Evaluating the Sub-Lethal Effects of Malathion on Biochemical Parameters of Freshwater Fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton) | Chapter 3 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 4

Malathion is a non-systemic, wide-spectrum organophosphate insecticide. Organophosphates are widely used throughout the world as an important group of pesticides, due to their insecticidal property, less toxicity, less persistence and rapid biodegradability in the environment. The present investigation was undertaken to study the toxic effect of Malathion on biochemical parameters of the freshwater fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton). The freshwater fish Labeo rohita were collected from local freshwater culture ponds by netting with the help of local fishermen located within the study region. The fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the insecticide Malathion and the variations were observed on different parameters, i.e. proteins, carbohydrates and ninhydrine positive substances (FAA) at different time intervals, i.e. 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs of Malathion exposure from different tissues of fish Labeo rohita, i.e. gill, liver, intestine, muscle and brain. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA to compare the results between the tissue components. The results revealed that biochemical constituents, i.e. proteins, carbohydrates and ninhydrine-positive substances, were decreased in all the tissues of L. Rohita. The toxic nature of insecticide Malathion was found to be more after 48 hours of exposure, as the highest % of decrease was found in biochemical constituents of all the tissues. This study concluded that the sublethal effects of Malathion on biochemical parameters of fresh freshwater fish L. Rohita. Therefore, the usage of pesticides should be restricted to a minimal concentration to have a healthy ecosystem.

 

Author (s) Details

M. Venkatewara Rao
Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana, India.

 

K. Thirupathi
Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana, India.

 

Venkaiah Yanamala
Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v4/5477

Evaluation of Agronomic, Economic, and Quality Traits in Two Canola (Brassica napus L.) Genotypes under Varied Organic and Inorganic Fertility Levels in Climate Change Scenario of Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan |Chapter 4 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 2

 

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is an important edible oilseed crop in the World and Pakistan. It has a healthy vegetable oil because of its balance with omega 3-6-9 essential fatty acids, making canola oil a healthy vegetable oil throughout the World for the cooking and processed food industry. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) are some of the major nutrients required to significantly increase canola yield. A high-yielding canola production needs a well-balanced fertilization program. In Pakistan, the production of oil seed crops with their nutrition values could not be enhanced in accordance with domestic edible oil needs. Canola is consumed as vegetables and its edible oil is used for cooking. The agronomic and nutritional values of vegetable oils are dependent on the nature of fertilizers that are added to the soil. An experiment was launched to check the impact of various fertilizer combinations on two canola varieties at the Agronomic research area of Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. RCBD with a split-plot arrangement, having three replicates were used for the study. PARC canola (hybrid) and Faisal canola (open-pollinated) cultivars were kept in main plots, whereas various fertilizers NPK (120:60:60 kg ha-1). Rustam organo (125 kg ha-1), Bio care (125 kg ha-1), H R care (125 kg ha-1), Ferti source (125 kg ha-1), NPK + Rustam organo, NPK + Bio care, NPK + H R care, NPK + Ferti source and control (no fertilizer used) were assigned to sub-plots. The yield and yield components of canola were significantly affected by using different fertilizers and varieties. Grain yield and its components were found to be maximum in PARC hybrid Canola with NPK applied @ 120:60:60 kg ha-1. Use of organic manure (Ferti source) + half NPK (60:30:30) kg ha-1. With PARC hybrid produced statistically at par results in comparison of in-organic manure. Data also demonstrated that the balanced fertilizer application of NPK either organic or inorganic ensures good quality proteins and high values of linoleic acids such as alpha linoleic acid and gamma linolenic acid in canola oil content. In conclusion, this experiment also showed that the application of organic manures had a significant impact on canola nutrition, canola yield and soil health by increasing organic matter in the soil.

 

Author(s) Details

Iqtidar Hussain

Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Gomal University, D I Khan, KP, Pakistan.

Aqdus Zahra

Gomal Medical College, D I Khan, KP, Pakistan.

