Ultrastructural Findings and Possible Therapeutic Targets, at Micro and Nanoscales in Rectal Mucosa of Patients with HIV/AIDS |Chapter 2 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 5

 

Background: Several studies have shown that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) maintains residual replication in the lymph nodes of patients with undetectable viral load in peripheral blood despite highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In other words, while the virus is eliminated in the peripheral blood by antiretroviral drugs, it continues to infect and replicate in new cells in the lymphoid tissue. This shows that the treatments used today against HIV do not achieve the total elimination of the virus in the body.

 

Other studies demonstrated that the concentrations of antiretrovirals at the lymph node level were lower compared to the concentrations in peripheral blood, not reaching optimal levels to stop viral replication. Additional investigations in intestinal mucosa showed that HIV RNA can be detected in the intestine of patients with successful HAART, suggesting that the intestinal mucosa is a cellular reservoir where HAART inhibits viral replication but does not eradicate the virus, therefore that it is necessary to carry out more in-depth studies in order to improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV at the level of the intestinal mucosa. The above-captioned issues motivated the present investigation in search of micro- and nanoscale findings with a possible therapeutic approach.

 

Objective: The present study aimed to determine the ultrastructural findings on Rectal Mucosa (RM) of patients with HIV/AIDS and anorectal pathologies (ARP), at micrometric and nanometric scales.

 

Materials and Methods: 5 patients were evaluated, 18 - 55 years old, with ARP (HIV co-infection with HPV, n = 4, and HIV-negative patient with HPV infection) (control n = 1), who were referred to the Coloproctology Unit of the HUC, and subjected to rectoscopy and biopsy. RM samples were identified, placed in a sterile plastic bottle with 1 mL of 2% glutaraldehyde, and immediately transported for routine processing of fine cut (60 - 90 nm) to be evaluated via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). They were fixed with Karnovsky solution with Millonig phosphate buffer (pH 7.4 and 320 mOsm) and post-fixed with OsO4 under the same conditions of pH and osmolarity.

 

Results: Ultrastructural findings, at 10-6 scale: 1) Intestinal mucosa: vacuoles of mucus of different sizes that seem to be fused. 2) Smooth muscle cells: loss of definition of contractile myofilaments mass. 3) Unmyelinated axons and terminals of Schwann cells (SC): Edema and loss of their plasma membranes in some areas of association with axon terminals as well as abundant collagen fibers associated with SC. Ultrastructural findings, at 10-9 scale: 1) Smooth muscle cells: folded wrapper cores and edema of mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum cisterns (RER). 2) Myelinated axon terminals: Loss of synaptic vesicles. 3) Fibroblasts: One observes mitochondria and cisterns of RER with alterations. All these alterations can generate intestinal and anorectal dysfunction in these patients. The use of nanotechnology can be very useful for the therapeutic approach to HIV, offering unique advantages, such as improving the bioavailability, water solubility, stability, and targeting capacity of antiretroviral drugs, especially in those difficult sites for an effective therapeutic approach.

 

Conclusions: HIV causes changes in rectal and muscular mucosa despite HAART treatment with undetectable viral load. Nano-drugs could play an important role in drug delivery in sites where conventional ART has limited access, so as to achieve sufficient concentrations to execute optimal therapeutic responses and virus eradication in anatomical and intracellular sites.

 

Author (s) Details

Maria Antonieta Annunziato
Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Attention Center, General Checkups, Medical Exams and Consultations, Wheelchair Center, (BANDESIR), Caracas, Venezuela and Latin American Association of Clinical Nanomedicine (LATNAMCLI), Caracas, Venezuela.

 

Carlos Sardiñas
Coloproctology Unit, Caracas University Hospital (HUC), Caracas, Venezuela.

 

Hector J. Finol
Center for Electron Microscopy, Sciences Faculty, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.

 

Ana Carvajal
Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Caracas (HUC), Caracas, Venezuela.

 

Antonio Roschman-González
Center for Electron Microscopy, Sciences Faculty, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela and School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.

 

Yetsenia De Gouveia

School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.

 

Estefanie García
School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.

