Significance of Heat Treatment in Reduction of Antibiotic Residues from Livestock Food Products| Chapter 1 | Current Perspectives in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 9

The primary objective of every country is to guarantee the availability of safe food resources for its consumers. However, more recently increase in the occurrences of antibiotic drug residues in livestock products has posed a major public health issue around the globe particularly in developing countries. The use of antibiotic drugs in livestock production cannot be avoided. It is being used as a therapeutic, prophylactic and even as growth promoters. However, the irrational use of antibiotics in livestock has led to the accumulation of its residues in animal tissues and their products. The deposition of residues in food originating from livestock animals is a critical problem in many countries and the problem is more serious in developing countries around the world, due to their potential health hazards. Generally, the residues are more procedurally estimated on uncooked meat, but meat food undergoes a varying degree of heat treatment during the cooking process, therefore information on the heat stability of antibiotics is an important area of research to give a more accurate estimate of consumer’s exposure to these antibiotic compounds and their metabolites. The reduction of antibiotic residues in meat and meat products is influenced by the dual effect of time and temperature during heat treatment. Cooking methods cannot totally eliminate antibiotic residues from food, but they can possibly decrease the concentration of residues. Therefore to enhance food safety, drug withdrawal periods should be strictly followed and residue limits should be strictly enforced, at the same time use of drugs with shorter withdrawal periods should be encouraged.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Kuleswan Pame
Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agriculture University, North Lakhimpur, India.

 

S.K. Laskar
Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agriculture University, North Lakhimpur, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpafs/v9/1547

Advancements in Enhancing the Thermal Conductivity of Pristine Polyolefins| Chapter 7 | Science and Technology: Developments and Applications Vol. 9

Because of their low cost, ease of processing, diverse functionality, excellent corrosion and chemical resistance, adequate tribological performance, superior thermal and environmental stability, and lightweight, polymers and their composites have received considerable attention over the last few decades. The low thermal conductivity of polymers hinders their use in applications requiring high thermal conductivity, such as electronic packaging, heat exchangers, and thermal management devices. Polyethylene and polypropylene (polyolefins) account for ~55% of the global thermoplastic production. Improving the thermal conductivity of this class of thermoplastics is essential for many applications. This comprehensive review analyzes the advances in enhancing the thermal conductivity of pristine polyolefins. First, the mechanism of thermal transport in polymers and the key parameters that govern conductive heat transfer through polymers are discussed. Moreover, the progress in modeling and simulation of the thermal conductivity of polyolefins is analyzed.

 

Furthermore, the different approaches to enhance the thermal conductivity of polyolefins by controlling their microstructure, crystallinity, and chain orientation are presented. Finally, the key challenges and prospective directions for developing thermally enhanced pristine polyolefins are outlined. The study concluded that the application of machine learning can accelerate the development of thermally enhanced polyolefins.

 

Author (s) Details

A.U. Chaudhry
Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar.

 

Harris Rabbani
College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.

 

Abdelnaser Mabrouk
College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.

 

Ahmed Abdala
College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/stda/v9/4252

Early-Stage Precipitation in Al-Li, Al-Cu, Al-Li-Cu and Complex Al Alloys Using Atom Probe Tomography | Chapter 8 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 8

