OmpA and Rz/Rz1: A Research Perspective| Chapter 9 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

 

This study aimed to analyze the amino acid of OmpA and Rz/Rz1 of lytic bacteriophage from Surabaya, Indonesia. Porines are a type of 𝛽-barrel proteins with diffuse channels and OmpA, which has a role in hydrophilic transport, is the most frequent porin in E. coli, it was also chosen as the potential receptor of the phage. Some bacteriophages pierce the bacterial cell wall with their "needles" by a mechanical mechanism, like a syringe, to facilitate their entry. Without endangering the cell's ability to survive, bacteriophages employ the enzymes in their tails. On the other hand, the Rz/Rz1 protein frequently causes significant bacterial cell wall disintegration as part of the mechanism for the release of progeny virions from infected bacteria, which results in host cell lysis. This study employed a sample of 8 bacteriophages from the previous study. The OmpA analysis method was Mass Spectrometry. Analyzed Rz/Rz1 using PCR, DNA sequencing, Expasy Translation, and Expasy Protparam. The result obtained 10% to 29% sequence coverage of OmpA, carrying the ligand binding site. The Rz/Rz1 gene shares a high percentage of 97.04% to 98.89% identities with the Siphoviridae isolate ctTwQ4, partial genome, and Myoviridae isolate cthRA4, partial genome. The Mann Whitney statistical tests indicate the significant differences between Alanine, Aspartate, Glycine, Proline, Serine (p = 0.011), Asparagine, Cysteine (p = 0.009), Isoleucine (p = 0.043), Lysine (p = 0.034), Methionine (p = 0.001), Threonine (p = 0.018), and Tryptophane (p = 0.007) of OmpA and Rz/Rz1. The conclusion obtained from this study is OmpA acts as Phage 1, Phage 2, Phage 3, Phage 5, and Phage 6 receptor for its peptide composition comprising the ligand binding site, and Rz/Rz1 participate in host bacteria lysis. The Rz/Rz1 specialized machinery is triggered to break down the cell walls of bacteria in order to achieve this goal. This mixture may have the ability to lyse and eradicate bacterial strains, which could result in the creation of novel narrow- spectrum antibiotics.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Tessa Sjahriani

Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Dr. Moestopo Road No. 47, Surabaya 60285, Indonesia and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Malahayati, Pramuka Road No. 27, Bandar Lampung 35158, Indonesia.

Eddy Bagus Wasito

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Dr. Moestopo Road No. 47, Surabaya 60285, Indonesia.

Wiwiek Tyasningsih

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, C Campus, Mulyorejo Road, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v4/724

 

OmpA and Rz/Rz1: A Research Perspective | Chapter 9 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

 

This study aimed to analyze the amino acid of OmpA and Rz/Rz1 of lytic bacteriophage from Surabaya, Indonesia. Porines are a type of 𝛽-barrel proteins with diffuse channels and OmpA, which has a role in hydrophilic transport, is the most frequent porin in E. coli, it was also chosen as the potential receptor of the phage. Some bacteriophages pierce the bacterial cell wall with their "needles" by a mechanical mechanism, like a syringe, to facilitate their entry. Without endangering the cell's ability to survive, bacteriophages employ the enzymes in their tails. On the other hand, the Rz/Rz1 protein frequently causes significant bacterial cell wall disintegration as part of the mechanism for the release of progeny virions from infected bacteria, which results in host cell lysis. This study employed a sample of 8 bacteriophages from the previous study. The OmpA analysis method was Mass Spectrometry. Analyzed Rz/Rz1 using PCR, DNA sequencing, Expasy Translation, and Expasy Protparam. The result obtained 10% to 29% sequence coverage of OmpA, carrying the ligand binding site. The Rz/Rz1 gene shares a high percentage of 97.04% to 98.89% identities with the Siphoviridae isolate ctTwQ4, partial genome, and Myoviridae isolate cthRA4, partial genome. The Mann Whitney statistical tests indicate the significant differences between Alanine, Aspartate, Glycine, Proline, Serine (p = 0.011), Asparagine, Cysteine (p = 0.009), Isoleucine (p = 0.043), Lysine (p = 0.034), Methionine (p = 0.001), Threonine (p = 0.018), and Tryptophane (p = 0.007) of OmpA and Rz/Rz1. The conclusion obtained from this study is OmpA acts as Phage 1, Phage 2, Phage 3, Phage 5, and Phage 6 receptor for its peptide composition comprising the ligand binding site, and Rz/Rz1 participate in host bacteria lysis. The Rz/Rz1 specialized machinery is triggered to break down the cell walls of bacteria in order to achieve this goal. This mixture may have the ability to lyse and eradicate bacterial strains, which could result in the creation of novel narrow- spectrum antibiotics.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Tessa Sjahriani

Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Dr. Moestopo Road No. 47, Surabaya 60285, Indonesia and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Malahayati, Pramuka Road No. 27, Bandar Lampung 35158, Indonesia.