Farrukh Abbas

Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Gomal University, D I Khan, KP, Pakistan.

Syed Anis Ali Shah

University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan.

Ehtesham Ul Haq

Plant Genetic Resources Institute, National Agriculture Research Center, Islamabad-45500, Pakistan.

Zuhair Hasnain

Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

Muhammad Jawad Nazir

Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Gomal University, D I Khan, KP, Pakistan.

Muhammad Inam Ullah Qaisrani

Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Gomal University, D I Khan, KP, Pakistan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v2/1268

 

Advanced Strategies for Unnatural Amino Acid Synthesis and their Applications in Chemistry and Biotechnology | Chapter 2 | Innovations in Science and Technology: Shaping a Sustainable Future (Vol. 2)

  

Unnatural Amino Acids (UAA) are key structural units of various natural products, bioactive molecules, and drugs. Chiral pool, asymmetric synthesis, and racemic synthesis were explored in the synthesis of UAA. UAA plays a very important role in bioconjugation, organocatalysis, labelling of bacterial cells, etc. UAA is used in bioconjugation for attaching fluorophore and small molecules for labelling and drug delivery. Here in this chapter, we discuss the recent synthesis of unnatural amino acids and their applications in total synthesis and biological studies.

 

Author(s) Details

Anija Mol T Philip
Department of Chemistry, Hislop College, Nagpur 440001, Maharashtra, India.

 

Shoeb R Khan
Department of Chemistry, Hislop College, Nagpur 440001, Maharashtra, India.

 

Mayur V. Khedkar
Department of Chemistry, Hislop College, Nagpur 440001, Maharashtra, India.

 

Shibin Chacko
Department of Chemistry, Hislop College, Nagpur 440001, Maharashtra, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48006-49-3/CH2

Impact of Methyl Parathion on Proteins and Esterases Patterns in Brain Tissue of Fresh Water Cat Fish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) through Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis | chapter 6 | Contemporary Research and Perspectives in Biological Science Vol. 2

The present investigation aimed to assess the impact of Methyl Parathion, an organophosphate compound, on the protein and esterase isozyme banding patterns within the brain tissue of the freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) over various time intervals (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours), in comparison to a control group. The analysis of protein banding patterns was conducted utilizing a standard marker, and Rm values were calculated as part of the study. The results indicated that exposure to methyl parathion induced significant alterations in the protein patterns across various tissues, including the liver, muscle, gut, and brain of Heteropneustes fossilis, leading to similarities in protein bands with minor differences. All three esterase bands were identified in the brain tissue. In liver tissue, Est-1 was found to be the most prominent at 24 hours, while Est-2 and Est-4 were most intense at 72 hours. Additionally, Est-2 and Est-3 exhibited weak staining in brain tissue, with Est-3 also showing weak staining in liver tissue and Est-4 in gut tissues. The results further illustrated that exposure to methyl parathion resulted in notable changes in the esterase patterns of various tissues, including the brain tissue of H. fossilis, which displayed similarities in protein bands with slight variations.

 

Author (s) Details

T. Bheem Rao
Department of Zoology, Kakatiya Government College, Hanamkonda, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpbs/v2/248

Exploring the Potential of Chitosan-based Nanoparticles as Novel Carrier for Oral Delivery of Protein and Peptide Drugs | Chapter 8 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 3

Therapeutic proteins represent an appreciable part of pharmaceuticals but oral delivery of protein via conventional methods faces barriers in permeability and stability. Polymeric nanoparticles overcome these barriers and act as nanocarriers. Chitosan is preferred as the polymer for nanoparticle formulation as it imparts advantages like biocompatible, biodegradable, and less toxic. So, this chapter explores the potential of chitosan nanoparticles as novel carriers for oral delivery of protein and peptide drugs. Chitosan-based nanoparticle shows favorable properties for the oral delivery of protein like protein encapsulation, improvement of protein stability and sustained release effect. They can be used as potential delivery carriers of protein and other pharmaceutical agents. Chitosan and modified chitosan can be used as polymers while preparing the formulation of polymeric nanoparticles via different methods ionic gelation techniques, emulsion solvent evaporation method, emulsification solvent diffusion etc. The chitosan-based nanoparticles may be used successfully for the oral delivery of therapeutic proteins. Chitosan-based nanoparticles have tremendous potential for improving protein delivery and promoting additional research and development in this field.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ranu Biswas
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-32, WB, India.

