Comparative Analysis of Labour Costs and Returns in Small-Scale Maize-Cowpea Farming: A Case Study Mubi North Local Government, Adamawa State, Nigeria |Chapter 5 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 2

 

This study examines the comparative analysis of labor costs and returns in small-scale maize-cowpea farming, focusing on Mubi North Local Government, Adamawa State, Nigeria. The research investigates the costs incurred by farmers using family labor versus hired labor for various farm operations, as well as the returns generated from these operations. Data were collected from farmers, and the results show that the mean cost of labor per man-day for family labor ranged from N1716.43 to N328.44, with the highest cost being for the first weeding and the lowest for planting maize. In comparison, farmers utilizing hired labor had higher costs, ranging from N2750.11 to N350.85 per man-day, with the highest cost for the second weeding and the lowest for the second fertilizer application. Overall, hired labor was more expensive, leading to a total expenditure of N23,120.24 on labor, with hired labor constituting N14,513.99 and family labor N8,606.25. The cost and returns analysis revealed that farmers spent a mean total of N46,246.82 and N48,561.16 per hectare for family and hired labor respectively, and realized revenues of N69,084.39 and N73,201.22 for family and hired labor respectively. The study also found that hired labor resulted in higher returns over variable costs of production, total revenue, and gross margin per man-day, indicating that farmers who used hired labor tended to make greater profits. However, the return on capital investment for both family and hired labor was relatively low, suggesting the need for more efficient use of production inputs to enhance profitability in small-scale maize-cowpea farming.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Gwandi O.

Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria and Department of Agricultural Economics, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.

V. Kamalvanshi

Department of Agricultural Economics, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v2/1204

Optimizing Quarry Equipment Maintenance Through Reconditioning of Components Subject to Abrasive Wear | Chapter 1 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 9

 

This study rigorously analyses the operational reliability and maintainability of critical metal components susceptible to abrasive wear within the technological equipment of the Pătârș basalt quarry. By integrating tribological wear parameter analysis with robust reliability and maintainability modelling, the research quantifies their direct impact on equipment efficiency and lifespan. We assessed components such as the Komatsu WA470 front loader bucket knife, Komatsu HB365 excavator bucket teeth, and the sorting station trough, alongside evaluating alternative materials like Hardox 400 steel and Pucest panels with perforated metallic inserts. Our methodology employed statistical distributions (lognormal and three-parameter Weibull) for reliability and maintainability, complemented by laboratory tribological tests on rock-metal pairs to quantify wear. Key findings reveal significant reliability degradation across all components with increased operating time, necessitating proactive maintenance. Notably, weld reconditioning proved highly effective, achieving a 68% increase in the operational lifespan of reconditioned bucket teeth. Furthermore, an economic analysis demonstrated that while alternative materials like Hardox 400 and Pucest have higher initial costs, their significantly extended operational lifespans (achieving 80% reliability for 157 and 251 days, respectively, compared to 105 days for the original material) promise substantial long-term cost-effectiveness through reduced replacement frequency and minimised downtime. This comprehensive study provides a robust framework for optimising quarry operations by strategically evaluating critical component reliability and implementing targeted maintenance interventions.

Author(s) Details

Mihaela TODERAȘ

Mining Engineering, Surveying and Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Mines, University of Petrosani, 332006 Petrosani, Romania.

 Vlad Alexandru FLOREA|
Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Transportation Engineering, University of Petrosani, 332006 Petrosani, Romania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v9/5788

Cost Analysis Approach of Providing Antiretroviral Therapy Services to HIV-Infected Patients at Public Health Centres in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania | Chapter 11 | Current Innovations in Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

