, uniform staining, and non-spore-forming bacillus. It is the most common, prevalent, and important bacterial disease of poultry in the world. E. coli produces toxins like endotoxin, enterotoxin, cytotoxin, hemolysins, hemagglutinins and virulence factors like adhesins. The common predisposing factors include mismanagement in humidity, temperature, ventilation and litter and immunosuppression. The sources of infection are contaminated feed, water and air while route of infection can be aerosol, oral, defected navel and infected egg with incubation period 5-7 days. It commonly causes Colisepticemia, Coligranuloma, Omphalitis, Salpingitis and Peritonitis, etc. Specific diagnosis can be done by identification, isolation and genotyping of E. coli. Suitable susceptible antibiotic can be used for treatment. Control of colibacillosis can be successfully done by proper management, vaccination and biosecurity protocol.

Author(s) Details:

Shaikh S. R.,
Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animals Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani (MH), 431 402, India.

Siddiqui M. F. M. F.,
Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animals Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani (MH), 431 402, India.

M. P. Sakhare,
Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animals Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani (MH), 431 402, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13763

Assessment of the Degree of Health Risk among Poultry Workers in Nigeria | Chapter 8 | Research Highlights in Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

 The finest and affordable food protein arisen poultry has advanced the chance for high investment and task opportunities across the sphere for poultry farming. One of the questions generated for one intensive management practice is the very long time exposure of fowl workers to health-connected hazards. This study, therefore, aims to evaluate the level of hazards among the staff appendages in poultry result enterprise and determine their susceptibleness based on the level of uncovering and their job responsibilities inside the poultry firm.Field surveys (that is the use of one hundred pieces of questionnaires administered with staff appendages), interviews, and personal observation were the systems used to gather news from three different farms in Osun and Oyo states. The farms visited contained Tuns Farm (Osogbo), Zartech Farm (Ibadan), and Vina Farm (Ibadan), all in Osun and Oyo States individually. Different units such as pen apartments, farm laboratories, farm laboratories (maintenance engineers, technicians), and Administrative offices were secured with the questionnaires.Results got showed that cholera, E. coli, salmonellosis, staphylococcus, Avian flu, Mark, New Castle afflictions, and diarrhea are ultimate common diseases moving poultry employees. It was also gathered that the chemical compound used as purifier contributes to cough, catarrh, angry throat, and respiring difficulty, especially with the pen attendant who give most of their working hours in the pen house. It was still recorded from the study that, pen assistants who spent betwixt 0-2 and 2-5 years had 0% and 33.33%, while those that gone between 5-10 and10-15years had 15.5% and 0% of health-accompanying diseases individually. This means that the risk of having one those hazards increases as the year valuable progresses, while after spending until about 5 years or further, there is less risk to these hazards, this may be cause their body method is already used to the system (that is working surroundings). Whereas, 0%, 0%, 14.3%, and 0%; 0%, 0%, 20%, and 50%; and 0%, 0%, 28.6%, and 16.7% of related diseases were written for laboratory chemists, engineering/technician and policy-making (other) parts with working occurrence of 0-2, 2-5, 5-10 and 10-15years, respectively. The extreme rate of health hazards among the pen custodians may happen longer hours of time they gone in the pen house that is more than the hours that are being spent by appendages of staff from different units.The study established that the order of pen nurses, engineers/technicians, and laboratory technologists were more dependent on something hazards such as Chest pain, E. coli, Salmonellosis, Staphylococcus, and Avian flu contaminations than any employees from other units in the fowl firm.

Author(s) Details:

Bello, Rukayat Omobolanle,
Department of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.

Oriola, Kazeem Olaniyi,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Ogbomoso, Lagos, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V9/article/view/10975

Determination of Climatic Impact of Temperature in Presence of Avian Respiratory Infections in Villa Clara Province, Cuba | Chapter 5 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 16

 The goal of the study was to see how temperature affected avian respiratory diseases in the region of Villa Clara, Cuba. During the period 2005-2007, retrospective data were used to acquire epizootiological statistical information on susceptible and deceased chickens about avian respiratory diseases in specialist poultry farms in Villa Clara province. These figures were compared to the average temperature stockings for this time period in this county. The entire number of deaths was linked to the total number of susceptible people, who were linked to the provincial temperature stockings. The model Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages (ARIMA) of Box-Jenkins Methodology was used for data processing utilising the statistical tool SPSS Version 13. Multivariate regression techniques were also used to model the total number of poultry deaths. According to the final ARIMA model, a one-degree increase in temperature resulted in an increase of 53.37 fatalities. A 95 percent probability value was also employed. In the study area of Villa Clara province, Cuba, this investigation permits confirming and quantifying the impact of mean temperature on susceptible and poultry fatalities. It was discovered that for every 1oC increase in monthly half temperature, there will be an increase of 8 894 susceptible cases, and for every 1000 susceptible cases, there will be an increase of 6 birds, implying that the susceptible cases will be roughly equal to the total number of deaths.