 

Md Ahesan Ansari
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-32, WB, India.

 

Sourav Mondal
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-32, WB, India.

 

Tanima Sarkar
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-32, WB, India.

 

Pritam Kapat
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-32, WB, India.

 

Arindam Ghosh
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-32, WB, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v3/4314

Determination of Protein Oscillations Using Langevin & Fokker-Planck Equations: An Entropic Analytical Study | Chapter 8 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 3

 Protein oscillations is individual of the major focal points in the field of biophysics and biography-molecules. These oscillations can help us think complicated biomolecules and clear up their most basic type. Through the action of these oscillations, they can also explain to us how biomolecules work. This articleis named the basics of protein oscillations that is a very fundamental approach to the physics of oscillations. Some bio-orders are described place protein oscillations play a vital duty. In this article, the Langevin equatings and Fokker-Planck equations are used to express the oscillation movement of proteins. It is concluded that the flow of an increase in the entropy of the oscillations is proved by including a perturbation term in the consistent nature of oscillations. The deterioration of protein oscillations is very important in understanding protein action.

Author(s) Details:

Preet Sharma,
Department of Chemistry & Physics, Midwestern State University, Texas, United Staes.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V3/article/view/11607

Contribution to the Physicochemical and Microbiological Study of Dried Mango. Comparison of Two Drying Methods (Oven and Solar Drying)| Chapter 7 | Current Overview on Science and Technology Research Vol. 1

 One of the earliest preservation techniques still used by humans is drying. On that, we can go back to the Stone Age. In the food supply chain, dried foods from the market are crucial. Regarding drying in the food business, it may be calculated that fruits and vegetables make up roughly 1% of the total, with grains being the most significant component. The key characteristic of this method is that it reduces the water content of the food to prevent or delay microbial food degradation. At this point, some comprehension can be gained from the terminology used; often encountered words include (drying) or (dehydration). Mangoes of several varieties were dried in two ways (solar and oven). Relative humidity for sun-dried mango is 14.17% 0.01 versus 8.25% 0.01 for oven-dried mango, and the drying yield for sun-dried mango is 33% as opposed to 26%. Compared to oven-dried mango, there is a decrease in dry matter. The mango that has been sun-dried is rich in minerals, vitamin B6, and vitamin C. (Ca, Mg and Fe). But after the drying processes, we also observed that vitamins were present (A, D, and E). Regarding the microbiological requirements, we attained data that complied with the ISO 4833 standard, which regulates the microbiology of the food chain.

Author(s) Details:

Izaora Mwamba,
Department of Chemistry and Industry, University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Sciences, Biochemistry and Food Chemistry Unit. BP 190 KinXI, Kinshasa, DR Congo.

Jean-Noël Mputu,
Department of Chemistry and Industry, University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Sciences, Biochemistry and Food Chemistry Unit. BP 190 KinXI, Kinshasa, DR Congo and Department of Geology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mons, 9 Houdain Street, 7000 Mons, Belgium.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COSTR-V1/article/view/7940

Role of Proteins as New Molecular Markers for Analyzing Material Structures to Prevent Traumatic Brain Injuries | Chapter 7 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 15

