Sarcopenic Obesity in Patients with Gastroduodenal Ulcer in Lomé, Togo | Chapter 01 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 9

 

Background: Gastroduodenal ulcer disease (GUD) is a significant health burden in urban West Africa, a region undergoing a rapid nutritional transition. Conventional assessment using Body Mass Index (BMI) may fail to detect complex malnutrition phenotypes like sarcopenic obesity that could impair ulcer healing. While the infectious and pharmacological etiologies of GUD are well-documented, a critical knowledge gap persists regarding the role of nutritional status as a modulator of disease severity and healing capacity. This gap is particularly concerning in the context of the rapid and profound nutritional transition currently underway in urban African centres like Lomé.

Aim: This study aimed to characterise the detailed nutritional and metabolic profiles of GUD patients in Lomé, Togo, to unmask these underlying disorders.

Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study, conducted from July to October 2024, recruited 127 patients with endoscopically confirmed GUD. Data were collected on sociodemographic, clinical, and dietary characteristics, with dietary quality assessed via a Dietary Diversity Score (SDA). A score of ≤ 4 was classified as low dietary diversity, while a score of ≥ 7 was considered high diversity.

Body composition, including visceral fat and skeletal muscle mass, was Evaluated using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Fasting venous blood was analysed for key biochemical markers, including albumin, folate, and homocysteine.

Results: The cohort (mean age 43.7; 35.4% Helicobacter pylori positive) presented a paradoxical nutritional profile. While BMI classified only 31.5% as overweight or obese, BIA revealed a high prevalence of sarcopenic obesity: 46.5% exhibited a low protein index, and 39.4% had visceral obesity. Poor dietary quality (SDA ≤ 4) was significantly associated with lower concentrations of prealbumin and albumin (p<0.05), reduced serum folate (p<0.01), and consequently higher, detrimental levels of homocysteine (p<0.01). The strong inverse correlation between a low Dietary Diversity Score (SDA) and elevated homocysteine levels, mediated by folate deficiency, unveils a critical metabolic pathway that further hinders recovery. Regular fruit consumption was protective against H. pylori infection (OR = 0.42), while a low education level was an independent risk factor (OR = 2.85).

Conclusion: Patients with GUD in Lomé are affected by a severe "double burden of malnutrition." The high prevalence of sarcopenic obesity, entirely masked by BMI, fosters a systemic metabolic environment of pro-inflammatory visceral adiposity and depleted protein reserves that is fundamentally antagonistic to mucosal healing. These findings highlight the inadequacy of BMI and underscore the urgent need to integrate body composition analysis and key biochemical markers into clinical assessment to guide effective nutritional interventions. This study has some limitations, including its cross-sectional design and its single-centre focus at a tertiary hospital. Future research should explore longitudinal studies to better understand the causal relationships between nutrition, body composition, and GUD progression.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Kponou Mathieu Bienvenu TOBOSSI
Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Abomey – Calavi, 01 BP 526, Cotonou, Benin.

 

Mamatchi MELILA
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, 01 BP 1515 Lomé 01, Togo.

 

Mlatovi DEGBE
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, 01 BP 1515 Lomé 01, Togo.

 

Abdel Haziz SINA OROU
Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Abomey – Calavi, 01 BP 526, Cotonou, Benin.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v9/6570

Management of Perforated Peptic Ulcer: A Review of Operative and Non-operative Approaches | Chapter 6 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 2

 

Perforated peptic ulcer represents the second most prevalent complication associated with peptic ulcer disease, and its management is categorised into surgical and non-surgical approaches. Surgical intervention encompasses the closure of the ulcer utilising an omental patch, which can be executed through either open or laparoscopic techniques. In cases of larger ulcers, surgical resection in the form of partial gastrectomy is performed. Non-surgical treatment modalities include the administration of intravenous antibiotics, endoscopy, and stent placement, primarily reserved for patients deemed unsuitable for surgical intervention. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori is another area where intervention may enhance clinical outcomes and reduce the risk of ulcer recurrence. It is imperative that the surgical treatment of a perforated peptic ulcer is not delayed, as postponement can lead to increased mortality. This review aims to examine the role of laparoscopic surgery in the management of perforated peptic ulcers. Additionally, it will explore the significance of non-operative treatment and the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in the management of perforated peptic ulcers.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kumar H.R.
Taylor University School of Medicine and Health Science, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v2/6716

Comparison of the Therapeutic Effectiveness of Triple Versus Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter pylori| Chapter 9 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 4

 

Background: Traditional treatment for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) includes proton pump inhibitors and triple therapy, and this treatment has become unsuitable for eliminating H. pylori. Most learned societies recommend concomitant quadruple therapy (QC) as a first-line alternative therapy for this bacterial infection. Currently, there is a notable absence of studies in Tunisia that directly compare the efficacy and outcomes of triple therapy versus quadruple therapy.

