Genetics of Coastal Habituation: How Recombinant Inbred Lines Respond to Saline Environments | Chapter 10 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 6

 

Background: Among all abiotic stresses, salinity is the second most widespread soil problem in rice-growing countries of the world after drought, which continues due to climate change and poor irrigation practices. Rice is highly sensitive to salinity, particularly at the seedling and reproductive stages. Identifying rice genotypes tolerating salinity both at the seedling and at reproductive stages that maintain stable yield in coastal saline soils requires an understanding of genetic variability and trait relationships in terms of direct and indirect effects to develop salt-tolerant rice varieties.

 

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess phenotypic performance and to estimate genetic variability for salt tolerance in both the seedling and reproductive stages of rice under coastal saline soils.

 

Methodology: The present study was conducted at the natural coastal saline soils of Acharya N. G Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU)- Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Machilipatnam, during Kharif (June to November) 2024. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate Recombinant Inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross MCM 109/BRR 0119 for salt tolerance in an Alpha-lattice design. Here, 150 RILs at F5 generation were studied at pH 8.4, and EC 7.2 dSm-1 and data on yield and salinity traits were collected. Salt tolerance was evaluated at the seedling and reproductive stages using the standard evaluation system (SES), with scores from 1 (highly tolerant) to 9 (highly susceptible) based on growth, leaf symptoms, and spikelet sterility. Statistical analysis was performed using PBIB.test, GCV, PCV, heritability and GA as per cent of the mean were drawn from the variability package of R software.

 

Results: The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for 12 characters attributed significant differences among 150 RILs studied under salinity (P<0.01). The traits ear bearing tillers hill-1, salinity scoring at reproductive stage, shoot Na+/K+ ratio at harvesting stage, and grain yield per plant (g) exhibited high estimates of GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of the mean, suggesting additive gene action. While the traits plant survival (%), plant height (cm), panicle length (cm), number of filled grains per panicle, spikelet fertility % and hundred grain weight (g) exhibited moderate PCV and GCV values with high heritability and genetic advance, indicating substantial genetic variability for effective selection.

 

Conclusion: Selecting RILs based on variability traits results in the development of salt-tolerant, high-yielding varieties suitable for coastal saline soils. RILs F5 112 and F5 248 can be released as high-yielding saline-tolerant varieties after evaluation in salinity trials and multi-location trials, whereas RILs F5 122 and F5 202 can be registered as genetic stocks for highly tolerant coastal saline conditions.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Vinutna Vinnakota
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Agricultural College, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Girija Rani M
ANGRAU-RARS, Maruteru, West Godavari, India.

 

Nagendra Rao K
ANGRAU-ARS, Machilipatnam, Krishna, India.

 

Suneetha K
ICAR-IIRR, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India.

 

Ravi Babu M
ANGRAU-RARS, Anakapalle, Visakhapatnam, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v6/6807

Assessment of Genetic Divergence Using D2 Analysis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Germplasm | Chapter 5 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 5

 

Oryza sativa (2n=2x=24) is a diploid monocot flowering plant of the family Gramineae, which originated in Southeast Asia and is widely cultivated in the wet tropics and subtropics. India is remarkably rich in rice diversity, including cultivars, landraces, wild and weedy relatives. Genetic variability for quantitative traits is the basic component of the breeding programme for broadening the gene pool of rice and other crops. Understanding the extent and degree of genetic divergence aids in the selection of ideal parents for a breeding programme. The present investigation was conducted with 41 genotypes of Rice during Kharif 2023 under a Randomised Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Data were recorded for thirteen quantitative characters to obtain estimates of variability, heritability, genetic advance and genetic divergence through Mahalanobis’ D² analysis. The analysis of variance was worked out to test the significance of F and t-tests. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes for all the characters studied. From the findings, the highest grain yield was observed in VASUMATHI 38.9, followed by DHAN-69 34.33 based on mean performance at the Prayagraj region. The estimates of Genotypic Coefficient of Variation and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation were consistent for all the traits, with PCV values being numerically higher than GCV values, which indicated greater genotype and environment interaction. A higher magnitude of PCV as well as GCV coefficient of variation was noted for the number of total tillers per plant (22.05) and (21.20). Whereas the lowest PCV and GCV coefficient of variation was recorded for Days to maturity (7.40 and 6.80). High estimates of heritability (above 60%) in the broad sense were recorded for all thirteen characters under study, which ranged from 92.45% number of total tillers per plant to 61.55% harvest index. along with high genetic advance for the number of spikelets per panicle (54.38), plant height (cm) (27.95), days to 50% flowering (22.93), and days to maturity (17.72). Biological yield (g) (15.33), harvest index (%) (11.06) and flag leaf length (cm) (10.05) D2 analysis distributed the 41 genotypes into six clusters.