Mechanical investigations are used to develop novel products for the prevention of traumatic brain injuries. To improve protective equipment, however, there is a necessity for new and more advanced analyses focusing on molecular levels. We recently looked at the mature protein laminin LN521 to see how it reacted to dynamic and semi-static forces, and discovered that the laminin structures were significantly fragmented and aggregated. The goal of this study was to examine the influence of polymer materials on preventing the denaturement of the cell membrane protein Laminin, and thereby minimising head impacts, utilising two separate mechanical methods: denatured electrophoresis and electron microscopy. As a result of dynamic impacts without and with polymer materials, the force as well as the translational acceleration were significantly reduced, with up to a 50% reduction. In addition, after a dynamic impact, mature laminin was employed in the lab to see if this molecule might be used as a complimentary analyzer to mechanical methods while looking for the best protective materials. As determined by denatured electrophoresis and electron microscopy, the polymer materials have the ability to protect the laminin structures against fragmentation and aggregation. As a result, proteins may be used to supplement today's computer simulations and mechanical investigations in the search for better protection systems for the skull bone and brain tissue. The current finding suggests that laminin structures could be a useful tool for identifying new structures at the molecular level in the hunt for better protective materials for brain tissue during physical activity and accidents.

Author (S) Details

Hans von Holst

Section of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden and Section of Research, MIPS Company, Sweden.

Pasi Purhonen

Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute and School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Huddinge, Sweden.

Daniel Lanner

Section of Research, MIPS Company, Sweden.

Ramakrishnan Balakrishnan Kumar

Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute and School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Huddinge, Sweden. 

Hans Hebert

Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute and School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Huddinge, Sweden.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V15/article/view/3867

Study on White Shark Protein Metabolism Model to Improve the Outcome of Cytotoxic Brain Tissue Edema and Cognitive Deficiency after Traumatic Brain Injury and Stroke | Chapter 6 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 15

Increased intracellular water content, also known as cytotoxic brain tissue edoema, is a significant subsequent clinical consequence of TBI and stroke that occurs without awareness of the aetiology. Recently, a theory for nervous tissue edoema was proposed, claiming that protein unfolding was triggered by external dynamic and internal mechanical static impact forces, resulting in an increase in brain tissue water content. Computer simulation testing backed up the hypothesis. In this laboratory investigation, we tested the concept further by examining the effects of both dynamic and static impact forces on the mature protein laminin LN521. Because of its widespread and abundant presence in cells, laminin was chosen as a representative protein. Denatured electrophoresis and electron microscopy were used to examine the treated laminin solutions, which revealed aggregation and fragmentation of the laminin structures. The current findings back up an earlier idea and computer simulation, indicating for the first time that dynamic impact force in an accident and increased mechanical static force in a stroke can cause mature proteins to unfold, potentially causing cytotoxic brain tissue edoema. The clinical situation is similar to what happens in the deep water when elasmobranchs, such as white sharks, protect their cells from too much hydrostatic pressure. As a result, the findings of the current laboratory investigation, as well as knowledge from marine physics, could be used to improve clinical treatment and outcomes for TBI and stroke patients.

Author (S) Details

Hans von Holst

Section of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden and Section of Research, MIPS Company, Sweden.

Pasi Purhonen

Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute and School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Huddinge, Sweden.

Daniel Lanner

Section of Research, MIPS Company, Sweden.

Ramakrishnan Balakrishnan Kumar

Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute and School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Huddinge, Sweden. 

Hans Hebert

Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute and School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Huddinge, Sweden.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V15/article/view/3866

Solid-state Fermentation in the Bioavailability of Nutrients in Rice Bran | Chapter 15 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 5

 Rice bran, a by-product of grain processing, is nutrient-dense and high in bioactive compounds. Rice bran, on the other hand, has some disadvantages in terms of application, such as hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme activity, median digestibility, and antinutritional factors. Fermentative processes, on the other hand, seem to have the potential to effectively reduce these impacts. The aim of this chapter is to assess the benefits of rice bran for human consumption, as well as the benefits of fermentation on nutrient composition. The benefits of fermentation are evident in recent studies in the literature in increasing nutrient bioavailability, mitigating antinutritional factors, and increasing digestibility, rendering biomass a promising alternative in human nutrition.

Author (s) Details

Anelise Christ Ribeiro
School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Brazil.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMB-V5/article/view/878