Exploring the Antimicrobial Potential and Phytochemical Composition of Ocimum tenuiflorum Leaf Extracts: An Analytical Apporach | Chapter 12 | Innovative Solutions: A Systematic Approach towards Sustainable Future

Aim: To explore the antimicrobial potential sand phytochemical composition of Ocimum tenuiflorum leaf extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Aspergillus niger.

Study Design: The dried Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves were extracted using decoction and digestion methods. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extracts was conducted. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was analyzed using the agar diffusion method, followed by determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The poisoned food technique was employed to assess the fungicidal activity of the extracts against Aspergillus niger. All experiments were conducted in triplicate, and the average values were depicted graphically.

Place and Duration of Study: Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Kodakara, and Centre for Research on Molecular and Applied Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, from May to August 2023.

Methodology: Dried Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves were extracted by decoction and digestion methods. Preliminary qualitative analysis was performed to identify various phytochemicals. The extracts were evaluated for their MIC and MBC/MFC against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Aspergillus niger.

Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that both types of extracts contained alkaloids and steroids. Flavonoids and terpenoids were exclusive to the decoction extract, while saponins were found only in the digestion extract. Both extracts exhibited increased zones of inhibition (ZOI) against Aspergillus niger, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The MIC for the decoction extract was 250 µg/mL against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, while the MIC for the digestion extract was 500 µg/mL. The decoction extract demonstrated an inhibition rate of 52.692% at a concentration of 125 µg/mL against Aspergillus niger.

Conclusion: The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the pharmacological properties of Ocimum tenuiflorum, paving the way for further research on its potential therapeutic applications and role as a natural preservative. The presence of diverse phytochemicals, coupled with observed antimicrobial effects, suggests its potential for multifaceted therapeutic benefits.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Sangeetha Gopal
Department of Biotechnology, Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Kodakara, Affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram, India.

Leon Ittiachen
Department of Biotechnology, Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Kodakara, Affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-47-3/CH12

Role of Vitex Agnes Castus in Managing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) | Chapter 1 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 4

 The basic objective of the chapter search out identify the belongings of Vitex agnes castus on hormonal imbalances in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Women are immediately commonly agony from polycystic ovary syndrome. With the entire state, only 6-8% of the women can label this issue in their reproductive age. The primary causes concerning this issue include the question in the level of female sex hormones and larger levels of androgens, the male hormones. In this study, the light rats were treated accompanying 8mg of estradiol valerate to induce their PCOS level. Additionally, it examined the levels of luteinizing hormone, blood vessel-stimulating birth control method, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, Estradiol, Progesterone, and Prolaction. In this unit, the increased levels of estradiol and abated level of progesterone results in failure of ovulation which is individual of the notable features of unproductiveness have been investigated. On the other hand, these changed levels are reversed in rats acted with vitex agnus castus fruit extract for the normalization of progesterone concentrations. Various groups have also illustrated that vitex agnus castus extracts bind to the estrogen receptor and have weak estragenic belongings, suggesting that chasteberry may still affect the estrogen/progesterone balance.The conclusive conclusion stated that PCOS is very impacted apiece levels of hormones and vitex agnus castus can generate the reverse antagonistic effects of hormonal inequality for PCOS individuals.

Author(s) Details:

Sugantha Saul,
Department of Biochemistry, T.B.M.L. College, Porayar 609 307, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V4/article/view/12922

Research on the Phytochemical Analysis of Bidens pilosa L. Leaf Extracts | Chapter 11 | Recent Trends in the Study of Botanical Research Volume - 1

 Bidens pilosa is a perennial herb found worldwide in temperate and tropical regions. It has a history of traditional use in food and medicine without notable harmful effects. Although there has been progress in analysing its chemical and biological properties, comprehensive and up-to-date reviews are scarce. The plant has shown various pharmacological activities, including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, antidiabetic, hypotensive, immunomodulatory effects, and use for conditions like bronchial catarrh, dysentery, and diarrhea. This study focuses on analysing the phytochemicals present in Bidens pilosa leaves. Initially, dried Bidens pilosa powder was extracted using chloroform, acetone-water, and chloroform-water solvents. The extracts were then tested for the presence of different phytochemicals.

Author(s) Details:

Mohammad Salim,
S.G.S. Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi (M.P.), A.P.S. University, Rewa, India.