 

Liseth Garibaldi
Department of Electronic Microscopy, Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research (IVIC), Miranda State, Venezuela.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v5/1606

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Parasite Infestations in HIV-Positive Patients: A Cross-section Study in a Tertiary Care Center | Chapter 3 | Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 10

Introduction: In many parts of the world where HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus) is common, the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection is also common. Infections caused by intestinal parasites are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in underdeveloped countries. The number of HIV-positive individuals increases annually as a result of more advanced infections and the positive effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Gastrointestinal involvement is common, with 90% of patients seeking treatment for gastrointestinal problems as their HIV infection progresses. Nonetheless, identification and characterization of infectious agents are important for patient management by excluding a clinical diagnosis and determining appropriate treatment, as well as determining public healthcare policy for true pathogen prevalence and yielding epidemiological risk factors for specific infections.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of symptomatic or asymptomatic intestinal parasitic infection among HIV or AIDS patients.

Materials and Methods: For this study, 80 HIV seropositive patients were recruited from various wards and the Integrated Counseling and Testing Center (ICTC) affiliated to the microbiology department. Patients with acute and chronic diarrhea with abdominal disorder were taken as symptomatic whereas patients without these clinical complaints and who came for routine investigations were taken as asymptomatic. Firstly stool samples were analyzed macroscopically for the presence of mucus, blood, larvae, segments of tapeworm and adult worms. The consistencies of stool were also recorded such as formed, watery, soft, or loose with odor and color. It was examined microscopically after macroscopically for protozoan cysts and trophozoites, helminthic ova and larvae, as wet mount preparation by saline and iodine preparation as well as formal ether concentrated. For the detection of intestinal coccidian parasites, smears were prepared from stool samples and a modified Ziel-Nelseen (MZN) stain was also performed. Stool samples with the detection of parasites were informed for treatment.

Results: Out of the total 80 stool samples, the prevalence of intestinal parasites was 23.75% with asymptomatic and symptomatic groups having a prevalence of 16.98% and 37.04% respectively. Out of the total patients, 45 were male and 35 were female. Among the male patients, 11(13.75%) were positive for intestinal parasitic infection and 8(10%) were positive among females. The age distribution data revealed that the age group 21-40 years old had the highest number of intestinal parasites. Most intestinal parasites were found in young and middle-aged patients, according to this study. The patient with HIV-positive with CD4+ T cell count <200 cells/μl had a higher possibility of infestation with intestinal parasitic as compared to those with CD4+ T cell count of 200–499 and those with CD4+ T cell count >500 cells/μl.

Conclusion: Intestinal parasitic infection is not uncommon in HIV seropositive patients. This study underscores the need for early diagnosis and treatment of these intestinal parasites in both symptomatic and asymptomatic HIV patients. The overall improvement of HIV/AIDS patients' quality of life is highly dependent on routine intestinal parasite infection screening and treatment. However, to improve the management of infection in the affected areas, deworming and good hygiene measures are required.

 

Author (s) Details

Dhruba Hari Chandi
Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Sawangi, Wardha, Maharashtra, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v10/2874

Examining the Bioavailability of Antioxidant Vitamins in Chosen Local Vegetables and Their Use in HIV/AIDS Management: A Study in Butula, Busia, Kenya | Chapter 3 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 2

The global picture of HIV statistics is overwhelming. The UNAIDS and WHO have estimated that 25 million people have died of AIDS and 39.5 million people are currently infected with HIV. The study investigated the feeding pattern of the PLWHA in the Butula division and determined vitamin A, C, and E content and bioavailability in selected indigenous foods for use in the management of HIV and AIDS. Animal and plant foods accounted for 45.17 %, 21.9 %, 17.48 %, and 73 %, respectively of total foods consumed. Freshly blanched vegetables contained high levels of β-carotene; 4000-9700μg/100g and α-tocopherol; 3000-7350μg/100g. Solar-dried vegetables contained β-carotene of range 572-854μg/g DW and α-tocopherol of 281-673μg/g DW, which is significantly lower (P<0.05) than fresh vegetables determined by HPLC. L-ascorbic acid content in fresh vegetables and fruits determined by redox titration ranged from 6 to 65mg/100g. Mean serum retinol, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene levels were 0.937, 0.144, and 17.787μmol/l, respectively, determined using HPLC. CD4+ cell counts in blood determined using a flow cytometer were within the normal range of 500-1500 cells/μl while the CD8+ cell count was in the range of 300-3300 cell/μl of blood. Hb was less than 12 g/dL, and RDW was less than 15.2% indicating anaemia. 88.35% of the subjects had a CD4/CD8 ratio of less than 1, 9.71% had a CD4/CD8 ratio range of 2-3, and 1.94% had a ratio greater than 4.77.95% of the subjects had a normal weight, 11.81% were underweight, 8.66% were overweight, and 1.57% were obese. Bioavailability in foods estimated using the algorithm indicated a +2.17 change in serum β-carotene and +7.776 changes in serum α-tocopherol levels, indicating that consumption of the foods would result in improving bioavailability of these nutrients in PLWHA in Butula. The study concluded that a high intake of micronutrients has been associated with reduced progression of HIV to AIDS and improved survival. Butula division is a region where indigenous vegetables known to be rich in micronutrients do well during the rainy season but become scarce in the dry season.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Rachel Wanjiru Nambafu
Chemistry Department, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v2/3375