Healthcare plan planning demands an understanding of the costs to enhance the adeptness of the approach. Since 2003, just four written HIV harming studies from low-proceeds sub-Saharan Land of the Sahara have used an individual-level calculating-costing approach, but all were backward-looking. This chapter generally focuses on cultivating a cost analysis for contribution antiretroviral therapy duties to HIV sufferers.The REMSTART trial was implemented in Dar es Salute, Tanzania, and Lusaka, Zambia and the cost study was restricted to Tanzania.  The study grown screening for cryptococcal meningitis and infection and a short initial ending of home-based devotion support for patients introducing ART accompanying advanced Immunological disorder disease in Tanzania and Zambia. We supposed costs of providing routine HIV care by utilizing a micro-harming approach. Incremental costs for the various novel components beneficial delivery were too estimated.The judgments revealed that 434 society were registered in the intervention arm and 436 in the standard care/control arm consumed the 870 people in Tanzania. At admission, the median (IQR) players' CD4 cell count was 52 (20, 89) containers/mm3 and their median (IQR) age was 38 (31, 44) age. ART drugs, hospital visits and hospital confirmation constituted 50%, 19%, and 19% of the total cost per patient period, while diagnostic tests and non-Cunning drugs (co-tri-moxazole) accounted for 10% and 2% of total per patient period costs. The incremental costs of the invasion to the health service over the first three months was US$ 59 (p<0.001; 95%CI 52–67) and over of highest quality year ending was US$ 67(p<0.001; 95%CI 50–83). This is equivalent to an increase of 55% (95%CI 51%–59%) in the mean cost of care over the first three months, and 25% (95%CI 20%–30%) increase over one old age of follow up. This study decided that Micro-harming approaches provide a habit to obtain an painstaking understanding of cost structures and cost alternative 'tween individuals in addition to over time.

Author(s) Details:

Godfather D. Kimaro,
National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, Tanzania and Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.

Christian Bottomley,
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.

Lorna Guinness,
Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.

Sokoine Kivuyo,
National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, Tanzania.

Shabbar Jaffar,
Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

Godfrey S. Mfinanga,
National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, Tanzania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIDHR-V9/article/view/12828

Production and Commercialization of Goat Meat in a Silvopastoral Region of the Mixteca Poblana, Mexico: A Market Based Scenario| Chapter 3 | Current Aspects in Business, Economics and Finance Vol. 8

 The Aim of the Work was: to know the production and commercialization of goat meat in a silvopastoral region of the Mixteca Poblana in Mexico. The basis for any expansion must be goat production systems that are biologically and economically sustainable, meeting both producer and consumer needs. Meat goats historically have been kept for brush control. Their use to control noxious plants and in vegetation management will continue to be their primary role in the future.

The study was carried out in the communities of Maninalcingo and Tehuaxtla belonging to the municipality of Piaxtla, south of the capital of the state of Puebla, Mexico. A total of 15 Goats Family Production Units (UPF) were considered in the study, 2 markets and 12 points of sale where goat meat was sold; A structured survey with 75 questions under 4 productive indicators was applied. By using the in situ investigation method, the first focused on general information on the goat UPF, the second on aspects of goat identification and census, the third on market information and the commercialization of goat meat, and the fourth on production costs, prices per kilogramme of meat and dish, and preference percentages for goat meat consumed in the Mixteca region. Finally, using the Windows version of SPSS 14.0, apply descriptive statistics. 60% of the producers are located in a small property regime, with populations of 30 to 110 goats/silvopastoral production unit. 13% of the UPFs sell their goats to the local and regional market for USD 30.15, 60% sell for USD 40.20, 7% for USD 42.71 and 20% sell for USD 45.22. The cost of production/animal was USD 6.08 and its profit was USD 34.14. The 100% preference was for white barbecue, at a cost of USD 10.05/kg. Production costs maintain substantial ranges regarding the completion of goats for meat; the silvopastoral system is a fundamental resource that gives it a platform to support its feeding at low costs in the productive system of the region. It is possible to produce goat meat at a low cost and sell it in the future as an ecological product of origin by raising it in silvopastoral conditions.

Author(s) Details:

Jorge Ezequiel Hernández Hernández,
Consolidated Academic Body of Animal Production of the FMVZ-BUAP, Mexico.

Fernando Utrera Quintana,
Consolidated Academic Body of Animal Production of the FMVZ-BUAP, Mexico.

Julio Cesar Camacho Ronquillo,
Consolidated Academic Body of Animal Production of the FMVZ-BUAP, Mexico.

Miguel Ángel Zambrano Gonzalez,
Research Professors of the FMVZ-BUAP, Mexico.

Erick Cecilio Fernández Meneses,
Research Professors of the FMVZ-BUAP, Mexico.

