Metallo Beta-Lactamase Resistance Mechanisms among Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) | Chapter 9 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 9

 Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important pathogens causing nosocomial infections, it is naturally resistant to many antimicrobial agents. It has a distinctive capacity to become resistant to many available antimicrobial agents via multiple mechanisms. One of the major clinical problems regarding Pseudomonas aeruginosa is attributed to the production of Metallo-Beta lactamase (MBL) enzymes. This group of enzymes is members of beta-lactamases which constitute Ambler class B that hydrolyze-carbapenems.

 

Aim: This study was carried out to find out the predominant resistance mechanisms among Multi-drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) and the prevalence of corresponding resistance genes.

 

Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, MDRPA isolates collected from various clinical samples for a period of one year from March 2015 to February 2016 were included to detect the predominant mechanism of resistance using phenotypic and molecular methods. Molecular characterization of all these isolates was done by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the presence of blaVIM2, blaIMP-1, blaOXA-23, and blaNDM-1 genes with specific primers.

 

Results: Among 120 MDRPA isolates 70 (58.33%) were MBL producers. Molecular characterization studied by PCR showed 15 (12.5%) of vim2 gene and only 2 (1.66%) of IMP 1 gene. None of the 120 MDRPA has produced OXA 23 and NDM gene in our study. MDRPA infections are likely to affect critically ill patients who require prolonged hospitalization. Infections with MDRPA are also associated with adverse clinical outcome. Strict isolation of patients infected with MDRPA and judicial use of antibiotics should be emphasized in order to prevent the spread of MDRPA infections.

 

Conclusion: The prevalence of MBLs has been increasing worldwide, particularly among P. aeruginosa, leading to severe limitations in the therapeutic options for the management. Thus, proper resistance screening measures and appropriate antibiotic policy can be strictly adopted by all the healthcare facility providers to overcome these superbugs.

Author(s) Details:

Mohammed Ansar Qureshi,
College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, KSA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB/article/view/13228

Genetic Alterations in H. pylori Infected Gastric Cancer Patients | Chapter 9 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 5

Background: Gastric cancer has always been one of the most prevalent causes of cancer-related death and continues to be a major public health issue. Gene alterations are required for the development of gastric cancer, which are influenced by environmental and host factors.

Aim: This study aimed to explore the status of alteration of the three genes-P53, HER2, and hMlH1 in gastric adenocarcinoa and to find out their association with H. pylori infection and clinicopathological factors of the operated patients.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Endoscopically biopsied and histopathologically confirmed as adenocarcinoma stomach patients were admitted for surgical intervention in the department of Surgical Oncology in National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh. For genetic (P53 and hMLH1) study of the gastrectomized tissue DNA extraction and optimization, we performed PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. HER2 was studied by immunochemical technique. The results were matched with tumor status, age and sex, smoking, and H. pylori antibody status of the patients to find their association.

Results: The mean age of the patients was 52.91 (±13.94) years. Among the 45 patients selected for genetic tests, 12 aged 40 or more and 33 aged over 40. Among the genes, 33(73.3%) in P53 and 17(37.7%) in hMLH1 were mutated and 11(24.2%) in HER2 were found to be overexpressed. Chi square and regression analysis showed that they all had associations with H. pylori positivity (P < 0.05, odds ratio >1). hMLH1 was associated with the location of the tumor, smoking, sex, blood group, and age, and P53 was found to be affected by extra salt intake, sex, blood group, and age of the patients (P ≤  0.05). This study explored the relationship of H. pylori infection with the genetic changes in cancer patients, which would be a milestone in the cancer research in this country.

Conclusion: Genetic mutation was found in nearly all the patients with gastric cancer, which was significantly associated with H. pylori infection. Mass eradication of this organism might play a role in reducing cancer incidence in Bangladesh.

Author(s) Details:

M. Mizanur Rahman,
National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Gazi Nurun Nahar Sultana,
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research, Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Mohammed Abu Kawsar Sarker,
Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Furness General Hospital, University Hospitals of Morecamb NHS Trust, Barrow-in-Furness, Lancaster, U.K.