Cost Analysis Approach of Providing Antiretroviral Therapy Services to HIV-Infected Patients at Public Health Centres in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania | Chapter 11 | Current Innovations in Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

Healthcare plan planning demands an understanding of the costs to enhance the adeptness of the approach. Since 2003, just four written HIV harming studies from low-proceeds sub-Saharan Land of the Sahara have used an individual-level calculating-costing approach, but all were backward-looking. This chapter generally focuses on cultivating a cost analysis for contribution antiretroviral therapy duties to HIV sufferers.The REMSTART trial was implemented in Dar es Salute, Tanzania, and Lusaka, Zambia and the cost study was restricted to Tanzania.  The study grown screening for cryptococcal meningitis and infection and a short initial ending of home-based devotion support for patients introducing ART accompanying advanced Immunological disorder disease in Tanzania and Zambia. We supposed costs of providing routine HIV care by utilizing a micro-harming approach. Incremental costs for the various novel components beneficial delivery were too estimated.The judgments revealed that 434 society were registered in the intervention arm and 436 in the standard care/control arm consumed the 870 people in Tanzania. At admission, the median (IQR) players' CD4 cell count was 52 (20, 89) containers/mm3 and their median (IQR) age was 38 (31, 44) age. ART drugs, hospital visits and hospital confirmation constituted 50%, 19%, and 19% of the total cost per patient period, while diagnostic tests and non-Cunning drugs (co-tri-moxazole) accounted for 10% and 2% of total per patient period costs. The incremental costs of the invasion to the health service over the first three months was US$ 59 (p<0.001; 95%CI 52–67) and over of highest quality year ending was US$ 67(p<0.001; 95%CI 50–83). This is equivalent to an increase of 55% (95%CI 51%–59%) in the mean cost of care over the first three months, and 25% (95%CI 20%–30%) increase over one old age of follow up. This study decided that Micro-harming approaches provide a habit to obtain an painstaking understanding of cost structures and cost alternative 'tween individuals in addition to over time.

Author(s) Details:

Godfather D. Kimaro,
National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, Tanzania and Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.

Christian Bottomley,
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.

Lorna Guinness,
Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.

Sokoine Kivuyo,
National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, Tanzania.

Shabbar Jaffar,
Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

Godfrey S. Mfinanga,
National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, Tanzania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIDHR-V9/article/view/12828

Management of HIV/AIDS Opportunistic Infections by Using Medicinal Plants: A Case Study from Njeru Sub-County, Buikwe District, Uganda | Chapter 9 | Current Progress in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 This stage focused on proof of the plants used in the administration of HIV/AIDS opportunistic infections before they are missing through degradation of their residence and death of the aging people the one have the knowledge about ruling class and also their influence in the management of the opportunistic afflictions was assessed. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a big cause of premature death and imposes a big disease burden about the world. Most HIV/AIDS cases are at risk for expanding bacterial and fungal opportunistic infections on account of immune abolition. However, there is lacking evidence to support the growing use of curative plants as an additional and alternative healing approach to combat HIV/AIDS opportunistic contaminations. The study was conducted in the Njeru sub-division, Buikwe District. The study focused on the exercise of medicinal plants secondhand in the management of HIV/AIDS sophisticated infections. A total of 52 curative plant species owned by forty-nine (49) genera and thirty-individual (31) families were recognized to be secondhand by traditional curative practitioners (TMPs) in the administration of HIV/AIDS opportunistic contaminations. Most of these plants were found to belong to the kins; Lamiaceae, Moraceae, Leguminosae, and Verbenaceae. Most of the plant species labeled were known to survive skin infections, never-ending cough, tuberculosis, stomach contaminations, diarrhea, syphilis zoster, and Warts. Although the herbs were used to treat a variety of illnesses, warts, disease communicable through sex zoster, chronic cough, stomach contaminations, and chronic cough were ultimate frequently stated. Traditional medical experts (TMPs) primarily drain decoctions as a method of application.