Jacqueline Baltazar Perez,
Research Professors of the FMVZ-BUAP, Mexico.

Martha H. Martín Rivera,
University of Sonora (UNISON), Mexico.

Fernando Arturo Ibarra Flores,
University of Sonora (UNISON), Mexico.

Salomón Moreno Medina,
University of Sonora (UNISON), Mexico.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CABEF-V8/article/view/9189

Value Management Analysis in Micro and Small Enterprises in Peru| Chapter 1 | New Innovations in Economics, Business and Management Vol. 10

The city's development may be greatly aided by the textile industry. There are excellent natural fibres that may be used as the foundation for making great textiles. The majority of businesses engaged in this activity are micro and small businesses seeking for competitiveness-enhancing instruments. As part of value engineering, this research tries to investigate how firms behave when faced with product redesign, cost cutting, and component replacement. It is suggested that these businesses in Arequipa-Per apply the value management aspects in their operations. Utilizing Smart PLS, structural equations are utilised while processing data from 157 entrepreneurs in the textile garment industry. The study's findings offer some proof that these factors and managerial value have a favourable and substantial link.

Author(s) Details:

Bernardo De La Gala Velasquez,
Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Peru.

Patricia Pilar Zirena-Bejarano,
Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Peru.

A. Yuliana Arredondo,
Andean University Nestor Cáceres Velasquez, Peru.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NIEBM-V10/article/view/7406

A Review on Minimally Invasive Right Colectomy from Conventional Laparoscopic Resection to Robotic-Assisted Surgery | Chapter 1 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

 The goal of robotic-assisted abdominal surgery was to overcome the limitations of the traditional laparoscopic technique. The current narrative review compares the short and long-term results, costs, and learning curve of laparoscopic versus robotic-assisted techniques for right colectomy (RC). The main technical issues of using robotic assistance for this treatment are explored in further detail. The introduction of next-generation optics (3D, 4K) and more ergonomic instruments can be seen as a step forward in terms of technical facilitation. Because of the unique vascular structure of the right and middle colics, minimally invasive RC is considered technically tough. Due to the high prices and operating times, robotic RC has failed to gain traction. Its use, on the other hand, may have advantages in terms of short-term clinical outcomes and facilitates the acquisition of basic surgical skills, thus shortening the learning curve of minimally invasive colorectal surgery.

Author(S) Details

Dilip M. Chafle
Research Centre of Taywade College, Koradi, Dist. Nagpur (441111), India.

Carmen Payá-Llorente
Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain.

Lelde Lauka
Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henri-Mondor Hospital, University Paris Est-Créteil – UPEC, Créteil, 94010, France.

Elisa Reitano
Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henri-Mondor Hospital, University Paris Est-Créteil – UPEC, Créteil, 94010, France.

Riccardo Memeo
Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Bari, Italy.

Paschalis Gavriilidis
Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Oesophago-Gastric Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0HS, UK.

Francesco Brunetti
Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henri-Mondor Hospital, University Paris Est-Créteil – UPEC, Créteil, 94010, France.

Aleix Martínez-Pérez
Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V12/article/view/4667

Computing and Applications: The Maximum Flow and Minimum Cost – Maximum Flow Problems | Chapter 6 | Theory and Practice of Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 10

 Both the maximum flow and minimum cost-maximum flow challenges are concerned with determining flows between a source and a destination across a network. The term "maximum flow" refers to any problem in which the goal is to transport as many products, objects, or people as possible between two sites via intermediate places. Maximum flow-lowest cost refers to flow problems including both capacities and expenses. Computing enables one to come at a solution to a problem when provided knowledge about a network (network flow diagram, capacities, and expenses). When the solution is ready, it must be tested on a real-world problem. The usage of R (many packages and functions), specially designed Pascal programmes, and Excel SOLVER in the solution of these problems will be discussed. The following problems' minimum cost-maximum flow solutions will also be discussed: Transportation problem, assignment problem, shortest path problem, caterer problem, maximum flow, minimum cost-maximum flow.

Author(s) Details

W. H. Moolman
Department of Mathematical Sciences and Computing, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TPMCS-V10/article/view/1076