Eddy Bagus Wasito

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Dr. Moestopo Road No. 47, Surabaya 60285, Indonesia.

Wiwiek Tyasningsih

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, C Campus, Mulyorejo Road, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v4/724

Efficacy of Antibiotics Available Along the Borders of Low-income Countries: A Case of Tanzania and Implications for Public Health | Chapter 1 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

 

The current generation of antibiotics is finding it harder and harder to cure bacterial illnesses in underdeveloped nations like Tanzania. Antibiotic resistance is facilitated by the widespread availability of substandard drugs, which puts the treatment of bacterial infections at risk. Antibiotics degrade more quickly when they are improperly stored or exposed to extreme tropical weather. Children under the age of five are estimated to suffer significant morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, especially pneumonia and acute febrile illness when they lack access to conventional medical care, especially antibiotics. The majority of these incidents occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

 

Where antibiotic sellers are less common, where antibiotic prescriptions are tightly enforced, or where antibiotics are more costly, there is usually a lower consumption rate than in other settings, especially for mild conditions that probably don’t need antimicrobial treatment. Broad-spectrum antibiotics belonging to the Watch group of the World Health Organization's (WHO) AWaRe classification accounted for more antibiotic sales.

 

In Tanzania, over 60% of antibiotic and antimicrobial consumption is in accordance with WHO’s target and Tanzania’s Access component of the AWaRE classification. However, there is wide variation in the amount and types of antibiotics imported each year in the country, making it difficult to draw conclusions and identify meaningful trends going forward with regard to the consumption of certain classes of antibiotics.

 

The quality of imported medicine and methods for its assessment plays a major role in the effectiveness of therapies and the treatment of many infectious diseases. Poor-quality and/or falsified products are circulating in huge amounts in many LMICs, which is one of the major reasons why more and more resistant bacteria emerge. This conflicting finding calls for a better understanding of issues surrounding antibiotic access and use in LMICs because these countries simultaneously face high burdens of antimicrobial resistance.

 

Consequently, a need was felt to conduct a microbiological cross-sectional study on the quality of some antibiotics, selected from administrative regions along the borders of Tanzania. That study was complemented by a systematic literature search on the quality of antibiotics available in LMICs, with special emphasis on Tanzania. The microbiological analysis involved seventy-six antibiotics from 22 manufacturers, of which six were from anonymous manufacturers and 29 had no manufacturing or expiration dates. Different antibiotic samples of the same kind produced variable results. Ambiguous antibacterial profiles were exhibited by samples of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, and amoxicillin as compared to their respective positive control antibiotics. The findings from the systematic review showed that in many cases, there were completely different active principal ingredients (APIs) compared to the declared ones. Therefore, these findings suggest the existence of counterfeit and/or substandard drugs in Tanzania, as significant variances in antibacterial effects were observed among antibiotics of the same type, which could have uncertain clinical outcomes.

 

The WHO describes substandard drugs as being “out-of-spec” and “authorized drugs that fail to meet either their quality standards or specifications, or both.” Substandard antibiotics may appear at the raw or crude API level because the antibiotic molecule may become unstable under specific storage circumstances or because there are too many potentially hazardous impurities.

 

Several factors have been pointed out to the availability of poor-quality antibiotics, which include weak penal sanctions, frail or absent national drug regulatory authorities, lack of proper drug law enforcement, lack of control of drugs for export, corruption, and conflict of interest, a dearth of political will and cooperation from stakeholders and other enforcers, just to mention a few.