 

The largest cluster was cluster I with 36 genotypes, followed by cluster II, III, IV, V, and VI with 1 genotype each. The highest contribution in manifestation of genetic divergence was exhibited by grain yield per plant (22.82), followed by biological yield (21.28) and test weight (12.56). The lowest intercluster distance was between cluster I and cluster IV, which was 60.58. The intercluster distance was maximum between cluster IV and VI (247.17). Overall, the study identified VASUMATHI and DHAN-69 as high-yielding genotypes, and the clustering pattern provides useful information for selecting genetically diverse parents in future breeding programmes.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Vinayak V. Thakare
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SHUATS, U.P., India.

 

G. M. Lal
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SHUATS, U.P., India.

 

Bineeta M. Bara
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, SHUATS, U.P., India.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v5/6329

 

Investigating Transgressive Segregation to Improve Yield in F2 Segregants of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): A Comprehensive Study | Chapter 9 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 10

Sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.), one of the most ancient oil crops, has been referred to as the ‘queen of oilseeds’ by virtue of its high-quality oil. The experiment involved the F2 generation of three superior crosses of sesame: Thilak X Ayali 1, Thilathara X Ayali 2 and Thilak X Ayali 5, grown in a Compact Family Block Design. A total of 200 plants were grown with a spacing of 30 x 25 cm, and observations were recorded on yield-related characters. Biometric observations were recorded for nine characters viz, days to first flowering, number of primary branches, number of capsules per plant, capsule length (cm), capsule width (cm), number of seeds per capsule, days to maturity, plant height (cm) and seed yield per plant (g). The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and various genetic parameters were worked out using GRAPES software, version 1.1.0. Significant variation was found among most traits, except for capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule and the number of primary branches. Maximum coefficient of variation was recorded for number of capsules per plant (41.091) followed by seed yield per plant (40.163). The least coefficient of variation was recorded for capsule length (6.58) closely followed by the number of seeds per capsule (6.774). The cross Thilathara X Ayali 2 exhibited a high frequency of transgressive segregants for multiple traits, particularly for seed yield per plant, making it highly promising for further breeding efforts. Plant height had the highest mean and range, showing considerable potential for selection. CV analysis revealed high variability for traits like the number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant. In contrast, low variability and high stability were observed for traits like capsule length, number of seeds per capsule and days to maturity. Higher PCV and GCV were recorded for traits like days to first flowering, number of capsules per plant, and seed yield per plant, showing substantial genetic and environmental influences. Moderate PCV and GCV were found for plant height and days to maturity, while traits like capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, and capsule width had the lowest PCV and GCV, indicating limited genetic variation. Days to first flowering and days to maturity showed high heritability combined with high genetic advance, suggesting the preponderance of additive gene action and are ideal for simple selection. Traits like capsule length, capsule width, and number of seeds per capsule showed low heritability and genetic advance, making them less ideal for selection. The cross, Thilathara X Ayali 2 should be prioritized in future generations to recover desirable segregants, especially for economically important traits like seed yield. In conclusion, it has been found that while certain traits are more influenced by genetic factors and suitable for selection, others are heavily impacted by environmental variability.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Greeshma Ravi
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 522, India.

 

Lovely B.
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 522, India.

 

Seeja G.
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 522, India.

 

Susha S Thara
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 522, India.

 

Ninitha Nath C.
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 522, India.

 

Amritha K.B.
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 522, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v10/4908

 

Study on the Variability, Heritability, and Genetic Advance in Indigenous Dolichos Bean (Dolichos lablab L. var typicus) Genotypes | Chapter 1 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 6

Indian bean is an important vegetable crop of Indian origin. It occupies a unique position for vegetable purposes among the legume vegetables. It is a good source of proteins, minerals, and vitamins. The aim of the study is to explore the heritability, variability, and genetic advancement of the Indian bean. The experiment was conducted in an RBD with three replications during rabi, 2010-11 at the NBPGR Regional Station, Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), India. Thirty-four genotypes of Dolichos bean were evaluated for genetic variability among characters. Genetic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability, and genetic advance as per cent of mean were estimated for fifteen yields and yield contributing characters. The differences between PCV and GCV were low for days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, internode length (cm), days to first pod harvest, pod length (cm), pod width (cm), pod weight (g), plant height (cm) and number of seeds per pod indicating that these traits are less influenced by environment and the effect of heritable components was high. Range, mean, standard error of the mean, and critical difference for each character were computed. Analysis of variance was carried out as per the standard procedure. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded by all the characters except for leaf width (cm), leaf length (cm), and number of pods per plant indicating additive action of genes controlling them. So, the study concluded that individual plant selection for characters viz., marketable pod yield per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, and pod weight showed high values of heritability, genetic advance, GCV, and PCV concomitantly, would directly be effective in the progeny of dolichos bean. The study recommended that the breeder should adopt a suitable breeding methodology to utilize both additive and non-additive gene effects simultaneously.