Aluminum-based alloys play a key role in modern engineering and are widely used in construction components in aircraft, automobiles and other means of transportation due to their lightweight and superior mechanical properties. Additions of Li and/or Cu to Al have been identified as an efficient strategy to improve the strength in age-hardenable or heat-treatable Al alloys via the precipitation hardening phenomenon. The introduction of different nano-structure features can improve the service and the physical properties of such alloys. An improvement of an Al-based alloy has been performed based on the understanding of the relationships among compositions, processing, microstructural characteristics and properties. Knowledge of the decomposition process of the microstructure during the precipitation reaction is particularly important for future technical developments. The first objective of this study is to investigate the nano-scale chemical composition in the Al-Cu, Al-Li and Al-Li-Cu alloys during the early stage of the precipitation sequence and to describe whether this compositional difference correlates with variations in the observed precipitation kinetics. Al-Li-Cu alloys typically exhibit high strengths and good mechanical properties. Investigation of the fine-scale segregation effects of dilute solutes in aluminum alloys which experienced different heat treatments by using atom probe tomography has been achieved. The results show that an Al-1.7 at.% Cu alloy requires a long ageing time of approximately 8 h at 160˚C to allow the diffusion of Cu atoms into the Al matrix. For the Al-8.2 at.% Li alloy, a combination of both the natural ageing condition (48 h at room temperature) and a short artificial ageing condition (5 min at 160˚C) induces increasing in the number density of the Li clusters and hence increases the number of precipitated particles. Applying this combination of natural ageing and short artificial ageing conditions onto the ternary Al-4 at.% Li-1.7 at.% Cu alloy induces the formation of a Cu-rich phase. Increasing the Li content in the ternary alloy up to 8 at.% and increasing the ageing time to 30 min resulted in the precipitation processes ending with δ' particles. To achieve the second objective of this study, a complex and industrial Al alloy AA2195 has been selected and characterized by atom probe tomography. Applying plastic deformation on such alloy has been highlighted as an important engineering tool for manipulation with second-phase precipitates in the microstructure. The findings of the characterization analysis were translated to construct a robust microstructure with an excellent hardness behavior (hardness value of 209 HV) by applying a low-energy-consumption, cost-effective method. The results obtained in this chapter prove the possibilities for the development of specially optimized alloys by obtaining a deep comprehension of the involved microstructural processes.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Muna Khushaim
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, P. Box: 30002, P. Code 41447, Al-Madina, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v8/3405

Dynamic Mechanical Properties, Internal Friction and Dilatometric Changes in Annealed and Quenched AISI 4130 Steel: The Interplay of Phase Composition and Temperature | Chapter 6 | Current Innovations in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 4

 This stage focuses on the dynamic elastic moduli and dampen behavior in AISI 4130, as a function of hotness, and to correlate their changes with point stability in this place alloy with different primary structures: resistant (annealed) and metastable (quenched), as a result of heat treatment. Adaptable moduli and elastic inflexibility constants of crystals have basic importance in matters design and materials discovery. Adaptable properties of fabrics, such as Yung’s modulus (Ed), shear modulus (Gd), dampen (Q-1), and their changes with hotness are important for their applications in manufacturing. The material characterization was acted using confocal microscopy, XRD, SEM, HV, impulse excitement technique (IET), and dilatometry. A resistant structure, composed of ferrite (BCC) and pearlite (α-Fe + Fe3C), was acquired by annealing. The metastable Metastable structure of martensite (BCT) was acquired by quenching. The Ed, Gd, and Q-1 were measured by varying the hotness from RT to 900 °C. The values of Ed and Gd, at RT, were persistent as 201.5 and 79.2 GPa (annealed) and 190.13 and 76.5 GPa (quenched), individually. In the annealed steel, the principles Ed and Gd decrease linearly on heating up to 650 °C, accompanying thermal growth. The abnormally anomalous changes have happened observed for alloys accompanying two different initial states. Still, it should be stressed that the phase composition of these alloys is equal until time transformation occurs all the while austenitization. In the quenched steel, feeble changes occurred in the dilatometric curve, Ed, Gd, and Q-1, in the range of 350-450 °C, which recorded decompositions of the martensitic phase. A sharp decrease in the moduli and extreme peak of Q-1 were observed for both samples about 650–900 °C, revealing reduced lattice elastic security of the phases all along transformations [alpha(BCC) + Fe3C This study, employing IET, outlines the first exploration of Ed, Gd, μ, and Q-1 in AISI 4130 brace during temperature increase, donating valuable insights for metallurgy applications in high-hotness environments.

Author(s) Details:

Lioudmila A. Matlakhova,
Advanced Materials Laboratory, Science and Technology Center, Darcy Ribeiro State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, RJ, Brazil.

Emanuel C. Pessanha,
Advanced Materials Laboratory, Science and Technology Center, Darcy Ribeiro State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, RJ, Brazil and Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro 22453-900, RJ, Brazil.

Henrique Alves,
ATCP Physical Engineering, Ribeirao Preto 14026-567, SP, Brazil.

Natalia A. Palii,
Laboratory of New Metallurgical Processes and Alloys, A. A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia.