 

Author (s) Details

Kennedy D. Mwambete
Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v6/1056

Metagenomics: A Modern-day Tool for Exploring the Diverse Microbial Communities of East Kolkata Wetland | Chapter 2 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 1

Metagenomics is a powerful sequencing approach that enables culture-independent analysis of complex microbial communities, transforming microbial ecology. The East Kolkata Wetland (EKW), a vital ecosystem, harbors diverse microbes essential for wastewater treatment, nutrient cycling, and bioremediation. Traditional methods often fail to capture this diversity. This chapter highlights the role of metagenomic sequencing in profiling EKW’s microbial communities, revealing key consortia involved in organic matter degradation, nitrogen cycling, and pollutant remediation. These insights support sustainable wetland management and its function as a natural biofilter. Integrating metagenomics with bioinformatics enhances ecological monitoring, conservation, and environmental applications.

 

Author (s) Details

Medha Chakraborty
Department of Biosciences, JIS University, 81 Nilgunj Road, Kolkata- 700 109, India.

 

Samprit Das
Department of Biosciences, JIS University, 81 Nilgunj Road, Kolkata- 700 109, India.

 

Sania Chaurasia
Department of Biosciences, JIS University, 81 Nilgunj Road, Kolkata- 700 109, India.

 

Mousumi Saha
Department of Microbiology, Ballygunge Science College, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata- 700 019, India.

 

Agniswar Sarkar
Department of Biosciences, JIS University, 81 Nilgunj Road, Kolkata- 700 109, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v1/4622

Comparison of Epidemiological Characteristics of Clinically Isolated ESBL and Non-ESBL Producing Escherichia coli from 2014 to 2022: A Single-Center Study | Chapter 7 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

Background: Over the years, the emergence and spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli strains have become a significant concern in clinical settings. Understanding the epidemiological characteristics of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates is crucial for effective infection control and antibiotic stewardship.

Aim: This single-center study aims to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of clinically isolated Escherichia coli from 2014 to 2022.

Methods: In vitro drug sensitivity of E. coli to 20 antibiotics was examined using the microbroth dilution method. A total of 7580 clinical E. coli strains were isolated from 2014 to 2022, among which 56.9% were identified as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing strains. Drug susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilution method according to the guidelines provided by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The data were analyzed using the software WHONET5.6 and the R language platform.

Results: The number of female patients exceeds that of males (4798 vs.2782), and the median age of females is higher than that of males. Over the study period, carbapenem resistance rates increased by more than 50% (2022 [1.34%] vs 2014 [0.8%]) and the annual number of isolates showed an upward trend (1264 in 2022 vs 501 in 2014). Drug resistance rates were the highest for penicillin (75–85%) and lowest for imipenem (1%). The resistance rate of strains isolated from male patients and sputum was found to be higher than that of female patients and urine, except for quinolones (p <0.05). The drug resistance rates from high to low were penicillins (75– 85%), tetracycline (64%), quinolones (64–67%), sulfamethoxazole (59.3%), cephalosporins (22–72%), aztreonam (34%), chloram-phenicol (21%), amikacin (2.8%), colistin (1.4%), meropenem (1.1%), and imipenem (1%). Urine, sputum, and blood accounted for 51%, 16.6%, and 10.6% of the samples, respectively. A greater number of female patients were included than male patients (4798[63.3%] vs 2782[26.7%]). Patients aged 50–80 accounted for 64.2% of those surveyed.

Conclusion: Carbapenems remain the optimal choice for treating extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli infections (sensitivity rate: 98%). Colistin (87.7%) and amikacin (87%) exhibited good antibacterial activities against carbapenem-resistant E. coli. Long-term and continuous epidemiological surveillance of E. coli can facilitate the development of preventive strategies and control policies. In future research, bacterial genotyping has made a great contribution to the epidemiology of drug-resistant bacteria, and it should gradually become the mainstream monitoring method to be implemented.

 

Author (s) Details

Wei Zhang
Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, People’s Republic of China and Microbiology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, People’s Republic of China.

 

Qing Wang
Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China.

 

Liru Zhang
Clinical Laboratory, Zhangjiakou Wanquan District Hospital, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, People’s Republic of China.

 

Jiangxiong Wu
Inspection Center, Qujing No.1 People’s Hospital, Affiliated Qujing Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China.

 

Jinlu Liu
Microbiology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, People’s Republic of China.

 

Cheng Lu
Microbiology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, People’s Republic of China.

 

Xinsheng Wang
Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, People’s Republic of China.