 

Author (s) Details

 

V. Chaitanya
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Wyra, Khammam-507165, Telangana, India.

 

R. V. S. K. Reddy
Vegetable Research Station, A. R. I., Dr. Y. S. R. H. U., Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30 (A.P.), India.

 

P. Arun Kumar
College of Horticulture, Dr. Y. S. R. H. U., Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30 (Andhra Pradesh), India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v6/2221

Characterization, Breeding and Selection of Rice Germplasm Panels Adapted to Low Soil Phosphorous and Nitrogen Environments in Kenya: An Advanced Study | Chapter 7 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 8

Rice breeding efforts in Kenya have slowly been taking place to develop locally adapted high-yielding varieties with desirable eating qualities. Soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deficiencies are among the major constraints constrictive to rice productivity globally, especially in resource-poor farming systems which were traditionally self-sustaining through slash and burn. There is therefore need to develop rice genotypes with enhanced root architecture that help them tolerate low soil N and P conditions. This work aimed at developing rice genotypes with enhanced tolerance to low N and P conditions through targeted breeding approaches that include hybridization, evaluations and recent works on rice research space. A diverse panel of rice germplasm obtained from CIAT Colombia as accessions and breeds for rainfed conditions were screened under controlled and field conditions to identify traits associated with nutrient use efficiency and generate information in this discipline. A total of 389 accessions and a local cultivar Duorado precoce were evaluated in a simple 30 × 13 alpha lattice design with two replications under four soil experimental environments (N⁻P⁻, no N or P application, N⁻P⁺, P applied, N⁺P⁻, N applied and N⁺P⁺, both N and P applied) at the rate of 60 kg P and 90 kg N ha^-1. Data was recorded on Days to heading, anthesis and maturity (days), P and N tolerance, plant height (cm), above ground biomass (g), number of panicles (absolute numbers per ten plants), days to maturity (days), 1000 grain weight (g), and grain yield (kg ha^-1). The genotypes and environments were highly significant for all the traits studied. The degree of genetic determination (H²) ranged from 6.8% for P tolerance to 36.5% for above ground biomass. The phenotypic coefficient of variation of genotypes ranged from 14.3% for days to maturity to 159.7% for top biomass. The genetic advance (GA) ranged from 0.2 for phosphorous tolerance to 1080.5 for grain yield, while the genetic advance expressed as a percent of the mean was 5.7% for days to maturity and 87.9% for top biomass. The top biomass seems to be a highly heritable trait and simple phenotypic selection is possible. The ten characters studied had wide variability under the four environments with days to maturity ranging from 188 for genotype ARCCU1Fa1-L4P3-HB under N⁺P⁺ to 177 for genotype CT16333(1)-CA-1-M under N⁻P⁻ condition. The highest yielding genotype was CT16328-CA-18-M under N⁻P⁻ with 5916 kg ha^-1. The germplasm showed variability for low soil N and P adaptation, and hence improvement was possible to take advantage of the vast unexploited both rainfed lowland and upland environments for increased rice productivity to meet food-feed and nutritional households and national security in Kenya. There was high variability among the genotypes to warrant rice improvement for yield. Field trials conducted at AfricaRice research fields in Senegal have revealed significant yield improvements in the newly developed lines under nutrient deficient, toxic elements and problem soil environmental conditions. This study underscores the potential of breeding for nutrient-efficient rice varieties as a sustainable economic solution that reduces the need for fertilizers used to enhance productivity in nutrient-poor soils, contributing to food-feed and nutritional security in sub-Saharan Africa.

 

Author (s) Details

Kimani J. M
Food Crops and Natural Resource Management Department, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Industrial Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 16-80109, Mtwapa, Kenya.

 

Sang Bok Lee
Korea-Africa Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative, Africa Rice Training Center, Saint louis Africa Rice (Saint-Louis Senegal) Ndiaye, B.P. 96, Saint-Louis, Senegal.

