Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland in milking animals, characterized by pathological changes in the gland along with abnormal physical and chemical alterations in milk. It is the most economically important disease, causing significant financial losses worldwide, including in India. The pathogenesis of mastitis occurs in three stages: invasion, infection, and inflammation. Clinically, mastitis can be divided into two categories: clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis. Clinical mastitis presents with clear inflammatory symptoms in the affected gland(s) and abnormal changes in the milk, whereas subclinical mastitis shows no apparent clinical manifestations and can only be detected through suitable diagnostic tests. Early and accurate diagnosis of mastitis is crucial for proper treatment, control, and prevention, which helps minimize losses. Clinical mastitis can be easily detected by observing abnormal changes in milk and by palpating the udder. For the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis, commonly used reliable tests include the CMT, SCC, and microbiological culture (considered the gold standard). Recent advancements in rapid and accurate diagnostic methods for bovine mastitis include PCR, FISH, LAMP, genomics and proteomics approaches, biomarker detection (such as acute phase proteins, enzymes, and cytokines), bioluminescence assays, sonography, IRT, robotic milking, nanotechnology, and AI technology. Conventional antibiotic treatment for mastitis has many limitations and risks, including challenges related to AMR, bacterial biofilm formation, and the intracellular localization of bacteria. Recent developments for effective mastitis treatment include the use of herbal treatments, AMPs, bacteriophages, bacteriophage endolysins, bacteria- and animal-derived antimicrobials, stem cell therapy, aptamers, and photodynamic therapy. Control and prevention of mastitis can be achieved by eliminating existing infections, preventing new infections, and monitoring udder health status. Early and accurate diagnosis of bovine mastitis through clinical examination, SCC, and advanced diagnostic techniques like PCR is essential for effective treatment, and alternative therapy to antibiotics, including ethnoveterinary medicine, can be used for improved mastitis management in the herd.
Author
(s) Details
Siddiqui M.F.M.F.
Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics &
Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani,
Maharashtra, 431402, India.
Sakhare M.P.
Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of
Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, 431402, India.
Shaikh S.R.
Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence,
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra,
431402, India.
Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v2/5150
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