Gender Disparities and Determinants of Adherence to HIV/AIDS Management among Adults Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Rivers State, Nigeria | Book Publisher International

 

Adherence to the management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is beyond infected persons consistently and accurately taking fixed-dose antiretroviral therapy. This study compared the gender disparity in the self-reported adherence, virologic outcome and factors associated with HIV/AIDS management among HIV-positive adults attending a tertiary hospital in Rivers State, Nigeria.

 

This concurrent nested mixed-methods approach employed a hospital-based comparative cross-sectional study for the quantitative aspect, and a grounded theory methodology for the qualitative component was conducted at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital between September and November 2020. Data from the quantitative and qualitative components were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and focus group discussion guide to recruit participants through systematic sampling and purposive sampling techniques, then analyzed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions version 25 and ATLAS. Ti version 12, respectively.

 

A total of 1600 participants (800 males and 800 females) and 24 discussants (12 males and 12 females) were recruited for the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the study, respectively. The mean and standard deviation: Age; male (44.53±10.50) and female (40.58±9.34); self-reported adherence; male (98.7±6.4), female (97.3±10.0), and the virologic suppression; male (89.5%), female (89.6%). The significant predictors of self-reported adherence: Male gender; religion (aOR=0.076, 95%=0.024-0.239, p<0.001), level of education (aOR=0.451, 95% CI=0.213-0.955, p=0.038), and not paying for HIV services (aOR=4.105, 95% CI=1.712-9.792, p<0.001. The only significant predictor of virologic outcome: Female gender; treatment supporter (aOR=0.382, 95% CI=0.206-0.707, p=0.002). The association between self-reported adherence and virologic outcome was not significant: male (89.7%, χ2=0.487, p=0.485), female (90%, χ2=1.227, p=0.268). The focus group discussion reported that socio-cultural, socioeconomic and psychosocial challenges negatively influenced treatment adherence.

 

The identified factors significantly influenced the gender difference in self-reported adherence as opposed to the virologic outcome. Hence, responsible organizations should develop measures to improve virologic outcomes.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Luke, Anwuri
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, Nigeria.

 

Owhonda, Golden
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-88417-46-4

Essential Points to Achieve Effective Inhaler Technique Training for Asthma and COPD Patients | Chapter 5 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 5

 

The recent increase in the range of inhaled medications has expanded treatment options but also complicated treatments due to the diverse inhalation devices. Patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) must take the agent at the indicated dosage and use the inhaler device correctly. However, it is often difficult to achieve sufficient performance. Inhalation therapy involves two types of adherences: to the drug and to the procedures for the inhalation device. It is crucial to view inhalation guidance as a means to enhance and maintain patient adherence to inhalation therapy. This review presents eight essential points for training patients with asthma and COPD in effective inhaler techniques. These points help ensure a balance of adherence to both the medication and the inhalation device, thereby maintaining disease control in clinical settings. It is concluded that favorable patient adherence and disease control can be achieved by providing ongoing inhaler technique training in clinical settings.

 

Author (s) Details

 Hiroyuki Ohbayashi
General Incorporated Association, Academy of Inhalation Methods, Gifu, Japan, Medical Corporation, Syureikai, Tohno Chuo Clinic, Gifu, Japan and Fujita Medical College, School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v5/1841

 

The Role of a Polypill in the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Low-and Medium-income Countries | Chapter 7 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 7

Globally, non-communicable chronic diseases account for over 60% of disability-adjusted life years, 70% of deaths and more than 80% of years lived with disability. Cardiovascular diseases, including ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, contribute significantly to this burden. Despite a decline in age-standardized cardiovascular mortality rates worldwide, over 80% of cardiovascular disease deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, leading to substantial economic losses. In these countries, cardiovascular diseases affect the working-age population more than in high-income countries, with a significant number of cardiovascular deaths occurring between the ages of 30 and 69.

Medicaments such as aspirin, statins, and antihypertensives reduce cardiovascular events. However, low medication adherence, often due to issues like availability, affordability, and challenges within the healthcare system, compromises the effectiveness of these measures. This is a widespread problem in low- and middle-income countries, necessitating alternative approaches to address these limitations.            

Objective: The study aims to provide an overview of recent research on the Polypill, a combination of drugs with fixed doses designed to prevent primary and secondary cardiovascular events. The Polypill is based on the principle of increasing adherence by reducing the number of daily medications.         

Methods: The latest studies and trials on Polypill treatment for preventing cardiovascular disease, including observational studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses have been reviewed comprehensively. Case reports and editorials have been excluded. The JBI critical appraisal checklist, which scores eight items 36 for a quick visual assessment, was used to evaluate the search results.

Results: According to the WHO Multidimensional Adherence Model, researchers have found a high rate of patient acceptability for Polypill therapy compared to monotherapy in developing nations. This acceptability is associated with better outcomes, no increase of adverse effects if compared with monotherapy, and a significantly lower mean annual pharmaceutical expenditure per patient.

Overall, using the Polypill in low- and middle-income countries increases the number of years patients live and their quality of life compared to a combination of individual components.

Conclusions: Combining multiple active ingredients in a single dosage form could be a significant advancement in preventing cardiovascular conditions. However, thoroughly assessing all factors involved and creating a well-planned development strategy is crucial to increasing the likelihood of success. This study emphasizes the dual challenge posed by the global health burden of cardio- vascular disease and the barriers to effective prevention and treatment, especially in low—and middle-income countries. Addressing these challenges could substantially improve public health outcomes and reduce the economic burden of non-communicable chronic diseases.

 

Author (s) Details

Enma V. Páez Espinosa
Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Ecuador and Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Ecuador.

 

Eugenia Mato Matute
Department of Biochemistry, CIBER-BBN, Grup Endocrinologia-IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain and Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.

 

Delia M. Sosa Guzmán
Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Ecuador.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v7/2335

Evaluation of Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns for Influenza in Ambulatory Setting | Chapter 8 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 3

 

The Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that Influenza results in 9.3 million – 41 million illnesses, 100,000 – 710,000 hospitalizations and 4,900 – 51,000 deaths annually. Influenza costs originate from inpatient and outpatient care settings and substantial indirect costs are related to lost productivity. 7 In the United States, total annual direct medical costs have been estimated to be US$3.2 billion, whereas indirect costs accounted for US$8.0 billion. This retrospective research aimed to study the prescribing trends of antibiotics for influenza and adherence to the guidelines issued by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) by utilizing the National Ambulatory Medical Survey (NAMCS) 2016 database. This was based on a sample of visits to non-federally employed office-based physicians who are engaged in direct patient care at community health centers. Patient sex, race, as well as source of payment, and provider type, were among the demographic variables studied for adherence to the guidelines. The total number of ambulatory care visits was 1,753. Of those, 63.6% of patients were prescribed, inappropriate agents. General and Family Practice physicians were the most frequented providers (32.9%), followed by Nurse Practitioners (21.9%), and Pediatricians (17.1%). Family practice physicians and nurse practitioners appeared to prescribe more inappropriately as compared to the other specialties (X2=0.001). White and black patients were prescribed more inappropriately as compared to other races (X2=0.032). Antibiotic resistance is a public health problem of increasing magnitude, and finding effective solutions to address this problem is critical. Antibiotic resistance is also an economic healthcare burden. Adherence to guidelines minimizes antibiotic resistance and promotes patients and public health.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Dr. Ateequr Rahman
Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, United States.

 

Dr. Lejla Cukovic
Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, United States.

 

Dr. Yelena Sahakian
Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, United States.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v3/12549F

Two Large Blind Spots in Inhalation Therapy for Asthma and COPD | Chapter 14 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 3

 Regardless of diligent breathing instructions at various dispassionate settings, patient devotion to inhaled drugs is generally weak in the treatment of asthma and chronic opposing pulmonary disease (COPD). This is cause two large breach still prevail in inhalation analysis that a majority is ignorant of. A large break is in the lack of awareness of how to control two together types of adherence present in breathing therapy; the added is that the inhalation process based on the subjects' interpretation and understanding of spoken instructions, is obscure. This phase identifies these two blind spots and discusses by what method they can be tried.

Author(s) Details:

Hiroyuki Ohbayashi,
Academy of Inhalation Methods (Gifu), Syureikai, Tohno Chuo Clinic, Tohno Chuo Clinic (Gifu), Fujita Medical College, School of Medicine (Aichi), Mizunami City, Gifu 509-6134, Japan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V3/article/view/12758

Evaluate the Effect of Covid-19 on the Availability and Access to Medication: A Study Influenced the Adherence of Chronic Medications among Patients in the Khartoum Locality | Chapter 5 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 2

 The spread of the coronavirus ailment 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused a unexpected and significant division in healthcare services, especially for sufferers suffering from incessant diseases. We aimed at judging the impact of the pandemic on adherence to incessant therapies through a orderly review of available studies. Since the early phases of the COVID-19 universal, several areas have gotten worse as the coronavirus forgiven has intensified. The pandemic had a important impact on many added industries, including the well-being industry, that was impacted in many ways. Health experts specifically questioned the patient's capability to take their medication as arbitrary despite obstacles. This poll attempts to label and discuss the tendency that individuals on chronic cures would get and routinely take their cures as directed. Two connected to the internet questionnaires were created with Google forms and likely to patients accompanying chronic illnesses and pharmacists in the Khartoum region. The survey was carried out during the study ending to obtain ultimate recent data. According to the dossier, 81.4% of the population stated difficulty acquiring their incessant medicine during the universal.  According to pharmacist drug chance in pharmacies decrease by 87%, despite that a significantly high percentage obey take their drugs (84%), and were able to acquire it by different approaches more than half of the sufferers ordered their drug from outside illegally, besides other approach bound for discussed through the paper

Author(s) Details:

Aya S. Ahmed,
University of Medical Science and Technology (UMST), 11128 Khartoum, Sudan.

Eman S. Wanasi,
University of Medical Science and Technology (UMST), 11128 Khartoum, Sudan.

Khadiga Eltegani,
University of Medical Science and Technology (UMST), 11128 Khartoum, Sudan.

Islam Ahmed,
General Medicine, Medway Maritime Hospital, UK.

Abdalla O. Elkhawad,
University of Medical Science and Technology (UMST), 11128 Khartoum, Sudan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V2/article/view/12337

Elaborated Cost Variation Study of Various Brands of Anti-Asthmatic Drugs Available in Indian Market | Chapter 2 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

 Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that affects people of all ages and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. It necessitates ongoing medical care. One of the most common causes of non-compliance and treatment failure is high prescription prices. Pharmaceutical costs have a considerable impact on patient treatment, especially in developing countries. The cost of different brands of the same generic drug has been demonstrated to vary substantially. If doctors are unaware, they may prescribe costlier brands, leading to noncompliance. The goal of this research was to compare the costs of several anti-asthmatic medication brands.

Methods: The least and highest cost in Rupees (INR) of a given anti-asthmatic agent made by numerous pharmaceutical manufacturers in the same strength were mentioned in the most recent issue of Drug Today 2017. The cost ratio and percentage cost variance for each brand were recorded.

The pricing of anti-asthmatic drugs varied dramatically in this study. Doxophylline 400 mg had the biggest percent cost variation (3100%), followed by Deflazacort 6 mg (1300%), Methylprednisolone 4 mg (1104%), Combo of Formoterol and Budesonide (444%), Salbutamol 4 mg caps (363%), Theophylline and Salbutamol combination (236%), and Ketotifen 1 mg (217 percent ). The lowest percent cost fluctuations were found in Fluticasone 50 mcg (0.4 percent), Cromolyn 20 mg (2%), Formoterol 12 mcg (11.5 percent), Tiotropium 18 mcg (11.5 percent), Ipratropium 20 mcg/200 mdi (19 percent), and others.

Conclusion: The government should examine the pricing control method for anti-asthmatic medications manufactured by diverse Indian companies so that the costs of different brands remain consistent, high-quality, and affordable. Doctors must prescribe intelligently, choosing cost-effective medications based on the country's health status.

Author (s) Details

Jyoti B. Gadhade
Department of Pharmacology, B. J. Government Medical College and SGH Pune, 411001, India.

Yogesh B. Magar
Department of Pharmacology, B. J. Government Medical College and SGH Pune, 411001, India.

Rajesh S. Hiray
Department of Pharmacology, B. J. Government Medical College and SGH Pune, 411001, India.

Balasaheb B. Ghongane
Department of Pharmacology, B. J. Government Medical College and SGH Pune, 411001, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V8/article/view/2205