 

Kang Kyung – HO
Korea-Africa Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative, Africa Rice Training Center, Saint louis Africa Rice (Saint-Louis Senegal) Ndiaye, B.P. 96, Saint-Louis, Senegal.

 

Phoebe Anyango Sikuku
Department of Botany, School of Physical and Biological Sciences, Maseno University, P.O. Box Private Bag, Maseno, Kenya.

 

Emily Waringa Gichuhi
Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Industrial Crops Research Centre, P.O BOX 298-10300, Mwea, Kerugoya, Kenya.

 

Mutiga Samuel Kilonzo
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue – Gigiri, PO Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

David Mwongera Thuranira
Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Horticultural Research Institute, P.O BOX 220-01000, Thika, Kenya.

 

Clotilda Nekesa Ondiko
Food Crops and Natural Resource Management Department, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Industrial Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 16-80109, Mtwapa, Kenya.

 

Lusike Wasilwa
Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation, Post Office: P.O.Box 57811, City Square, NAIROBI, 00200, Kenya Kaptagat Rd, Loresho Nairobi, Kenya.

 

John Kirao Kalume
Food Crops and Natural Resource Management Department, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Industrial Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 16-80109, Mtwapa, Kenya.

 

Tongoona P.
African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of Kwa Zulu Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Republic of South Africa.

 

Derera J.
African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of Kwa Zulu Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Republic of South Africa and International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v8/4081

Study on Genetic Variation in Different Physiological Characters of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Grown under Rainfed Condition | Chapter 5 | Emerging Issues in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 1

 Grain legumes are the second main crop after cereals for human and animal diets and has main place in the world’s food and nutrition frugality. Grain legumes being a high beginning of protein alleviating protein deficiency and hunger of poor population in developing countries. The nitrogen fixing capability of legumes helps in sustaining the soil virility and texture (Graham and Vance 2003). Legume crop has low and doubtful productivity cause they mostly grown on borderline land under rainfed situation. Besides the hares new arid condition and rainfed position, lack of high yielding assortment, incidences of ailment and insect pest attack, sowing period, inadequate implantation and agronomic practices are the other bigger causes of low output of this crop. Genetic makeup helps in deciding the potential yield of crop. The availability of ancestral diversity and allure successful collection, perpetuation, utilization and preservation is pre-requisite for crop improvement program. The off-course genetic variety in any crop helps in identifying genotypes that maybe used in cultivating high-yielding assortments through hybridization. The historical variability existing in cluster grain germplasm has been judged by using differing morphological and biochemical traits. Conspicuous semantic variations are presented for branching (branched/unbranched), fertility (hairy/smooth), pod shape (straight/incise), growth habit (definite to indeterminate), pod posture pattern (regular/irregular). The study ratifies that the number of pods and number of branches are main characters for improvement of source yield in clusterbean.

Author(s) Details:

Akanksha Yadav,
Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India.

Maharaj Singh,
ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur-342003 (Raj.), India.

K. Venkatesan,
ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair-744 101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIAS-V1/article/view/9770

Determination of Variability, Heritability, Genetic Advance and Their Interrelationships in Rabi Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) for Various Yield and Yield Contributing Traits under Drought Conditions | Chapter 1 | Current Topics in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 8

Studying the genetic variability characteristics is important for the efficient selection of crop species. Any breeding programme for crop improvement must have desired variation present, as well as a certain degree of heritable variation. As a result, every breeding effort for crop improvement is strongly reliant on genetic diversity, heritability, and genetic advancement. At the Sorghum Research Station, V.N.M.K.V., Parbhani, the genetic variability research for yield and yield contributing factors in 37 genotypes of rabi sorghum with three checks, M 35-1, Phule Suchitra, and CSV-22-R, was conducted during rabi 2019. To estimate the genetic variability for quantitative characteristics, the treatments were examined, and data for 11 traits were collected using a randomised block design with three replications. The discovery of extremely significant genotype differences reveals a substantial degree of variability in all 11 characteristics examined. Greater estimates of phenotypic coefficients of variation are obtained, and these estimates are of lower size, when phenotypic coefficients of variation are compared to genotypic coefficients of variation. Among the forty genotypes examined, VJV 107, VJV 106, PEC 30, RSV 1921, RSV 1945, and RSV 1984 were considered the superior genotypes since they outperformed the others. The goal of the current study was to calculate the genetic variability for quantitative characteristics.

Author(s) Details:

Kesoju Ravali,
VNMKV, Parbhani - 431 402 (M.S.), India.

J. E. Jahagirdar,
VNMKV, Parbhani - 431 402 (M.S.), India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTAS-V8/article/view/7250