Author(s) Details:

Mustapha W. Shehu,
Department of Environmental Science, Islamic University in Uganda, Uganda.

Idris Bello,
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Malaysia.

Nafi’u Abdulkadir,
Department of Microbiology, Sokoto State University, Nigeria.

Abdulazeez Shehu,
Department of Environmental Science, Islamic University in Uganda, Uganda.

Ssenku Ediris Jamil,
Department of Environmental Science, Islamic University in Uganda, Uganda.

Sadiya A. Waziri,
Department of Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMMR-V6/article/view/11481

Key HIV Misconceptions among Inhabitants of a Rural Community in Enugu State, Nigeria | Chapter 13 | Current Progress in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

 This branch assess HIV impressions among rural tenants in Enugu state, southeast Nigeria. By November 2021, 36.3 million folk had died of HIV infection everywhere, with 37.7 heap people still infected accompanying the virus as at 2020. About 25.4 heap of those infected are about WHO African Region. Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS exist mostly in underdeveloped countries.The study was of descriptive, cross localized design, using pre-tested questioner administered inquiry. The questionnaire was completed all the while a medical be superior to activity in January 2015, systematized by indigenes of Udi Local Government Area who were health laborers in the State University Teaching Hospital, Enugu.Correct reactions to the misconceptions investigated were; HIV contamination found only with sinners (29.7%), HIV transmitted by eating from the unchanging plate with an contaminated person (24.7%),  HIV communicated through handshake (29.7%), HIV can be communicated by touching the excretion or faeces of an infected person (24.0%), HIV maybe transmitted by embracing or touching an infected man (28.0%), HIV can be healed (19.9%), Praying daily can hinder HIV infection (20.3%), and Worshipping our ancestors can avert HIV infection (27.0%). It is very troublesome that only 19.9% of respondents in this study had this information. Many pregnant daughters (58.6%) in Gwagwalada Area Council of Abuja, Nigeria had the correct knowledge in the past that now, there is no cure for HIV/AIDS.People the one live in country areas are more prone to have dishonest beliefs about HIV. It is considered that pertinent governments in developing countries with its own government create pushs targeted at dispelling HIV/AIDS parables, particularly in country areas.

Author(s) Details:

Edmund O. Ndibuagu,

Department of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care, Enugu State University College of Medicine, Parklane, Enugu, Nigeria, Department of Community Medicine, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Parklane, Enugu, Nigeria and Esucom Health Care Delivery Research Initiative, Enugu State University College of Medicine, Enugu, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMMR-V3/article/view/11246

HIV/AIDS and Nutritional Status: Two Sides of a Same Coin: Both should be given Importance | Chapter 16 | Research Highlights in Disease and Health Research Vol. 3

 A cross-localized study was carried out at ART center of a after second care institution in Maharashtra. The study contained 104 PLHAs who were started on ART for the first opportunity, completed not completely 6 months of treatment, and present consent. Personal interviews were employed to draw data after gettv informed consent, utilizing a pre-tested, pre-approved questionnaire accompanying a pre-determined scoring whole, as well as anthropometric calculations and relevant surveys, all while maintaining scrupulous confidentiality. In our study, 51.92% of the participants were female, the average age was 38.5 ± 9.6, 14.42% were uneducated, 32% had received basic education, and 32% had taken secondary instruction. 16.35% were drivers, and almost all (96.15%) were wedded. With regard to BMI, there was a statistically meaningful difference in age, instructional status, matrimonial status, knowledge score, and chlorosis status. Logistic reversion with BMI as the effect revealed that age twofold had some relationship. It method that the odds of bearing a normal BMI are 2.7 occasions higher in the earlier age group. A statistically significant distinctness in mean CD4 count was also noticed before and after ART medicine. Regression analysis disclosed that CD4 count after ART is affected for one individual's pre-ART CD4 count, ART duration, and neuter. Each unit increase in pre-ART CD4 and ART event results in an increase of 0.44 and 4.5 units in post-ART CD4. In our study, women' post-ART CD4 count increased more than men'. There is a significant break in PLHAs' nutritional information. The study also erect that good nutrition has a positive effect on CD4 count. PLHAs the one were older (over 40 age), married, learned, and had a higher information score and a lower Hb% had better nutrition. As a result, nutritional mediations such as frequent strength educational gatherings on nutrition to increase the information of PLHAs can be emphasized all the while each follow-up visit at ART centers are critically needed. There is a need to label PLHAs that receive no or little pertaining to food support and provide nutritional supplementation, for that the planning and procedure section demands adequate research evidence from India.

