Goat Margarine: Nutritional Composition and Antibacterial Properties for a Healthier Choice | Chapter 4 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 9

Traditional goat margarine can be made by separating the fat from butter. The structure of margarine contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, those atoms are bonded together (saturated and unsaturated). Goat milk collected from domesticated goats, pieces of cloth, yogurt, refrigerator and milk pudding machine, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The aim of the study is to evaluate the chemical constituents of goat margarine and its antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens. In this study, 2g of the goat margarine was mixed thoroughly with 7 ml of alcoholic sodium hydroxide. The margarine constituents were examined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), it contained 41 compounds, fifteen of which were identified as the major compound, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (22.39%), Methyl stearate (14.92%), methyl elaidate (13.80%), Methyl tetradecanoate (10.74%), Capric acid, methyl ester (8.34%) Lauric acid (4.52%) methyl octanoate (2.70%), linoleic acid methyl ester (2.57%), Methyl 11-octadecenoate (1.90%), methyl caproate (1.77%), Methyl pentadecanoate (1.72%), Methyl (8E,11E)-8,11-octadecadienoate (1.70%), Heptadecanoic acid, methyl ester, (1.46%),trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (Oleic acid) (1.20%), Methyl palmioleate (1.00%). For microbial sensitivity test using the paper disc diffusion method, to screen the antibacterial activity of goat margarine and performed by using Muller Hinton agar. The effect of goat margarine, against four different pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus cereus, were carried out by using a disc diffusion technique, the antibacterial activity was detected against Salmonella typhimurium. With the least effect on Escherichia coli. The antibacterial activity of the antibiotics, (Ciprofloxacin, Tetracycline Ceftriaxone, Chloramphenicol and Gentamycin), were tested by the disc diffusion technique, and by measuring zones of inhibition, shows that there were differences, among all antibiotics the highest activity of antibiotic against bacteria was due to the action of ciprofloxacin. Ceftriaxone and Tetracycline antibiotics give the lowest activity. Among the bacteria the highest inhibition zone by antibiotic against Salmonella typhimurium, and the lowest one against Escherichia coli. This study concludes that goat margarine contains non-polar components that have potent antibacterial activity against pathogen bacteria.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Rasha Khalid Abbas
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied and Industrial Science, University of Bahri, Sudan and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts in Mukhwa, University of Albaha, 65931, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v9/4067

Assessing Planulae Recruitment in Degraded Coastal Coral of Panjang Island Jepara, Central Java-Indonesia | Chapter 7 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 7

 

Successfulness The successfulness of planulae metamorphosis to become juveniles commenced succession toward the formation of a new coral community following a stress. The better the remnant, the more similar the recovered community will be. Coral remnants may provide attachment preference for benthic organisms including its planulae and indeed served as a nursery ground, even a habitat for various species. This study aimed to evaluate the recovery of the coastal coral community in Panjang Island, Jepara-Indonesia based upon several variables of water quality, recruitment through the succession stages, survivorship and the overall growth of the coral. During the first week of June 2013 until the end of October 2013 after a west monsoon, six slate collector devices were immersed between the slope and plain of the continental shelf at the north, south and eastward of Panjang Island at ca. 1.5" " m depths. Data collected comprised of bacteria, macro- and micro-periphyton including planulae, along with salinity, temperature, depth, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, orthophosphate and nitrate of the water, as well as inorganic and organic content of the sediment. Recorded genera in the collectors were Porites, Acropora, Pocillopora and Platygira. Results suggested that coastal coral in Panjang Island is inclined to extinct, in particular, due to severe sedimentation load. Planulae recruit considered low with metamorphosis ability to become juveniles only at 5 colonies. M2. Month-1 at the southward and 1.3 colonies. m^(-2). Month-1 at the northward of the island. Dissolved organic materials in the sediment prompt the increase of nitrate to cause macroalgal bloom, which in turn may cover the whole coral surface and induced the spread of pathogenic bacteria, i.e., Pseudomonas spp. and Phormidium corallyticum amongst the recruited planulae. It can be concluded that factors causing difficulties in recovering coral in Pulau Panjang, in particular planulae recruit are: 1) physical damage due to coastal development and tourism-related activities, 2) pollution and runoff from urban areas nearby, 3) agricultural activities which that introduce pollutants such as chemicals and sedimentation, and 4) coral diseases that may decreased resilience to other stressors. Addressing these factors through conservation efforts, sustainable management practices and law enforcement may help protect and restore damaged coastal corals in Panjang Island.

 

Author (s) Details

Norma Afiati
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia.