 

Zhihua Zhang
Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, People’s Republic of China.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v8/2286

Advancements in Antibiotic Therapy: The Role and Future Scope of Ceftobiprole as a Fifth-generation Cephalosporin | Chapter 1 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 2

The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a critical issue in modern medicine, significantly challenging the effectiveness of current antimicrobial agents. Among these, cephalosporins have played a central role in treating various bacterial infections. However, the rapid evolution of resistant pathogens, including those with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenem-resistant mechanisms, necessitates the development of new-generation antibiotics. This chapter focuses on Ceftobiprole, a fifth-generation cephalosporin with potent activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Ceftobiprole’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics underscore its efficacy and safety, demonstrating high tissue penetration and a stable profile in renal excretion, which supports its use in severe infections like complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTIs) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Its mechanism of action involves binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), especially PBP2a in MRSA, disrupting cell wall synthesis and effectively neutralizing resistant pathogens. Regulatory approvals across Europe, Canada, and additional regions highlight Ceftobiprole's success as a critical therapeutic agent, and ongoing research aims to expand its indications to hospital-acquired infections.

As antibiotic resistance continues to rise, the development of advanced agents like Ceftobiprole is essential. This chapter reviews its clinical applications, history, and evolution, alongside its potential for integration into antimicrobial stewardship programs to mitigate resistance. Ceftobiprole’s broad spectrum and promising efficacy position it as a vital tool for addressing resistant infections, underscoring the importance of continued innovation in antibiotic development.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Hariharan M
Department of Pharmacy Practice, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Sankari A
Department of Pharmacy Practice, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

MG Rajanandh
Department of Pharmacy Practice, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the book here:-https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v2/3531 

Evaluation of Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns for Influenza in Ambulatory Setting | Chapter 8 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 3

 

The Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that Influenza results in 9.3 million – 41 million illnesses, 100,000 – 710,000 hospitalizations and 4,900 – 51,000 deaths annually. Influenza costs originate from inpatient and outpatient care settings and substantial indirect costs are related to lost productivity. 7 In the United States, total annual direct medical costs have been estimated to be US$3.2 billion, whereas indirect costs accounted for US$8.0 billion. This retrospective research aimed to study the prescribing trends of antibiotics for influenza and adherence to the guidelines issued by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) by utilizing the National Ambulatory Medical Survey (NAMCS) 2016 database. This was based on a sample of visits to non-federally employed office-based physicians who are engaged in direct patient care at community health centers. Patient sex, race, as well as source of payment, and provider type, were among the demographic variables studied for adherence to the guidelines. The total number of ambulatory care visits was 1,753. Of those, 63.6% of patients were prescribed, inappropriate agents. General and Family Practice physicians were the most frequented providers (32.9%), followed by Nurse Practitioners (21.9%), and Pediatricians (17.1%). Family practice physicians and nurse practitioners appeared to prescribe more inappropriately as compared to the other specialties (X2=0.001). White and black patients were prescribed more inappropriately as compared to other races (X2=0.032). Antibiotic resistance is a public health problem of increasing magnitude, and finding effective solutions to address this problem is critical. Antibiotic resistance is also an economic healthcare burden. Adherence to guidelines minimizes antibiotic resistance and promotes patients and public health.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Dr. Ateequr Rahman
Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, United States.

 

Dr. Lejla Cukovic
Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, United States.

 

Dr. Yelena Sahakian
Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, United States.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v3/12549F

Determination of Emitted Hydrogen (H2) from Bacterial Cultures in Closed Septum Vials by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Specific Hydrogen Sensor Techniques | Chapter 6 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 

The present study primarily focuses on the determination of emitted hydrogen

(H₂) from bacterial cultures in closed septum vials and both techniques, static-GC

as well as the sensor approach. When microorganisms are cultivated in suitable

nutrient medium in closed septum vials, their emission of hydrogen (H2) is

detected using a particular hydrogen sensor in addition to headspace-gas

chromatography. Facultative anaerobes are able to release both CO2 and H2

which are important chemicals for both types of bacteria, whereas obligatory

aerobic bacteria can only create CO2 and water through aerobic oxidation. 