Md. Monoar Hossain,
Department of Surgical Oncology, Khulna Medical College, Khulna, Bangladesh.

Mohd. Sahajadul Alam,
National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Md. Anisur Rahman,
Department of Gastroenterology, Popular Medical College Hospital, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abdul Ahad,
Department of Gastroenterology, Khulna Medical College, Khulna, Bangladesh.

Md. Monzurul Islam,
National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Rokeya Begum,
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research, Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V5/article/view/13309

A Compendium of Precision Oncology: An Approach towards Unveiling the Unique and Individualized Reality of Cancer | Chapter 4 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 6

 The employment of a "one size fits all" strategy, that is, a comparable line of therapy or the use of the same drug/medicine, that too in a conventional method, to cure a certain condition, has been witnessed for several decades. Rather than specific human characteristics, this strategy is linked to unique genetic constitutions and processes. Precision oncology has the potential to improve patient prediction, treatment, and follow-up care dramatically. As a result of recent biotechnological developments, identifying the various and diverse biological components involved to carcinogenesis has only lately become possible. The main goal of this chapter is to bridge the gap between Precision Oncology research and clinical practise by raising awareness among scientists, clinicians, and the general public, as well as providing a detailed representation of all advances made in the field, taking into account almost all aspects and possibilities. It also gives a thorough picture of the genes linked to many cancer types, including overlapping genes that are involved in numerous cancers. Knowing a patient's genetic information and the genes that are susceptible to mutations can aid in accurate diagnosis and the delivery of the best customised medicines, reducing the risk of treatment failure, which is common in cancer therapy. This chapter covers all aspects of Precision Oncology and gives an overview of overlapping genes as well as genes with cancer-causing mutations. This gathered data could aid future clinical investigations and academic research aimed at predicting and preventing cancer.

Author(S) Details

Sohini Kulavi
Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal, India.

Sirshendu Chatterjee
Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, West Bengal, India.

Chandreyi Ghosh
Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, West Bengal, India.

Moumita Saha
Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, West Bengal, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V6/article/view/5156

A Descriptive Model of Amsams and Genes Transmission from Seven Generations | Chapter 12 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 2

 According to an article in the Tamil magazine Subayogam, during his reproductive years, a man will have 84 "amsams," 28 of his own and 56 passed down from his paternal line forefathers over six generations. The goal of the study was to compare the amsams passed down not only from paternal forefathers but also from maternal forefathers to the genes in the human genome. The authors of the current study concluded that the same 84 amsams found in men could also be found in the gametes of women, and that offspring receive amsams from both paternal and maternal grandmothers. The relationship between amsams and genes identified in Homo sapiens has also been studied. The individual's 28 amsams could be more or less equal to the non-identical 30 genes computed as 0.1 percent of 30,000 genes. The genetic constitution of the cloned cells differs from that of their parent, as evidenced by the amsams or genes.

Author (S) Details

Sayee Rajangam
Department of Anatomy, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore 560 034, Karnataka, India.

N. Leelavathy
Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Karnataka, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V2/article/view/3718

Mechanism of Alternative Splicing in Cancer Therapy | Chapter 9 | Current Strategies in Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology Vol. 3

 Alternative splicing is an essential mechanism by which the rearrangement of exons and introns contributes to the development of multiple proteins from a single gene. It is one of the key drivers of the variety of proteomas. The spliceosome is the macromolecular machinery that mediates the alternative splicing process through a multi-step process involving small nuclear ribonuclear protein (snRNP) sequential binding and release. A complex process that is closely regulated by SR proteins, hnRNPs and many splicing factors is alternative splicing. A variety of illnesses, including cancer, are associated with aberration of alternative splicing patterns. The path of a disease can be altered or precluded by modulating alternative splicing. This review focuses on the function of alternative splicing in the production of cancer, the alteration of cancer splicing factors, small splicing-inhibiting molecules, the targeting of splicing regulators, and the use of oligonucleotides that can be used in cancer therapy as potential therapeutic strategies.

Author(s) Details

Deborah Awoniran
Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State,Nigeria.

Prof. Evans Egwim

Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/306