Rinkoo Vishwakarma,
S.G.S. Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi (M.P.), A.P.S. University, Rewa, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RTSBR-V1/article/view/12458

Investigations into the Phytochemical Composition of Mucuna pruriens (L.) Seeds | Chapter 8 | Recent Trends in the Study of Botanical Research Volume - 1

 This chapter focuses on identifying the phytochemical components and assessing the acute oral toxicity of the methanolic extract obtained from Mucuna pruriens seeds. The process involved collecting mature seeds, drying them at room temperature, crushing them into coarse powder, and using Soxhlet's extraction technique with methanol. The resulting extract was then concentrated using a rotary flash evaporator, resulting in a semi-solid crude extract with a yield of 09.534%. The phytochemical analysis of the seed extract detected the presence of various compounds, including steroids, alkaloids, tannins, carbohydrates, amino acids, resins, and starch.

Author(s) Details:

Mohammad Salim,
S.G.S. Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi (M.P.), A.P.S. University, Rewa, India.

I. P. Prajapati,
S.G.S. Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi (M.P.), A.P.S. University, Rewa, India.

Mayuri Singh,
S.G.S. Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi (M.P.), A.P.S. University, Rewa, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RTSBR-V1/article/view/12455

Preliminary Phytochemical Determination And GC-MS Analysis of Methanolic Extract of Cladophora Glomarata (Green Marine Alga) | Chapter 5 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 4

 

Since ancient times, seaweeds have been a great source of physiologically active substances and phytochemicals including agar-agar, carrageenan, and algin, which are widely used in many sectors. Many Asian countries use various seaweeds in traditional medicine. In this work, the marine green alga Cladophora glomerata's methanolic extract was subjected to a preliminary phytochemical examination and GC-MS, which identified the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, saponin-like compounds, diterpenes, and carbohydrates. Dibutyl phthalate (27.07%), Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester (9.58%), 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (8.11%), Octatriacontyl trifluoroacetate (6.71%), and cholesterol were the main substances (6.66 percent ). In order to enable ongoing investigations to assess the structure of bioactive chemicals and their pharmacological effects, the current phytochemical and GC-MS analysis of Cladophora glomerata gives essential new information.

Author(s) Details:

N. S. Usha,
Department of Pharmacology, MVJMC & RH, Hoskote, Bangalore, India.

J. V. Sabari Anandh,
Department of Pharmacology, MGMCRI, Puducherry, India.

Mangaiyarkarasi,
CIDRF, SBV University, Puducherry, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V4/article/view/7588

Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Physicochemical Evaluation of Nardostachys jatamansi| Chapter 3 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol.3

Nardostachys jatamansi DC is an upright perennial plant with a long stout woody root stock that grows to a height of 10-60 cm in the Himalaya at elevations ranging from 3,500 to 5,000 metres. The goal of this study was to examine the rhizome of Nardostachys jatamansi from a morphological, histological, powder microscopic, and phytochemical standpoint. The goal of this research is to authenticate and identify this medicinal rhizome, as well as to help to the prevention of adulteration. Cork cells, medullary rays, vascular bundle, cortex, and pith were found on histological examination. Fibres, parenchyma, spiral vasculature, cork cells, tracheids, and starch grains were found in powder microscopic analysis. Physicochemical standards were used to determine the moisture content, ash values, and extractive values of Nardostachys jatamansi. Alkaloids, carbohydrates, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, fixed oil, and lipids were found in the phytochemical analysis, but gums, mucilage, proteins, and amino acids were not.

Author(s) Details:

D. Yamini,
Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.

K. S. Chandrashekar,
Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.

Vasudev Pai,
Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.

H. N. Aswatha Ram,
Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.

B. Venkatesh Kamath,
Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.

Aravind Pai,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRV-3/article/view/6943

Determination, Evaluation and Comparison of the Antioxidant Activities and Nutritional Composition of Cucurbita maxima and Vigna unguiculata Leaf Extracts | Chapter 09 | Emerging Challenges in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 4