Obligate anaerobic bacteria emit H2 too but need an oxygen-free atmosphere

which can be achieved if the air in the septum vial is replaced by nitrogen. The

samples under investigation, either solid or liquid samples and from smears by

wads from a cotton bud, are cultured in the headspace vials and the hydrogen

emission was monitored after the necessary time of incubation and thus microbe

contamination was detected. Antibiotics added to the bacterial culture in the vial

are found to be effective if any gas emission is suppressed. If not, they are either

ineffective or the bacteria are even resistant. Antibiotics, both synthetic and

natural, were investigated and some were discovered to be resistant or

ineffective. This technique was used to look into food contamination by bacteria,

household necessities, medical specimens, and Lyme borreliosis caused by tick

infection, as well as to diagnose and treat the disease. The borrelia bacteria that

cause infection are found in ticks and, later on, in human blood after they enter

the host. The foregoing examples show how essential oils can stop bacterial

infections in various samples but this method can also be applied in human

medicine and tick-borne Lyme disease is taken here as representative for

diagnosis and therapy of diseases caused by bacterial infections in humans. The

effect of the antibiotics applied can be examined and the progress of an antibiotic

therapy can be controlled until its final success is recognized.

 

Author (s) Details

Dr. Bruno Kolb

Student Research Centre, Überlingen, Obertorstrasse, Germany

 

Please see the link:-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v3/370

A Narrative Review Examining the Impact of Clinical Pharmacist Intervention in Rational Antibiotic Use in Pediatric Patients | Chapter 4 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

The drastic changes regarding the growth in demand for pharmacists in healthcare and patient needs have been significant in parallel to the redefinition of the educational and professional responsibilities of pharmacists. Irrational use of antibiotics is one of the major problems for many developing countries and  the rapid growth of antibiotic resistance is widely acknowledged. Irrational practice of antibiotics comprises prescription of incorrect dose, duration, route of administration, and regimen frequency and are influenced by certain interrelated factors and drivers. The primary complications of irrational antibiotic use are antibiotic resistance with an increase in poorer health outcomes, increased healthcare costs, more extended hospitalization, and higher mortality, particularly in the pediatric population. WHO identified India as one of the top countries with higher rates of antibiotic resistance globally with proven reports of inappropriate and irrational use of antibiotics resulting in increased incidence and the threat of antimicrobial resistance. The scope of clinical pharmacy delineates the promising use of antibiotics more rationally than ever. Clinical pharmacists are responsible for achieving goals by spreading awareness and educating about optimal drug use to govern pharmaceutical promotions at the hospital, subsequently progressing outcomes. The narrative review aimed to discuss major influencing factors and compilations associated with irrational antibiotic use, concerns in the pediatric population regarding pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic characteristics, and the contribution of clinical pharmacist intervention in addressing the global concern of irrational antibiotic use. Clinical pharmacist services can help to determine appropriate antibiotic dosing regimens in pediatric populations concerning physiological and anatomical changes.

Author(s) Details:

Mohammad Azeem,
Maternity and Children Hospital, Buraidah, Al Qaseem, KSA.

Pankaj Arora,
Lords University Alwar-Bhiwadi-Delhi Highway, Chikani, Alwar, Rajasthan, India.

Yousif Alosaily,
Maternity and Children Hospital, Buraidah, Al Qaseem, KSA.

Aifan Saad Alrsheedi,
Al Razi Medical Company Buraidah, Al Qaseem, KSA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V12/article/view/12969

The Synergistic Effect of Penicillin G and Sutherlandia frutescens [Syn. Lessertia frutescens] (Fabaceae) against Enterococcus faecalis | Chapter 3 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

The rise of antibiotic-opposing bacteria is a increasing concern in the field of medicine. This has managed to the need for alternative treatments for bacterial contaminations. Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria progress and develop methods to survive and grow in the ghost of antibiotics, rendition these drugs ineffective in considering infections. The study proposed to investigate the synergistic effect of a water-located extract of S. frutescens (a plant species) and medicine G (an antibiotic) on the progress of E. faecalis. The objective was to decide if the combination of the plant extract and medicine G could enhance the inhibitory belongings on bacterial growth distinguished to penicillin G unique. The results of the study showed that the merger of the plant extract and penicillin G had a cooperative effect on inhibiting the growth of E. faecalis. This was apparent from the significantly best inhibition district observed when distinguished to the use of penicillin G unique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal aggregation (MBC) tests also showed that the combination was more active against E. faecalis than penicillin G unique. A dilution of 1 in 4 of the association resulted in 100% inhibition of bacterial development. The study concludes that even though the specific means of action was not conferred, the results indicate that the combination of the plant extract and medicine G may hold promise a suggestion of choice treatment for medicine-resistant contaminations. However, further research is necessary to recognize the active compounds present in the plant extract and to investigate the cooperative effects of the alliance on other strains of microorganisms. Understanding the mechanisms fundamental the observed cooperative effects could help correct and develop more productive treatment alternatives against antibiotic-opposing bacteria.

