Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Candida Infection in Post-menopausal Women: A Single-Centre Experience from the State of Odisha, India | Chapter 2 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 10

 

Background: Vulvovaginal infection is a common medical problem in India, presenting with many clinical signs and symptoms. Due to changes in the vaginal microbiomes, post-menopausal women are susceptible to many vulvovaginal infections, including Candida. The reported prevalence of Candida infections in this population varies, and there is limited literature on associated risk factors in postmenopausal women in India.

 

Aim: This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence as well as the association of risk factors for Candida infection in post-menopausal women.

 

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in post-menopausal women attending the out-patient department (OPD) of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (VIMSAR), Burla, Odisha, India, from December 2016 to November 2018. Post-menopausal women presenting with abnormal vaginal discharge, itching and burning of genitalia, erythema, etc., were considered. Vaginal specimens from the posterior vaginal fornix were collected, and Candida albicans infection was investigated by using the Albi QuickTM rapid test. Various data, including socio-demographic features, sanitation access, and clinical presentations, were analysed statistically for possible association with Candida infections.

 

Results: From 209 post-menopausal women included in this study, Candida infection was found in 9.09% of women. Candida infections were found to be significantly high in post-menopausal women who were married (P=0.001), who had no formal education (P=0.044) and who were staying with >5 persons in their home (P=0.017).

 

Conclusion: The occurrence of Candida infections, along with the significant association of various factors reported in this study, calls for routine vaginal swab analysis in every woman presenting with symptoms, as well as the need for proper awareness of women's hygiene practices.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Nayak Madhumita
School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, India.

 

Debta Alliyatri
School of Life Sciences, Asian Institute of Public Health, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

 

Purohit Prasanta
Multi-Disciplinary Research Unit, Maharaja Krishna Chandra Gajapati Medical College, Berhampur, Odisha, India.

 

Patel Ojaswini
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Burla, Odisha, India.

 

Sahoo Sunanda
School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, India.

 

Das Padmalaya
School of Life Sciences, Asian Institute of Public Health, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v10/6865

Association between Candida in Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Oral Lichen Planus | Chapter 7 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

Candida species are component of oral micro flora with prevalence of 3-70%, and are generally regarded as being commensals, hence probable role of candida in oral carcinogenesis cannot be excluded. Various microbiological studies suggest association of candida with potentially malignant lesions. Pathogenicity of candida depends on many factors such as; nutritional disorders, diabetes mellitus, long-term antibiotic or corticosteroid use, head and neck cancer, radiation therapy and HIV infections.

 

Oral Submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is considered a as a high-risk precancerous condition that is associated with chewing areca nut. This is noticed that OSMF, patients show Candida colonization and further leading to malignant transformation. Similarly Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) is an autoimmune potentially malignant disorder. Recently researchers have noticed pathogenic microorganisms, such as Candida albicans in patients with oral lichen planus. Few studies have suggested that symptoms of Oral Lichen Planus may be exacerbated by candida overgrowth or infection. According to our findings; higher candida carriage revealed in OSMF+ OLP groups (23.3%); as compared to controls (10%). The species level findings showed 13.3% of candida albicans in OSMF+ OLP and6.7% in controls, candida krusei 6.7% in OSMF+ OLP and 3.3% in controls and non-candida albicans were 10% in OSMF+ OLP and 6.7% in control group respectively.

 

Conclusion: The association of candida species with potentially malignant disorders such as OSMF and OLP aggravate to malignancies through secondary infections. So early assessment of these microbes in preliminary state of cancers can avoid further complications and help for better interventions.

 

 

Author (s) Details.

Ashok Vikey
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Govt. College of Dentistry, MPMSU, Indore, M.P., India.

 

Astha Pusame
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Govt. College of Dentistry, MPMSU, Indore, M.P., India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v6/1477

 

Finding and Fighting the Fungi in the Nails | Chapter 5 | Current Innovations in Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 Background: Fungal contaminations of nails, one of the main skin appendages, can bring about chronicity. This study was conducted to plan baseline data for miscellaneous fungal etiological agents, allure clinical equating and to understand the risk determinants associated to onychomycosis.Materials and Methods: 113 clinically doubtful cases of onychomycosis were subjected to mycological studies. Diagnosis was habitual with help of microscopy and idea. Result: Overall isolation rate of onychomycosis in suspected cases was 75%.Total direct microscopy zeal was 70% and total culture readiness was 52%. Most common exclusive informal network affected was 21-40 age (53.9%). Males (60.1%) were more affected than women (39.8%). Majority of suspected sufferers were farmers (24.7%), understood by students (19.4%). Housewives contributed to 16.8% of cases. Disease was restricted to fingers in 78.7% cases, followed by toes that amounted to 18.5% of the cases. 2.6% had two together, fingers as well as toes distressed. Distal Lateral Subungual Onychomycosis was the most governing clinical pattern in the direction of 68.1% participants. This was trailed by Proximal subungual Onychomycosis, Total Onychomycosis, Candidial onychomycosis, Superficial White Onychomycosis in 9.7%, 7.9%, 7% and 7% participants individually. None of the participants were having endonyx. Risk determinants such as blow, use of occlusive footwear, diabetes were noticed to be an main contributing determinant. Positive family history was likely by 2.6% cases. Most common structure turned out to be T.mentagrophytes understood by T.rubrum. Thus, dermatophytes were the leading creative agent accompanying 86.4% of the total agents unique. Nondermatophytes contributed to 3.3% and yeasts explained 10.1% cases.Conclusion: The results show that relying only on the dispassionate manifestation in the disease of onychomycosis is often misleading. The present study tries to focal point the need for microbiological confirmation for fear that of onychomycosis.