Author (S) Details

Rigoberto Fimia Duarte
Faculty of Health Technology and Nursing, University of Medical Sciences of Villa Clara, Cuba.

Ricardo Osés Rodríguez
Villa Clara Provincial Meteorological Center, Cuba.

David del Valle Laveaga
Academic Area of Health, Maya World University, México.

María Patricia Zambrano Gavilanes
Veterinary Medicine of Career, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnic, Technical University of Manabi, Manabi, Ecuador.

Pedro Yoelvys de la Fé Rodríguez
Veterinary Medicine of Career, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnic. Central University 'Marta Abreu' of Las Villas, Villa Clara, Cuba.

Yanira Zaita Ferrer
Faculty of Health Technology and Nursing, University of Medical Sciences of Villa Clara, Cuba.

Fran M. Wilford González
Veterinary Medicine of Career, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnic. Central University 'Marta Abreu' of Las Villas, Villa Clara, Cuba.

Ismabel Domínguez Hurtado
Villa Clara Provincial Meteorological Center, Cuba.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V16/article/view/3778

A Review on the Role of Poultry in Food Borne Salmonellosis and Its Public Health Importance | Chapter 4 | Research Aspects in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 1

 Foodborne disease outbreaks caused by Salmonella germs are a major public health problem. Salmonella is isolated from chicken more frequently than from other livestock animals. Salmonella organisms can damage all aspects of chicken production, including hatcheries, incubators, breeding facilities, commercial layer and broiler raising operations, feed preparation units and factories, transportation networks, commercialization facilities, and slaughterhouses. Because of globalisation, a tainted meal might damage the health of people in multiple nations at the same time. Foodborne salmonellosis caused by poultry products has been observed in several countries around the world, including India. Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium are the most common serovars with public health implications. Antibiotic-resistant serotypes in chicken are on the rise at an alarming rate. Multiple risk variables influence the safety of poultry food. There should be programmes to raise consumer awareness about food safety and to guide food handlers and animal breeders, particularly of poultry, in the safe production of food from farm to table, in order to effectively prevent and manage foodborne salmonellosis.

Author (s) Details

Jinu Manoj
College Central Laboratory, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India.

M. K. Singh
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, SVPUAT, Meerut, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RAAVS-V1/article/view/2418

Occurrence of Typhoidal and Non-typhoidal Salmonellae among Poultry Workers in the Southern, Nigeria: A Recent Study | Chapter 6 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

 Most developing countries still have endemic typhoid fever and non-typhoidal salmonellosis, which are spread on a large scale through contaminated food and water. Poultry has also been identified as a common food source for Salmonella enteritidis infections since the early 2000s. In Akwa Ibom State, 500 blood, stool, cloaca swab, and egg shell swab specimens were collected from poultry, non-poultry workers, and birds and tested for Salmonella species using standard cultural and serological techniques. Overall, the prevalence rate was 117. (23.4 percent ). Salmonella species were found in all three senatorial districts of the state, in varying percentages. Salmonella isolates were found in 42 (25%) of Uyo senatorial districts, 35 (20.8%) of Eket senatorial districts, and 40 (23.8%) of Ikot Ekpene senatorial districts. Out of 372 human subjects screened, 77 (20.7%) were positive, with 38 (20.4%) isolated from non-poultry workers and 39 (21.0%) isolated from poultry workers in the three senatorial districts. 40 (31.3 percent) of the 128 poultry product samples tested were isolated. 23 (18%) were isolated from cloaca swabs, and 17 (13.3%) were isolated from egg shell swabs. All of the serologically significant Typhoid fever cases in this study were confirmed by blood culture. According to sero-grouping and sample collection source, 23.9 percent S. typhi was isolated. S. gallinarum, S. enteritidis, S. pullorum, S. paratyphi A, and S. typhimurium were isolated from bird Cloaca swab and Egg shell swab among poultry products. Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella typhi were not isolated from humans or poultry. Salmonella serovars such as S. gallinarium, S. typhi, S. typhimurium, and S. enteritidis are prevalent in Akwa Ibom State, and regular consumption of poultry and eggs without proper disinfection and boiling poses a serious public health risk. According to the demographic data obtained in this study, the majority of poultry workers in the Three senatorial districts' residents were between the ages of 21 and 30 (34 percent), 39 percent were non-graduates, and 30.4 percent were secondary school dropouts. Amoxacillin-Clavulanic acid was found to be 100 percent susceptible to S. gallinarum, S. paratyphi A, 93 percent susceptible to S. typhi, and 80 percent susceptible to S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, and Spullorum. Salmonella gallinarum was completely sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, whereas all isolates were completely resistant to the antibacterial agents Oxacillin and Tylosin. The emergence of multiple drug-resistant Salmonella from humans and poultry suggests that the continued use of drugs as growth promoters in poultry should be reconsidered. Salmonella can also be sourced from other sources.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Etanguno Effiong Owowo
Department of Microbiology, Akwa Ibom State University (AKSU), Nigeria.