Author(s) Details:

Nhlanhla Wiseman Nsele,
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, South Africa.

Nokukhanya Thembane,
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V8/article/view/11650

The Potential of Terminalia chebula Aqueous Extract in Plasmid Curing Activity against R-plasmids of Microorganisms | Chapter 13 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 3

 From distant past, humans are benefited from usual drugs based on curative plant formulations. They are known to have preventive and helping cure abilities for various conditions. Antimicrobial resistance happens due to the mutation in microorganisms and the unfit use of antibiotics. The use of plasmid-curing powers in combination accompanying antibiotics may comprise a solution to control the development and spread of medicine resistance encrypted by antibiotic resistance plasmids. In this unit, we describe the plasmid curing venture of the protein-enriched aqueous extract from the crop of Terminalia chebula against multi-drug resistance microorganisms Bacillus subtilis and Shigella sonnei. The partially purified extract healed plasmids pUB110 and pARI-815 of B. subtilis and S. sonnei at 100% and 44% curing efficiency, individually, which was again checked by the agarose coagulate electrophoresis.

Author(s) Details:

Pratibha Srivastava,
MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune-411004, Maharashtra, India.

Prashant K. Dhakephalkar,
MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune-411004, Maharashtra, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V3/article/view/10888

Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms: The Case of Tetracycline Degradation by Flavin Monooxygenases | Chapter 9 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 3

 This phase provides a history of medicine antibiotics by emphasize synthetic modification of the drug fashioned in response to bacterial opposition. An emerging mechanism of medicine resistance involving concerned with atom and molecule change degrading of the drug by medicine monooxygenase (TetX) is described to raise awareness of a existing problem in cure.Bacterial resistance to tetracycline grown soon after it was imported to the clinic. Two prevalent opposition mechanisms involve the operation of proteins to either directly preserve the ribosome or to pump tetracycline consumed the cell through outflow.  Syntenic modifications of tetracycline have occurred in reaction to bacterial resistance. Currently, three third-era tetracyclines are on stock exchange (Tygacil, Nuxga and Xerara). These drugs show an increased affinity towards the mark ribosome and an ability to flee efflux. However, in vitro studies of Tygacil illustrated these tetracyclines are susceptible to concerned with atom and molecule change degradation by the flavin helpless enzyme TetX. Understanding details about the catalytic means of TetX could bring about the development of inhibitors to combat antibiotic opposition. To this end a TetX activity assay is defined that allows for a quick decision its kinetic limits. Data collected utilizing the assay agree well with that earlier obtained accompanying more laborious methods. This dawns a new time of investigation to combat medicine resistance.

Author(s) Details:

Savannah Y. Mendoza,
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA.

Tinh S. Trinh,
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA.

Kevin Francis,
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V3/article/view/10776

Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infected Wounds| Chapter 6 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 9

 Wound harm is the disturbance of the physical, cellular and functional purity of the tissue.  Wound happens due to chemical, tangible, microbial, thermal and immunological contaminations to the tissue. Wound healing starts shortly afterwards an injury and resumes depending on the intensity of harm.  Infected wound prolongs wound healing point. Infection with MRSA is one of ultimate common difficulties encountered in wound restorative. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a serious challenge met in the area of polluted wound management. This warrants the need for the development of alternative novel designs to be secondhand in this area. Ethnopharmacology offers a wide difference of bioactive agents that have potential MRSA contaminated wound healing exercise. The objective of this review is to recognize plants with potential wound curative and anti- MRSA activity and further to find a solution to the issue of arising antibiotic resistance.

Author(s) Details:

Aparna S. Sivapriya,
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India.

Bibu John Kariyil,
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V9/article/view/8675

Determine the Factors Influencing Health Seeking Behavior of Mothers for their under Five Children in Rural Area of Gujarat, India | Chapter 3 | Current Innovations in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

 In order to increase child survival, the current study attempts to identify the variables influencing health-seeking behaviour for children illnesses. In India, parents' or guardians' poor health-seeking behaviours make childhood diseases a serious public health concern. With the right medical treatment, many child fatalities and problems could be averted.