 Antioxidant properties and nutritional composition are important factors to consider when selecting vegetables for human consumption. Due to their numerous health benefits, leafy vegetables, in particular, are regarded as protective foods in the human diet. The goal of this study was to determine, assess, and compare the antioxidant activity and nutritional composition of Cucurbita maxima and Vigna unguiculata leaf extracts. The determination of the quantitative phytochemical composition of experimental plant extracts was also a goal of this study. Saponins (1.03 percent and 1.34 percent), tannins (3.49 percent and 2.60 percent), terpenoids (0.0 percent and 0.47 percent), flavonoids (2.81 percent and 4.11 percent), alkaloids (5.72 percent and 3.5 percent), and phenols (4.02 percent and 3.83 percent) were found in C. maxima and V. unguiculata, respectively. When ethanol leaf extract of V. unguiculata was compared to C. maxima, there was a significant (p=0.05) difference in radical scavenging activity. At 100mg/ml (range 0.40 to 0.5 absorbance) at 700nM, both plants' extracts showed good antioxidant reduction potential in FRAP. The flavonoid and phenolic content of extracts is thought to be responsible for their antioxidant properties. Crude protein (11.58 percent and 14.83 percent), crude fat (0.47 percent and 0.61 percent), ash (4.11 percent and 3.72 percent), crude fibre (6.95 and 4.68 percent), moisture (1.03 percent and 1.38 percent), and carbohydrate (75.86 percent and 74.78 percent) were found to be the nutrients for C. maxima and V. unguiculata, respectively. This demonstrates that the leaves provide energy to both people and animals. Furthermore, both plants contained high protein percentages that can be utilised to supplement other protein sources.

Author(S) Details

K. K. Sha’a
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, School of Science and Technology, Adamawa State Polytechnic, P.M.B. 2146, Yola, Nigeria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/ECAFS-V4/article/view/6408

Study on Phytochemical and Elemental Analysis of Acalypha wilkesiana Leaf | Chapter 14 | Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 10

 The goal of this study is to look at the phytochemical and elemental constituents of A. wilkesiana, which was collected in Maiduguri, Nigeria. A large amount of carbohydrates, tannins, and flavonoids were found in A. wilkesiana aqueous leaf extract, as well as a modest amount of phlobatannins and saponins. Terpenes and steroids, as well as alkaloids and cardiac glycosides, are present in small amounts. Anthraquinone derivatives were not discovered. The elemental analysis revealed significant quantities of chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, copper, and manganese, but no cadmium or lead.

As a result, it's possible that the aqueous leaf extract of A. wilkesiana contains pharmacologically helpful active principles elements. As a result, the aqueous leaf extract could have a big impact on health and disease.

Author (s) Details

H. A. Madziga
Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria.

S. Sanni
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Abuja, Nigeria.

U. K. Sandabe
Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CASTR-V10/article/view/2344

Coryphantha macromeris Cell Suspension Cultures: Phytochemical Profiling and Agitation Velocity Effect on Cell Morphology and Viability | Chapter 10 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 8

 For the generation of active plant metabolites, cell suspension cultures are a viable option. The agitation velocity is one of the most important factors in achieving high cell viability and metabolite yields. The effect of agitation velocity on cell viability and morphology of Coryphantha macromeris cell suspension cultures was investigated in this study, and the phytochemical profile of two-month-old cells cultivated at 80 rpm was analysed using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-PDA-HESI-Orbitrap-MS/MS). The results showed that agitation at 120 rpm had a deleterious impact on cell integrity, but at 80 and 100 rpm, the cells survived and proliferated successfully with similar viability percentages (ca. 97 percent ). The presence of 49 metabolites was discovered using chromatographic and mass spectrum analysis, with 45 of them being recognised. Several classes of metabolites were discovered, including phenolic acids (gallic acid derivatives), iridoids (gardoside), stilbenes (tyrolobibenzyl E), lignans (acanthoside B), flavonoids (catechin, lantanoside, sakuranin, afrormosin, kaempferol 7-rhamnoside), and phenylethanoids (phlomisethanoside).

Author (s) Details

E. Cabañas-García
Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Zacatecas - Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Blvd. del Bote 202 Cerro del Gato, Ejido La Escondida, Col. Ciudad Administrativa, C.P. 98160, Zacatecas, México.

C. Areche
Laboratorio de Productos Naturales Extremos, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago 7800024, Chile.

J. Bórquez-Ramírez
Natural Products Laboratory. Chemistry Department. University of Antofagasta. Avenida Universidad de Chile # 028000. C.P. 1240000, Antofagasta, Chile.

R. Muñoz-Miranda
Natural Products Laboratory. Chemistry Department. University of Antofagasta. Avenida Universidad de Chile # 028000. C.P. 1240000, Antofagasta, Chile.

K. M. Rosales-Lopez
Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 20131, Aguascalientes, México.

E. Pérez-Molphe Balch
Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 20131, Aguascalientes, México.

Y. A. Gómez-Aguirre
Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 20131, Aguascalientes, México and CONACyT Research Fellow-Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes - Av. Universidad 940, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 20131, Aguascalientes, México.

F. Cruz-Sosa
Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa. Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina C.P. 09340, Ciudad de México, México.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RRAB-V8/article/view/1205