Author(s) Details:

Anita Nair,
Department of Microbiology, Dr. BVPRMC, PIMS (DU), Loni, India.

Anil Gaikwad,
Department of Microbiology, GMC, Aurangabad, India.

Ajit Damle,
Department of Microbiology, JIIU's IIMSR, Badnapur, Jalna, India.

Vaibhav Rajhans,
Department of Microbiology, Dr. BVPRMC, PIMS (DU), Loni, India.

Shahriar Roushani,
Department of Microbiology, Dr. BVPRMC, PIMS (DU), Loni, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIDHR-V7/article/view/12043

Anti-HIV and Anticandidal Properties of Punica granatum L. (Pomegranate): A Pharmacological Agent for the Oral Cavity | Chapter 7 | New Advances in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 1

 Pomegranate (Punica granatum) forests have long been used widely in traditional cure to treat a wide range of illnesses, containing dental and oral diseases. The most frequent dispassionate manifestation in HIV patients is generated by Candida albicans, which has happened demonstrated to have strong anticandidal belongings in recent years. Since the spoken cavity is critical from diagnosis to adherence to HAART remedy in HIV/AIDS population, the present review offers a inexact overview of current knowledge of the chemical arrangement and anti-HIV and anticandidal properties of the plant variety P. granatum involved in the oral crater in order to hook up in the development of novel anti-HIV powers that will be useful from now on clinical practice. The biography reviewed revealed that vulgar extracts of pomegranate and its main compounds private, and in particular, anthocyanins and gallotannins retain inhibitory activity on different HIV-goals, including binding viral proteins and the 3 replicative HIV-enzymes. Pomegranate too demonstrated anticandidal effects on 10 various species in the biography that was reviewed. Consequently, pomegranate appears to be a great aspirant to investigate and include into the treatment of the oral crater in HIV/AIDS patients, in that apart from its two-fold-pharmacological effects such as antiviral and anticandidal, blue and red colors mixed together represents an easily approachable inexpensive and safe instinctive source, accompanying a wide range of oral drug forms.

Author(s) Details:

Maira Huerta-Reyes,
Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Nefrológicas, Hospital de Especialidades “Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez”, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México.

Luis A. Gaitán-Cepeda,
Departamento de Medicina y Patología Oral y Maxilofacial, División de Estudios de Postgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.

Luis O. Sánchez-Vargas,
Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Microbiología Oral, Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, México.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAMMS-V1/article/view/10559

Recent Advancements in Candida Sepsis | Chapter 9 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 Background: The Indian scenario is unique in that it has a high prevalence of Candida glabrata or Candida parapsilosis isolation in all age groups. As a result, a reliable susceptibility testing approach as a guide to selecting and monitoring antifungal therapy is more important than ever.

The goal of this study was to identify and isolate Candida species from patients admitted to our hospital's ICUs, as well as to test their susceptibilities to various antifungal drugs, in order to determine the local resistance pattern and provide guidance for empirical treatment.

Methods: In this investigation, 37 candida strains were identified (4 Candida albicans, 33 Non-albicans Candida strains). Conventional, biochemical, and molecular approaches were used to identify Candida species. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed using the broth microdilution method and E- tests as recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards for amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, and voriconazole (NCCLS).

The most common Candida species were C. tropicalis (43.2 percent), C. parapsilosis (24.3 percent), C. krusei (16.2 percent), C. albicans (10.8 percent), and C. glabrata (10.8 percent) among 37 Candida strains (2.7 percent ). Four strains (10.8 percent) were resistant to all azoles, including two Candida albicans resistant to fluconazole, one Candida krusei, and one Candida parapsilosis resistant to all azoles.

Conclusions: Non-Albicans Candidaemia continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In India, Candida species are the most commonly isolated pathogen from patients admitted to tertiary care facilities. As a result, antifungal susceptibility testing is essential for selecting appropriate and effective antifungal therapy.

Author(S) Details

Bilal Ahmad Wani
Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Amity Institute, Noida, Delhi, India.

Mohd Rafiq Lone
Department of Pediatrics, SKIMS Medical College, Bemina Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Najmus Saqib
Department of Pediatrics, GMC Doda, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V6/article/view/4515