This cross-sectional investigation was carried out in rural Gujarat. Patients who visited the outpatient department of the Rural Health Training Centre between the ages of 2 months and 5 years served as the study's subjects. For the illness of their child, mothers' health-seeking behaviour and the factors influencing it were examined.

Regarding employing the curative component of healthcare-seeking behaviour, out of a total of 147 male children, 31 children (21.09%) did not obtain treatment, while 71 males (48.30%) and 45 males (30.61%) received therapy, respectively, in the public and private sectors. It demonstrated the mothers' promptness, concern, and extreme care for their sons. In 30.0% of the 90 female children's cases, no therapy was provided. In 46.67% of cases, the public sector treats 42 females, whereas the private sector treats 21 females in 23.33% of cases. The relationship between exposure to the media and seeking medical care was determined to be statistically significant.  Health seeking behaviour and mother's employment position were not shown to be statistically significant. It is uncommon for youngsters to seek appropriate medical attention for illnesses that might be avoided. Intervention programmes that place a strong emphasis on caregivers' educational development and the adoption of integrated community-based paediatric illness management are likely to raise children's survival rates and their tendency to seek medical attention.

Author(s) Details:

Pravin N. Yerpude,
Department of Community Medicine, Chhindwara Institute of Medical Sciences,Chhindwara (M.P.), India.

Keerti S. Jogdand,
Department of Community Medicine, Chhindwara Institute of Medical Sciences,Chhindwara (M.P.), India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIMMS-V4/article/view/8392

Assessment of Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Bacterial Isolates in the Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India| Chapter 9 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.10

 Background: Nosocomial infections are a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalised patients, particularly critically sick patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), where a large number of medications are provided, resulting in the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.

The study's goal was to determine the prevalence of common bacterial germs, as well as their medication sensitivity and resistance, in the ICU of an Eastern Indian teaching hospital.

A retrospective record-based study was conducted in the ICU of Hi- Tech Medical College and Hospital in Odisha, Eastern India, from November 2011 to October 2012. Patients who were clinically suspected of contracting an infection within 48 hours of being admitted to the ICUs were included in the study. Patients' clinically suspected laboratory samples were gathered and antibiotic sensitivity was assessed.

The rate of nosocomial infection was found to be 28.2 percent. Urinary tract infection was the most prevalent infection (54.9 percent). E. coli was the most prevalent isolate (52.7%), followed by P. mirabilis (15.4%) and Ps aeruginosa (14.4%). (13.2 percent). E. coli was very susceptible to Polymyxin B, Gatifloxacin, and Ceftriaxone, whereas it was highly resistant to Cephalexin, Cefadroxil, Tobramycin, and Prulifloxacin.

Conclusions: Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and aminoglycosides was found in the majority of the bacterial isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns must be monitored on a regular basis, and antibiotics must be used wisely to reduce nosocomial infection rates and antimicrobial resistance.

Author(s) Details:

Prof. Chaitali Pattanayak,
Department of Pharmacology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Dr. Sunil K. Patanaik,
Department of Surgery, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Dr. Pratyay Pratim Datta,
West Bengal Health Service, India.

Prof. Parbaty Panda,
Department of Pharmacology, Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V10/article/view/5823