Dr. Veronica Jariath Umoh
Department of Microbiology, Akwa Ibom State University (AKSU), Nigeria.

Dr. (Mrs). Iquo Effiong Okon
Health Initiative for Stability & Safety in Africa (HIFASS), Uyo, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMB-V6/article/view/1680

Investigation and Assessment of Poultry Developments in the Lejweleputswa District within the Free State Province | Chapter 1 | Cutting-edge Research in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 5

 The district of Lejweleputswa is considered to be the poultry district because of several poultry companies that have been founded in it since 2002 for emerging poultry farmers. Most layer and broiler manufacturing companies are considered unsustainable because 98% of them are unable to meet structured market demand progressively. However, as part of organised poultry projects preparing for sustainable development, the need for research was identified to evaluate layer and broiler production enterprises. It also assessed gender, youth, people with disabilities and training needs, training earned by poultry farmers, available poultry enterprises and housing. The goal was, if possible, to revive them by training farmers and recommending funding to various funders. The degree of education of the farmers was looked at. It has been found that the degree of qualification must be taken into account when electing members of different legal bodies for poultry. In gathering information, strategies such as interviews, workshops, checklists, findings, profiles were used. The results reflected 213 beneficiaries of poultry and twenty-one Lejweleputswa district poultry enterprises. Four per cent are disabled, while 52 per cent are women. This shows that women are more interested than men in poultry production in the district. Twenty-three percent (23 percent) of the overall beneficiaries are young people, a direct indication of the insufficient participation of young people in agriculture. As previously reported, there is a need for poultry beneficiaries to upgrade their qualifications and enhance the chairmanship of poultry companies. In conclusion, a model was built to help the new interest groups set up a sustainable layer or broiler manufacturing enterprise. Extension officers will have to provide poultry farmers with technical guidance and informal instruction.

Author (s) Details

G. P. Hadebe
Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Free State Province, Private Bag X 816 Witsieshoek, 9870, Free State, South Africa or 8937 Makgala Street, Phuthaditjhaba, 9869, Qwaqwa, Free State, South Africa.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/362

Combating Heat Stress for Optimum Profitability in the 21st Century Poultry Farming Systems | Book Publisher International

 

Different approaches to alleviating the negative impact of heat stress predominance that resulted from
the Earth`s surface temperature change have been critically reviewed, with resultant effect on poultry
productivity, health, economy, meat safety and food security, among others. Genetic modifications,
managerial strategies, feeding pattern and technological approaches have undoubtedly exerted
beneficial effects on heat stress predominance in poultry. However, they are limited in production
efficiency as regards the demand of the 21st Century poultry farming systems, because they do not
consider the altered acid-base balance specific to heat-stressed birds. Therefore, it becomes
imperative to adopt a much more homeostatically stable alternative, whose beneficial effect on poultry
health, performance, yield and economic integrity would not be compromised, in attempt to meet the
global animal protein demand of the century. An ideal balance of dietary electrolytes is essential in
poultry rations, especially under high environmental conditions.

Author (s) Details

Ibukun Olukorede Popoola
Agricultural Research and Biometrics Department, Thisavrous Pyrgos Integrated Resources, Nigeria and Alumnus at Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria and Department of Plant Breeding, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/277