Author(s) Details:

Ravishekar N. Hiremath,
Department of Community Medicine, AFMS, New Delhi, India.

Lalit Mesala,
Department of Community Medicine, AFMS, New Delhi, India.

Shailaja Patil,
Department of Community Medicine, BLDE (Deemed to be University), Shri B. M. Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.

Sandhya Ghodke,
Department of Anaesthesia, Rainbow Children's Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V3/article/view/9881

The Role of Lay Workers in Providing Home-based Treatment Adherence Support to Patients with Advanced HIV Disease in Tanzania and Zambia | Chapter 14 | Research Highlights in Disease and Health Research Vol. 5

 The present study proven an intervention utilizing trained lay strength workers and hide for cryptococcal meningitis and TB in Tanzania and Zambia through a randomised trial. Here, we give a itemized description of the care model accompanying an emphasis on the function of the trained lay laborer. To provide antiretroviral cures, offer adherence enjoining, and perform elementary monitoring for situation side effects and additional medical issues, lay employees made home visits to inmates in the intervention arm. In 2019, skilled were appropriately 20.7 heap [18.4 million–23.0 heap] people endure HIV in Eastern and Southern Africa, and an estimated 72% of bureaucracy were on antiretroviral healing (ART). A major challenge in the scale-up of ART aids in Sub-Saharan Africa is the severe deficiency of human resources for fitness.To provide antiretroviral drugs, offer adherence charging, and perform fundamental monitoring for situation side effects and additional medical issues, lay laborers made home visits to victims in the intervention arm. A total of 1999 players were enrolled in the trial. Lay employees were recruited through public advertisements.Six lay traders were recruited in each country and prepared for two weeks. Each lay worker command a price of a monthly payroll of US$ 524.83 in Zambia and US$ 537.54 in Tanzania. They were also rewarded communication and transport expenses for home visits. The median number of visits per patient was 3 for Tanzania and 4 for Zambia. On average a lay trader was responsible for 72.3 sufferers in Tanzania and 94.5 in Zambia for 1 year. Referrals were created in 9% of the home visits and self-referral was disheartened in 64% of visits. According to this study, using compensated lay people to transfer HIV/AIDS services in urbane areas place there is a dispassionate staffing shortage can assist identify ART-connected side effects and unfavorable responses and sustain needless referrals.

Author(s) Details:

Godfather D. Kimaro,
National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, Tanzania and Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.

Christian Bottomley,
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.

Amos Kahwa,
National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, Tanzania.

Lorna Guinness,
Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.

Sokoine Kivuyo,
National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, Tanzania.

Victoria Simms,
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.

Bernard Ngowi,
National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, Tanzania.

Duncan Chanda,
Institute for Medical Research and Training, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.

Shabbar Jaffar,
Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

Godfrey S. Mfinanga,
National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, Tanzania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V5/article/view/10139

 A cross-divided study was carried out at ART center of a after second care institution in Maharashtra. The study contained 104 PLHAs who were started on ART for the first opportunity, completed not completely 6 months of treatment, and present consent. Personal interviews were employed to draw data after gettv informed consent, utilizing a pre-tested, pre-substantiated questionnaire accompanying a pre-determined scoring order, as well as anthropometric calculations and relevant cases, all while maintaining absolute confidentiality. In our study, 51.92% of the participants were female, the average age was 38.5 ± 9.6, 14.42% were uneducated, 32% had received basic education, and 32% had taken secondary instruction. 16.35% were drivers, and almost all (96.15%) were wedded. With regard to BMI, there was a statistically important difference in age, instructional status, matrimonial status, knowledge score, and emptiness status. Logistic reversion with BMI as the consequence revealed that age twofold had some relationship. It way that the odds of bearing a normal BMI are 2.7 occasions higher in the earlier age group. A statistically significant dissimilarity in mean CD4 count was also noticed before and after ART healing. Regression analysis told that CD4 count after ART is affected for one individual's pre-ART CD4 count, ART duration, and masculine. Each unit increase in pre-ART CD4 and ART event results in an increase of 0.44 and 4.5 units in post-ART CD4. In our study, women' post-ART CD4 count increased more than men'. There is a significant break in PLHAs' nutritional information. The study also raise that good nutrition has a positive effect on CD4 count. PLHAs the one were older (over 40 age), married, experienced, and had a higher information score and a lower Hb% had better nutrition. As a result, nutritional mediations such as frequent fitness educational meetings on nutrition to increase the information of PLHAs can be emphasized all along each follow-up visit at ART centers are critically needed. There is a need to recognize PLHAs that receive no or little digestive support and provide nutritional supplementation, for that the planning and tactics section demands adequate research evidence from India.