 

Pujiono W. Purnomo
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia

 

Please see the link :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v7/7875E

Biological Bioactivities, Physicochemical Properties, Atomic Absorption and Antibacterial Activity of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Aromatic Plant in Al- Baha Area | Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 2

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is aromatic plant a widely used in traditional and folk medicine, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) used to identify the bioactive phytochemical constituents, 42 compounds identified in this study, 16 are the major compounds. In this study also were evaluating the physicochemical properties of Rosemary such as peroxide value (2.35 meq O2/kg, acid value as oleic acid (1.122 mg KOH/g), iodine value 85 mg / 100 mg, saponification value of 220 mg KOH / g of Fat, pH (5.7), refractive index (1.39 and at 28°C), viscosity (CST) (68.33), specific gravity, 1.489 and density (0.92 g/cm3). Atomic absorption was used to identify minerals content in rosemary, contains Copper 11.4 ppm, Ferric 250 ppm, Zinc 12.85 ppm.The effect of Rosemary oil in four different pathogenic bacteria Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium, were examined using Mueller Hinton Agar and measuring inhibition zone (diameter mm), were found that, there were a significant different of Rosemary oil against bacteria.

Author(s) Details:

Rasha Khalid Abbas,
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts in Mukhwa, Al-Baha University, 65931, Saudi Arabia and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied and Industrial Science Bahri University, Sudan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDCBR-V2/article/view/14255

Isolation of various Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Rotten Tomatoes Sold at Tungan Goro Market, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria | Chapter 1 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 2

 This phase aimed to decide the various pathogenic microorganisms associated with tomatoes sold in Tungan Goro Market, in Minna Niger State Nigeria. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) has a extreme-water content which predisposes it to decay by pathogenic bacteria that can pose meaningful health dangers to consumers.   40 pieces of bad tomatoes from Tungan-goro market were taken to the workshop in a clean polythene bag. The tomatoes were subjected to microbiological study such as culturing on Nutrient agar, and MacConkey agar. The antibiogram of bacterial isolates was contingent upon Kirby-Bauer disc-spread method. Biochemical reasoning was conducted for isolation and description of bacterial strains. Five bacteria strains place isolated and typified; Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among the isolated creatures, four isolates, Listeria monocytogens, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus anthrasis are identified as pathogens. The presentation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa among the bacteria that damaged tomato is not any more a surprise because a accompanying studies reveals the appearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as among the microorganisms identified with post-harvest rotting of tomatoes precipitated by microorganism. While Bacillus subtilis is the only non-pathogenic animal isolated. Recommendations. The research found that few organisms unique are food carried pathogens, that can cause food poisoning in humans when eat. It is recommended that correct handling of amassed tomatoes fruits, correct screening of the picked tomatoes fruits and supplying of disease resistance sorts.

Author(s) Details:

N. B. Erena,
Department of Integrated Science, School of Sciences, Niger State College of Education Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V2/article/view/11615

Assessment of Water Quality of River Salandi by using Modified Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environmental Water Quality Index Method in Bhadrak, Odisha, India | Chapter 3 | Emerging Challenges in Environment and Earth Science Vol. 5

 By utilising the Modified Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index Method in Bhadrak, Odisha, India, the current study highlights the water quality of the River Salandi. In order to fulfil the purpose and goal of this investigation, nine sampling stations were chosen along the river's bank on the basis of the presence of more anticipated pollutants. In order to evaluate the sixteen physico-chemical parameters, water samples from nine different locations during the summer, wet, post-rainy, and winter seasons of the years 2015 and 2016 were analysed. APHA-2012, from which the mean and standard deviations (SD) of twelve parameters have been computed and derived to investigate the Water Quality Index (WQI) using a modified version of the Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment (CCME) approach for the years 2015 and 2016. According to the report, the water quality in both years is just fair and falls into class-D. Additionally, it is determined that the larger amplitude is the cause of the relatively lower water quality in 2016 compared to 2015 (F3). In addition, study of physico-chemical characteristics shows that the river Salandi is contaminated with harmful bacteria, Cr(VI), iron, chloride, and fluoride, with the severity of the pollution being greater during wet seasons. post-rainy than the summer and winter seasons and pollution follows a decreasing trend from upstream to downstream. In addition to using contemporary techniques like electrodialysis, disinfection, and reduction of Cr (VI) with SO2 in acidic medium followed by lime treatment to turn Cr (VI) into Cr(III) as chromium hydroxide, along with phytoremediation and bioremediation for the treatment of toxic substances and pathogenic bacteria, and concurrently increasing DO value through photosynthesis.

Author(s) Details:

Pratap Kumar Panda,
Department of Chemistry, A. B. College, Basudevpur, Bhadrak, Odisha, India.

Prasant Kumar Dash,
Department of Chemistry, Bhadrak Autonomous College, Bhadrak, Odisha, India.

Rahas Bihari Panda,
Department of Chemistry, VSSUT, Burla, Odisha, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ECEES-V5/article/view/8149