 

Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy and safety of triple therapy (TT) with QC for the eradication of H. pylori infection.

 

Methods: A parallel double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted. The diagnosis of H. pylori infection was made by pathological examination of gastric biopsies. Patients were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: either QC (esomeprazole 80 mg, amoxicillin 2000 mg, clarithromycin 1000 mg, and metronidazole 1000 mg daily) or triple therapy (esomeprazole 80 mg, amoxicillin 2000 mg, and clarithromycin 1000 mg daily in divided doses) for 14 days. The efficacy of the treatment is defined by H. pylori eradication attested by a negative breath test performed 6 weeks after the completion of treatment. The significance level was set at p < 0.05 for all statistical tests. Variables significant at 20% in univariate analysis were introduced into binary logistic regression for a multivariate analysis.

 

Results: Ninety-two patients were included. Forty-two patients belonged to the QC group and 50 to the TT group. No significant difference was noted between the two groups concerning the rate of H. pylori eradication either by intention to treat (81% vs. 72% respectively, p = 0.31) or per-protocol (81.6% vs. 76.1% respectively, p = 0.54). Likewise, there was no difference between the two groups in terms of tolerance to treatment (59.5% for QC vs. 58% for TT, p = 0.88). No factor has been associated with treatment failure. Eradication regimens should be based on the best locally effective regimen, ideally using individual susceptibility testing, or antibiotic consumption data and clinical outcome data.

 

Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the rate of HP eradication between the QC and the 14-day triple therapy.

 

Author (s) Details

Mohamed Hichem Loghmari
Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Firas Aissaoui
Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Arwa Guediche
Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Wided Bouhlel
Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Mejda Zakhama
Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Nabil B. Chaabene
Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Amel Rehaiem
Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Nouha Ben Abdeljalil
Department of Pathological Anatomy, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Manel Njima
Department of Pathological Anatomy, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Abdelfetteh Zakhama
Department of Pathological Anatomy, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Yosr Kadri
Microbiology Laboratory, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Maha Mastouri
Microbiology Laboratory, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia.

 

Leila Safer
Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v4/2146

In-vitro Dissolution Profile and Other Physical Parameters Determination of Cimetidine Formulations | Chapter 7 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 5

Peptic ulcers are a category of disorders that manifest as a rupture in the intestinal epithelium that becomes saturated in acid and pepsin. It is the most frequent digestive tract disorder, with a global prevalence of 80% in developing and 40% in industrialised countries. The study aimed to compare the effectiveness and bioavailability using the in vitro dissolution method and assess other physicochemical properties of different brands of cimetidine tablets. Cimetidine is a model biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class-III medicine that is N-(amino sulfonyl)-3-[2 - [(diamine methylene) amino]-4-thiazolyl] methyl] thio] propanimidamide. It is a strong Histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist used in the treatment of peptic ulcers.

 

Five (5) different brands of cimetidine tablets, labelled A–E, were purchased and used for the analysis. Physicochemical tests such as weight uniformity, hardness, disintegration, friability, and dissolution test were conducted following standard British pharmacopoeia procedures. Samples A-E conformed to the weight uniformity standard with a mean % weight deviation of 0.37 – 1.39 %, while E had 11.52% based on the batch used. Samples B and A had the highest mean kgf (10.5 and 9.7), while sample E had the lowest kgf (4.4), hence liable to mechanical damage. All the samples used for the analysis had below 1.0% friability. All the samples passed the disintegration test, with sample A having the longest disintegration time (4.44 minutes) and sample C having the shortest disintegration time (0.21 minutes). At 25.99 minutes, Sample A had the fastest disintegration rate.

 

The method used in the analysis is accurate, precise, and cost-effective. The analysis does not require pretreatment of the drug and can compete with other existing methods in the routine quality control analysis of cimetidine in pharmaceutical formulation.

 

 

Author (s) Details

 

Benjamin U. