Using Run-of-mine Tonnage and Grade to Predict Cost and Categorize Gold Mines: Analysing the Application of Logistic Regression Analysis and ANN |Chapter 3 | Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 5

 

The increase in demand for gold in the world over the past three decades has witnessed an increase in the gold price to accommodate more efforts of mining and exploration in the gold mining industry. Categorization of gold mines based on rom-tonnage and grade would be more useful if it can statistically be used to predict the cost of gold mining. This paper focuses on establishing logistic and ANN models of the cost effect of run-of-mine tonnage and grade in the justification of the categorization of gold mines. Gold mines could be categorized based on the abilities of rom-grade and rom-tonnage to predict cost. The data used in the generation of the logistic and ANN models were cash-cost as the dependent variable vs. rom-grade, and rom-tonnage as independent variables together with the type of mine. The data were obtained from 160 gold mines selected from the top 20 gold-rich countries in the period of 7 years from 2002 to 2008. The first analysis was the Logistic Regression Analysis which was carried out in the SPSS software to determine the probability of occurrence of low cost given rom-grade and rom-tonnage for either an open pit, underground, or both mines together. The second analysis was based on ANN which was carried out to develop the ANN model. Using a Multilayer perceptron neural network and backpropagation, the ANN Model was trained to predict the cost. The main results for both logistic and ANN Models indicated that only rom-grade with a cut-off value of 5.385 g/t can be used to categorize gold mines as low and high grade while there was not enough evidence to categorize gold mines based on their rom-tonnage. The only evidence provided by ANN indicated that the normalized importance of rom-grade was 100% while for rom tonnage was 48.65. The full models established in this study have a percentage correct of 62.9 for logistic and 64 for ANN compared to 57.9 by guess. The relationship between cost vs. rom-grade and rom-tonnage indicated that only 6.9 percent of the cost is accounted for by rom-grade and rom-tonnage. This is a weak relation indicating that rom-grade and rom-tonnage are not the only determinants and therefore on their own must be used with precaution. Validation of the model agrees well with the actual results. Future research should focus on the other determinants which account for the remaining unaccounted 37.6%.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Karim Rajabu Baruti

School of Mines and Geosciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v5/5929E

The Role of a Polypill in the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Low-and Medium-income Countries | Chapter 7 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 7

Globally, non-communicable chronic diseases account for over 60% of disability-adjusted life years, 70% of deaths and more than 80% of years lived with disability. Cardiovascular diseases, including ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, contribute significantly to this burden. Despite a decline in age-standardized cardiovascular mortality rates worldwide, over 80% of cardiovascular disease deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, leading to substantial economic losses. In these countries, cardiovascular diseases affect the working-age population more than in high-income countries, with a significant number of cardiovascular deaths occurring between the ages of 30 and 69.

Medicaments such as aspirin, statins, and antihypertensives reduce cardiovascular events. However, low medication adherence, often due to issues like availability, affordability, and challenges within the healthcare system, compromises the effectiveness of these measures. This is a widespread problem in low- and middle-income countries, necessitating alternative approaches to address these limitations.            

Objective: The study aims to provide an overview of recent research on the Polypill, a combination of drugs with fixed doses designed to prevent primary and secondary cardiovascular events. The Polypill is based on the principle of increasing adherence by reducing the number of daily medications.         

Methods: The latest studies and trials on Polypill treatment for preventing cardiovascular disease, including observational studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses have been reviewed comprehensively. Case reports and editorials have been excluded. The JBI critical appraisal checklist, which scores eight items 36 for a quick visual assessment, was used to evaluate the search results.

Results: According to the WHO Multidimensional Adherence Model, researchers have found a high rate of patient acceptability for Polypill therapy compared to monotherapy in developing nations. This acceptability is associated with better outcomes, no increase of adverse effects if compared with monotherapy, and a significantly lower mean annual pharmaceutical expenditure per patient.

Overall, using the Polypill in low- and middle-income countries increases the number of years patients live and their quality of life compared to a combination of individual components.

Conclusions: Combining multiple active ingredients in a single dosage form could be a significant advancement in preventing cardiovascular conditions. However, thoroughly assessing all factors involved and creating a well-planned development strategy is crucial to increasing the likelihood of success. This study emphasizes the dual challenge posed by the global health burden of cardio- vascular disease and the barriers to effective prevention and treatment, especially in low—and middle-income countries. Addressing these challenges could substantially improve public health outcomes and reduce the economic burden of non-communicable chronic diseases.

 

Author (s) Details

Enma V. Páez Espinosa
Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Ecuador and Center for Research on Health in Latin America (CISeAL), Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Ecuador.

 

Eugenia Mato Matute
Department of Biochemistry, CIBER-BBN, Grup Endocrinologia-IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain and Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.

 

Delia M. Sosa Guzmán
Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Ecuador.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v7/2335

Transition of Diesel LHD to Battery LHD for Minimising Operational Cost and Improving Environmental Conditions in Underground Metal Mines | Chapter 10 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 3

As mining operations extend deeper underground, maintaining operational efficiency becomes increasingly crucial due to longer transit times, elevated stresses, heightened seismic activity, increased energy consumption, greater ventilation demands, and extended transport distances—all of which contribute to rising operating costs. In underground mines, haulage vehicles are routinely employed to move ore from subterranean loading stations to the surface. It's occasionally possible for descending empty cars to stop in a passing lane and wait for moving, heavier vehicles to pass. This is how traffic moves downhill. The number and placement of passing bays affect the haulage productivity of a mine. The operational expenses of the battery LHD and the diesel LHD have been contrasted in terms of gases released, diesel costs, and charging costs. According to our data, using a rechargeable LHD can cut operational costs by 90%. In conclusion, without drastically altering production, switching to battery power is possible. The operation of the diesel and battery LHDs is comparable.

 

Author (s) Details

Vijaya Raghavan
Department of Mining Engineering, Dr. T. Thimmaiah Institute of Technology, K.G.F, Robertsonpet - 563120, Karnataka, India.

 

Syed Ariff
Department of Mining Engineering, Dr. T. Thimmaiah Institute of Technology, K.G.F, Robertsonpet - 563120, Karnataka, India.

 

Vikram. P
Department of Mining Engineering, Dr. T. Thimmaiah Institute of Technology, K.G.F, Robertsonpet - 563120, Karnataka, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v3/4178

Measuring Debt Risk during Financial Crisis | Chapter 1 | Business, Management and Economics: Research Progress Vol. 8

The global financial crisis affected many developing countries in different ways. This affected risky portfolios adversely, forcing many investors to incur losses. Financial institutions, specifically banks and small businesses, have encountered difficulty in sustaining their ability to remain stable during the financial crisis. During this period most scholars addressed the cause and risk of financial turbulence but very few studies identified the cost of debt and risk of financial turbulence. The objective of this study is to enhance the Mahalanobis model to include the measurements of cost of debt when measuring financial turbulence which essentially has an impact on the stock market. The data collected in respect of the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) and Statistics South Africa (SAS) identifies the correlation of financial turbulence in banks as well as small businesses and analyses and interprets the relationship between total liquidation of companies and total assets of banks.  The crisis affected markets differently, but they all had the same results of low cash movement that resulted in a decrease in money supply that resulted in financial turmoil.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Keabetswe Ramantshane
School of Business Leadership (SBL), University of South Africa (UNISA), Pretoria, South Africa.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/bmerp/v8/88

The Challenges of Status Reporting during the Construction of Capital Projects in South African State-Owned Companies | Chapter 9 | Managing Higher Education and Enterprises in Developing Countries Beyond COVID-19: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Business and Management Dynamics

There are prominent parastatals that play a critical role in the everyday life of most South Africans, through freight logistics and electricity provision. Their project portfolios are worth hundreds of billions of Rands. Considering the amount of taxpayers’ money invested by SOCs into projects each year there is a pressing need to ensure that challenges facing status reporting during the construction of capital projects are addressed. Capital infrastructure investments will go a long way in yielding fruits through achieving the desired developmental goals, stimulating job creation and boosting the country’s economy, which is particularly needed considering the persistent, volatile economic climate which is stunting job creation and hampering GDP growth. However, within these SOCs, billions of taxpayers’ Rands are invested into hundreds of capital projects that are frequently delayed (Yelland, 2016; Groenewald, 2017). A project status report summarises the position or condition of a particular project during a stated period of time. Zulch (2014) has shown the importance of stakeholder communication in realising the project deliverables. This paper deliberates the challenges of status reporting faced by SOCs during capital project construction.

Author(s) Details:

Malusi K. Luthuli,
University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Bibi Z. Chummun,
University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/MHEEDCBCPICBMD/article/view/13200

Economic Value of Human: Critics and Conflicts| Chapter 8 | Research Aspects in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 5

 Life and human beings have judicial unity. Hence, since all objects that are significant to life have the value, human beings are valuable. By creating and bearing objects, people reciprocate accompanying them, buy and sell them, and exchange with bureaucracy. By engaging in practical ventures, people have formed themselves in a manner akin to that at which point they produced ability. If creativity is exchanged between people, then standards show the price and people are discussed like commodities. People connect with each one through such norms while they exchange goods utilizing money. While "money" is judged as "the parity" when exchanging merchandise, "norms" are saw as "the parity" when exchanging things. Humans and products become possession through exchange. However, when goods enhance scarce, they are costly, treasured, and prosperous; in an appropriate, such fake and counterfeit goods will perform. The commodity economy has removed counterfeit and low-quality merchandise the same way as the society has discarded the humans’ affectation, that is the indispensable flow of the process of creating the people themselves.

Author(s) Details:

Nguyen Anh Quoc,
University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Nguyen Minh Tri,
HUTECH University, Vietnam.

Nguyen Mai Lam,
Tan Tao University, Vietnam.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAASS-V5/article/view/9357

Economic Value of Human: Critics and Conflicts| Chapter 7 | Research Aspects in Arts and Social Studies Vol. 5

 Life and human beings have dialectical unity. Hence, since all objects that are meaningful to life have a certain value, human beings are valuable. By creating and producing objects, people reciprocate with them, connect with them, and exchange with them. By engaging in practical activities, people have created themselves in a manner akin to that in which they produced the goods. If creativity is exchanged among people, then norms show the price and people are treated like commodities. People connect with one another through such norms just as they exchange goods using money. While "money" is regarded as "the parity" when exchanging goods, "norms" are regarded as "the parity" when exchanging individuals. Humans and products become commodities through exchange. However, when goods become scarce, they are costly, valued, and prosperous; as a result, such fake and counterfeit goods will appear. The commodity economy has eliminated counterfeit and low-quality goods the same way as the society has got rid of the humans’ affectation, which is the indispensable trend of the process of creating the people themselves.

Author(s) Details:

Nguyen Anh Quoc,
University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Nguyen Minh Tri,
HUTECH University, Vietnam..

Nguyen Mai Lam,
Tan Tao University, Vietnam.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAASS-V5/article/view/9357

Introduction to Costing of Inpatient Care Services| Chapter 1 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol.10

 At present time, one of the consuming worries of the greater part of the non-industrial nations is medical care supporting; the wellsprings of money for wellbeing administrations, the capacity to keep up with past subsidizing levels, normal portion of assets, and the productivity of wellbeing administrations conveyance at the singular level. Emergency clinics usually represent 50 to 80 percent of government repetitive wellbeing area consumption and utilize a huge extent of the most exceptionally prepared labor, i.e., medical care faculty. It is the obligation of emergency clinic overseers/supervisors to judiciously apportion spending plan among different medical clinic heads in light of costing exercise. Costing in medical care helps clinic chairmen to know how to effectively use the restricted assets to get greatest result, i.e., patientcare. A portion of the fundamental explanations behind having cost data are to further develop proficiency, increment viability, upgrade manageability, and work on quality and more understanding fulfillment. Medical clinic Costing information can be utilized for two basic roles, comparative with time: for the present and for what's in store. It tends to be utilized to evaluate what is happening of an emergency clinic, for example, for surveying its productivity, deciding the viability of the clinic, looking into its needs, and setting of costs. Cost data may likewise be utilized for what's in store: making cost projections, planning, and situation arranging with crisis circumstances. With the above foundation, an expense examination investigation of long term care administrations was led at an enormous tertiary consideration showing organization at New Delhi, India with the goals 1) to recognize the significant expense communities in medical clinics, 2) to decide the expense per bed each day, caused by the medical clinic and 3) to decide costs brought about by patients during medical clinic stay each day. This study assisted us with realizing that the amount it costs as far as cost per bed each day to treat in-patients in chose strengths and in an overall ICU too which would assist managers with designating assets, likewise [1].

Author(s) Details:

Rajesh Harsvardhan,
Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

D. K. Sharma,
AIIMS, New Delhi, India.

Shakti Gupta,
AIIMS, Jammu, India.

S. K. Arya,
AIIMS, New Delhi, India.

I. B. Singh,
AIIMS, New Delhi, India.

Ruchi Kushwaha,
MPMMCC & HBCH, Tata Memorial Centre, Varanasi, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V10/article/view/8061

Economic Evaluation of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Production in Bangladesh | Chapter 11 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 11

 The buffalo population was 1.46 million in FY 2014-15, accounting for 3% of all ruminants (small and large) produced in the country, but its socioeconomic significance is significant. As a result, the purpose of this study was to determine the socioeconomic profile of buffalo keepers as well as to evaluate the profitability of buffalo husbandry. To meet the objectives, ten (ten) districts were chosen on the basis of buffalo population density and project implementation areas: Mymensingh, Jamalpur, Moulvibazar, Bhola, Patuakhali, Noakhali, Lakshmipur, Chattogram, Tangail, and Sirajganj. Each district has one (one) Upazila. A total of 500 buffalo farmers (50 from each district) were questioned using a basic random sample methodology. The data was obtained between January and April 2016 and analysed using STATA software tools. The ‘Logit model' was used with a binary dependent variable in this investigation. According to the study, the majority of farmers were between the ages of 31 and 45 and worked in the agriculture industry as their primary occupation. The majority of farmers had only a primary education and had more than 15 years of experience raising buffalo. The average farm size was found to be 1.05 hectares, with an average family size of 6.17 people. The entire cost of a lactation was projected to be BDT 24,507, with a lactation length of 255 days and an average daily milk production of 2 litres. The greatest milk production return was BDT 27,189, with a BCR of 1.31. (undiscounted). Approximately 64% of farmers had access to artificial insemination (AI), and 70% of farmers vaccinated their buffaloes, with 66 percent having FMD, 24% having BQ, and 20% having HS. Ninety-eight percent of farmers give colostrum to newborn buffalo calves, and nearly all of them conduct D-warming. The biggest buffalo population was recorded in Ramgoti and the lowest in Haluaghat, with an average of 18.91 buffalo per farm.

Author (s) Details

S. Islam
Socioeconomic Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh.

T. N. Nahar
Biotechnology Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh.

J. Begum
Socioeconomic Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh.

G. K. Deb
Biotechnology Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh.

M. Khatun
Socioeconomic Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh.

A. Mustafa
Buffalo Development Project, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IEAM-V11/article/view/1332

An Overview in Disadvantages of the Modern Communications | Chapter 4 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol. 13

 Social networking, among other things, has made life simpler for people in modern societies. Many improvements have occurred as a result of communication and technology in all aspects of life. High speed in, translations, transportation, time reduction, knowledge exchange between people, and other situations. Communication can be described as a process in which people share their thoughts, ideas, and knowledge through a variety of means, including writing, reading, symbols, signs, expression, and communication. We reviewed and addressed the reasons for the poor (disadvantage) of communications in Iraq, as well as the outcomes. In Iraq, the majority of communications and network companies are also using outdated and ineffective methods of communication connectivity. Since the year 2003, everybody is eager to use and live a modern life with the use of information technology (IT), but they haven't considered or forgotten what happened to them when they used the networks with the worst connectivity. The aim of this research is to look into all aspects of life that are more critical for people's lives, such as (health, economy, cost, protection, maintenance, high-quality manufacturing, services network, week internet (wobbling), banks, kid card cards or master card, stack the internet pack, laser planning for life, power outages and irregularities during the day, environmental pollution). All of these have an effect on one's life. We discovered a rise in, and more diseases have been discovered, including cancer, congenital malformations, abnormal birth (giving birth before her due date), hair loss, respiratory infections, skin allergies, and skin spots, and the drawer dose is high due to its proximity to the radiation source. In addition to the age problem, environmental pollution is uncontrolled in both developed and developing countries, and it has a direct impact on people's lives. As a result, the IT revolution has been impacted more than it has been beneficial. Emphasizing the inevitability and security of the information sent, as well as how hackers stole it through programme creation.

Author (s) Details

Hasan Bakheet Jasim
Department of The Computer Techniques Engineering, Imam al-Kadhum College (IKC), Baghdad, Iraq.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NIPS-V13/issue/view/51