Antibiotic Resistance Profile Studies of Bacteria from water in Excavated Ponds in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria | Chapter 8 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 In the metropolis of Port Harcourt , Rivers State , Nigeria, the Antibiotic Resistance profile of bacteria isolated from water from two excavated (undeveloped and developed) ponds was investigated using standard microbiological techniques. In a recreational facility called the Pleasure Park, the created pond is The undeveloped pond is situated with minimal facilities in a densely populated built-up area. The following bacterial species were found in water samples from the undeveloped pond: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp.; Shigella spp.; Klebsiella spp.; Vibrio spp. Salmonella spp. and The overall culturable heterotrophic bacterial count (TCHB) and faecal coliform count ranged from 1.02 x 106-1.90 x 106cfu / ml and 3.70 x 105-8.15 x 105cfu / ml respectively in the water samples from the undeveloped pond. The bacteriological (TCHB) load of water samples ranged from 6.9 x 105cfu / ml to 2.1 x 106cfu / ml from the formed pond, while the faecal coliform count ranged from 3.4 x 105 to 1.3 x x coliform count From 106cfu / ml. Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Bacillus spp., Serratia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Vibrio spp., Enterobacter spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. were bacterial species found in an established pond. Using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion process, the sensitivity of the isolates from the water samples to 12 different antibiotics chosen was developed on Muller-Hinton agar. The zone diameter obtained was interpreted using the zone diameter breakpoints of the Clinical Laboratory Standard International (CLSI) and the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC). The degree of resistance to various antibiotics used was shown by the isolates from the undeveloped pond; Lincocin 74.8%, Rifampicin 71.4%, Augumentin 71.2%, Chloramphnicol 68.2%, Erythromycin 64.3%, Cotrimoxazole 55.8%, Streptomycin 50.2%, Pefloxacin 48.6%, Gentamycin 43%, Norfloxacin 42.9%, Ofloxacin 16.2%,Pond, uh. Many of the bacteria isolated are potential pathogens. Isolates from the produced pond showed varying levels of resistance to 14 tested antibiotics, with the highest resistance to Pefloxacin (55.9 percent) while the lowest resistance to Erythromycin (2.9 percent). A 38.2 percent multidrug resistance rate was shown by an MDR (resistance to 3 or more antibiotic classes) assessment. Conceptual risk models (CRM) and drug resistance mapping are critical in addressing the occurrence of drug resistance in target populations as part of health management in developing countries.

Author (s) Details

Professor G. O. Abu
Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

A. C. Wondikom
Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/289

Environmental and Public Health Impact of SubTherapeutic Antibiotic Use in the Poultry Industry- A Pilot Study | Chapter 5 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 Introduction: India's poultry sector is a rapidly developing and diverse sub-sector of agriculture. Extensive use of antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry farms can pick genes from bacterial isolates of broiler origin for antimicrobial resistance and may spread to the environment and people in close contact, thus posing a threat to human health.

Methods: Soil samples from different poultry farms in different districts of Tamil Nadu were collected to study the effects of sub-therapeutic use of antibiotics in order to detect the percentage of antibiotic resistance and resistance determinants in the soil. For their resistant characteristics, environmental and carrier staphylococcal isolates were studied.

Results: Tetracycline and erythromycin resistant bacteria were detected in soil samples from eight different farms. The mean resistance levels were highly variable , ranging from 59-93% for tetracycline to 23-78% for erythromycin. The gene that was most common was erm(A) (56.2 percent) Compared with outside, observed inside the farms. The resistance gene most commonly observed in environmental staphylococcal isolates of farm H was erm (A) (100 percent ) , followed by msr (A) (75 percent), tet K (62.5 percent) and erm (C) (25 percent).

Conclusion: In conclusion, the existence of resistance determinants may make the poultry farm a possible reservoir of resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin, resulting in contamination of the environment.

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Antibiotic Resistance in Pediatric Blood Stream Infections | Chapter 5 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 2

 

Antibiotic resistance is a serious problem in the management of childhood infections. Bacteria have
developed various mechanisms of resistance. Indiscriminate and irrational use of antibiotics have led
to the emergence of superbugs which have developed resistance to multiple antibiotics. Nowadays
research are showing promising role of usage of older antibiotics for treatment of resistant infections.
Multidrug resistant gram negative infections is a challenging situation where combination therapy and
drugs with gram positive coverage like vancomycin are showing positive results. Ampicillin is losing
sensitivity and protocols have been modified in using cephalosporins as the first line in some units.
Carbapenam resistance and ESBL are emerging among hospitalised patients. Similarly emergence of
community acquired MRSA possessing a new virulence toxin (Panton-Valentine leukocidin) is a
serious threat among childhood infections. Unfortunately of late only minimal resources are directed to the development of newer antibiotics. Its time to consider the emerging antibiotic resistance
particularly among children as a serious issue and start rational antibiotic practice and develop unit
specific antibiotic policy to fight against antibiotic resistance.

Author (s) Details

Dr. C. Rabindran
Department of Neonatology, Billroth Hospital, No.43, Lakshmi Talkies Road, Shenoy Nagar, Chennai, India.

Dr. V. Devendran
Department of Neonatology, Billroth Hospital, No.43, Lakshmi Talkies Road, Shenoy Nagar, Chennai, India.

Dr. D. Velmurugan
Department of Neonatology, Billroth Hospital, No.43, Lakshmi Talkies Road, Shenoy Nagar, Chennai, India.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/260