Author(s) Details:

Ravishekar N. Hiremath,
Department of Community Medicine, AFMS, New Delhi, India.

Lalit Mesala,
Department of Community Medicine, AFMS, New Delhi, India.

Shailaja Patil,
Department of Community Medicine, BLDE (Deemed to be University), Shri B. M. Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.

Sandhya Ghodke,
Department of Anaesthesia, Rainbow Children's Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RHDHR-V3/article/view/9881

Investigation on Knowledge and Awareness about HIV/AIDS among First Year Medical Students in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India| Chapter 4 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 1

 The ghost of circulating prostate cells (CPCs), individual subtype of minimal residual affliction, may be useful to call patients at risk for biochemical collapse (BF). The frequency of CPCs discovered following radical prostatectomy (RP), their connection with clinicopathological characteristics, and their equivalence with biochemical disappointment are all discussed.Following RP, serial ancestry samples were collected, mononuclear cells were unique using differential coagulate centrifugation, and CPCs were detected using antagonistic-PSA monoclonal antibodies in accordance with standard immunocytochemistry. The unadjusted biochemical failure free continuation of patients with and outside CPCs was compared using Kaplan Meier methods. In the study, which included 114 brothers, secondary CPCs were found often in patients with helpful margins, extracapsular extension, and vascular and languid infiltration. These judgments also showed a smaller time to BF and an association middle from two points biochemical failure independent of these clinicopathological variables. Secondary CPCs are an free risk factor for higher BF in brothers with a PSA <0.2 ng/mL following radical prostatectomy, but they do not distinguish between local and fundamental disease recurrence.

Author(s) Details:

Keerti S. Jogdand,
Department of Community Medicine, Chhindwara Institute of Medical Sciences, Chhindwara, (M.P.), India.

Pravin N. Yerpude,
Department of Community Medicine, Chhindwara Institute of Medical Sciences, Chhindwara, (M.P.), India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V1/article/view/8999

Effectiveness of Music Video on HIV/AIDS Prevention among Female Factory Workers in Lao PDR| Chapter 5 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 10

Background: In the Lao PDR, rapid socioeconomic development has resulted in significant changes in young people's lifestyles and sexual behaviour. Because school-based HIV/AIDS education is insufficient, effective educational techniques must be developed. The goal of this study was to create and assess an Entertainment-Education Music Video (EEMVL) using ‘Lam,' a Lao traditional folk song. The experiment was carried out in a plant in the southern region of Laos. Factory workers were educated about HIV/AIDS by viewing EEMVL. 51 female manufacturing workers completed semi-structured questionnaires before and after the intervention, as well as at a two-week follow-up. The questionnaire asked about HIV/AIDS knowledge and awareness, condom use self-efficacy, condom use intention, and positive and negative attitudes toward HIV/AIDS patients. From pre-intervention to two-week follow-up, the results revealed higher condom usage self-efficacy (p0.001), decreased negative attitudes toward persons living with HIV/AIDS (p=0.003), and improved HIV/AIDS information communication among factory workers (p0.001). The intention to use condoms increased from pre to post (p=0.017), but declined two weeks later (p=0.02). The drop in intention was attributable to the participant's recognition of the significance ofhaving the knowledge and skills to protect oneself from HIV infection, and understanding that condoms do not provide 100% protection against HIV infection Furthermore, the participants stated a wish to protect Lao culture from HIV/AIDS and to carry out their responsibilities as Lao citizens. Conclusion: These findings revealed that the audience's health literacy on HIV/AIDS prevention improved as a result of the social modelling behaviour displayed in the EEMVL, and that interpersonal contact among the participants was stimulated.