Sergio N. Monteiro,
Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering (IME), Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V4/article/view/12942

Cyclic Fatigue Fracture Resistance of Newer Rotary Files | Chapter 1 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 7

 This study working two approaches for measuring period of file fracture - direct visualisation and still watching a shooted video clip distinguished to other studies that secondhand on direct visualisation. Numerous elements, to a degree rotational speed, ingot surface treatments, diversified autoclaving, and metallurgical description of the Ni-Ti alloys, may influence the fatigue opposition of Ni-Ti rotary files. The dentist controls the principal movement of the endomotor handpiece manually. Because these variables were not periodic in this artificial study, additional In vivo studies are inevitable to verify the judgments of the current study.

Author(s) Details:

Kartik Sharma,
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences Sehora, Jammu (J&K), India.

Aditi Goel,
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences Sehora, Jammu (J&K), India.

Khushnuma Shah,
Apollo Aesthetics, Jammu, J&K, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V7/article/view/11030

Food Industry and Pharmaceutics, a Substantial Challenge by Antibiotic Residues| Chapter 1 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 4

 Dairy production are healthy food articles that include any of vital nutrients. It has existed demonstrated that leftover antibiotics have contaminated specific products.  These residues have any of negative health impacts on people. They severe major hypersensitive reactions as well as antimicrobial opposition against a number of dangerous pathogens. Antibiotic leftover levels in milk and milk products have existed alleviated and reduced utilizing a variety of methods, including heat treatments.  Reductions in medicines overflow into dairy output have not been considerably remarkable, forceful researchers to find new approaches to prevent or lower their risk  and limit their complications on human health. In this division we describe the misuse of medicine above approved safe levels, in addition to the pharmacokinetics of more common medicines to understand their end use effects on users. The misuse of antibiotics is very linked to antimicrobial resistance, likely the extraordinary hereditary modulatory abilities of bacteria. To underrate the need for unnecessary milk transfer and associated health risks, milk needs to judged at several production levels from accumulation to consumption. Analytical forms include chromatography,   high tightness electrophoresis, STAR protocol, NIR spectroscopy and so forth. Herein, our summary provides valuable context on the significance of the treatment of "medicine overloaded" milk with heat as an productive tool to underrate overflow into end consumers.

Author(s) Details:

Sami El Khatib,
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon, Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon and Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics (CAMB), Gulf University for Science and Technology, Kuwait.

Rima Omairi,
Department of Food Sciences & Technology, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon.

Maha Krayem,
Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon.

Sanaa Khaled,
Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon.

Hanan Rahal,
Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon.

Hussein Hassan,
Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon.

Mohamed Salla,
Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Khiyara – West Bekaa, Lebanon.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V4/article/view/10997

Mechanical Properties of Metal Rubber Inner Core of O-Type Seal with Large Ring-To-Diameter Ratio: A Recent Study| Chapter 1 | Research Aspects in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 6

 In order to address the failings of common rubber seals, to a degree extreme- and depressed-temperature opposition, smooth stale, and inadequate load-posture act, O-type ore rubber seals accompanying a abundant ring-to-diameter percentage were constructed utilizing the cold stamping method and without a stain fortify line as raw material. Heat situation and porosity were examined for their belongings on the compression and pliable features of test samples. It was found during uniaxial condensation experiment that the test sample shown typical hysteresis characteristics, what the misfortune factor and strength wantonness of the sample accompanying the same capacity but different porosity increased accompanying the decline in porosity. The heat-medicated sample's loss determinant and strength disappearance were less than those of the not cooked sample. As a result, strength entertainment and change of loss determinant are two together raised with abating porosity. Four samples accompanying variable levels of porosity had their yield strength, greatest stiffness, and modulus of stretchiness evaluated. It was found that the three versification raised as porosity decreased. Additionally, as porosity curtailed, the generated power of the thermal situation red-pink. The three earlier parameters were all usually bred. This illustrated that metal elastic matters have good machinelike properties in extreme-hotness surroundings, effectively proposing the issue of common gaze' susceptibility to developing and breakdown under usual working environments. This has important manufacturing applications in two together belief and practice.

Author(s) Details:

Zhiying Ren,
School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China and Engineering Research Center for Metal Rubber, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.

Linwei Shi,
School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China and Engineering Research Center for Metal Rubber, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.

Zihao Huang,
School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China and Engineering Research Center for Metal Rubber, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.

Yangyang Yang,
School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China and Engineering Research Center for Metal Rubber, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.

Hongbai Bai,
School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China and Engineering Research Center for Metal Rubber, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACMS-V6/article/view/9329