Author (S) Details

Itsuko Yoshida
Department of Nursing, Yasuda Women’s University, Japan.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CDHR-V10/article/view/2543

Dilutions of Apis mellifera Improve Metabolic Abnormalities Induced by Antiretroviral Therapy in Mice | Chapter 3 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 6

 Background: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) is linked to a lower risk of death and a lower risk of AIDS progression. Complications from long-term HIV infection and treatment, on the other hand, have become increasingly important. Hepatic and nephrotoxic effects of HAART are among the risks. Honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom has been shown to have anticancer, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and vasoconstrictor properties in studies. The current research examines the impact of Apis mellifera dilutions on metabolic changes in mice receiving antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

Material and Methods: There were ten animals in each experimental group: (I) animals given HAART diluted in 1.2 mL water gavage/day, (II) animals given HAART diluted in 1.2 mL water gavage/day + Apis mellifera diluted 1x1012 in water 1.0 mL once daily added to the drinking water (1:10 mL) available ad libitum, (III) animals given HAART diluted in 1.2 mL water gavage/day + Apis mell The study groups were given 15 days of treatment. Before and after treatment, clinical evaluations (body weight, water intake and ration, excretion products, behaviour) were conducted, and serum cholesterol, triglycerides, hepatic enzymes (AST, ALT), and creatinine were measured using unique methods. Student's t test was used to analyse the data in Graph Pad Prism.

When compared to animals treated with antiretroviral therapy, animals treated with HAART and Apis mellifera diluted (II and III) had higher body weight gain, lower levels of triglycerides (20%), cholesterol (20%), and creatinine (50%).

Conclusion: Our findings show that Apis mellifica extract, when used in a diluted form, has antiretroviral therapy-friendly effects in animals. The levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, liver enzymes, and renal profile have all improved.

When compared to the HAART sample, Apis mellifera diluted 1x1012 and 1x1060 had a major impact on creatinine levels and indicated a potential effect on kidney injury.

Author (s) Details

M. L. Recco
Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.

L. B. Bornia
Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.

T. Sakurada Jr
Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.

T. Sakurada Jr
Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.

A. R. T. Pupulin
Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V6/article/view/625

A Study on Parents’ Participation in the Sexuality Education of Their Children in Rural Namibia | Chapter 1 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 5

The goal of this study is to explore and describe how rural parents provide their children with sexuality education, to explore and identify children's sexuality education needs, and to identify and describe the challenges faced by rural parents in their children's sexuality education provision. In most Namibian cultures, talking about sexuality has never been easy and it seems like most parents feel awkward and ashamed to speak about sexuality openly with their kids. They do not engage in their children's sexuality education because, because of their lack of awareness about human sexuality or their perceived inability to clarify what they know, they feel they are unable to provide quality and adequate sexuality information. The process of gaining knowledge and developing perceptions, opinions and values about gender, relationships and intimacy is a lifelong process of sexuality education. This includes the growth of sexuality, reproductive health, interpersonal relationships, love, intimacy, body image and gender roles. The ultimate objective of this study was to create, identify, introduce and evaluate an educational program to encourage rural parents to engage in their children's sexual education. The research was structured to be qualitative in nature, exploratory, descriptive and contextual. It was carried out in 3 stages. Step 1 consisted of a scenario analysis to analyze and explain how sexual education is given by parents. The development of a conceptual structure that enabled the development of an instructional program consisted of Step 2. The program was introduced and reviewed in step 3, and recommendations were made and conclusions were drawn. The key findings revealed two themes: factors affecting parental involvement in the sexuality education of their children, and the need for parental participation in the sexuality education of their children. This article is part of a series of three papers resulting from a report on the empowerment of rural parents in Namibia's sexuality education program. The three papers have the following titles: one: the participation of parents in their children's sexuality education: situational analysis; two: changes in the conceptual structure to promote the advancement of the instructional program; and three: implementation and evaluation of the program. This paper dealt with the involvement of parents in their children's sexuality education: a situational study. As socializing agents, parents can serve an essential role by providing their children with standards and values and that they are the primary sources from which children derive their standards and values. Successful sexuality education also offers an opportunity for young people to discuss why people have sex and to think about how it includes thoughts, empathy for themselves and others and their attitudes, choices and bodies.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Linda Ndeshipandula Lukolo
Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia Windhoek, Namibia.

Agnes van Dyk
International University of Management, Windhoek Namibia Windhoek, Namibia.

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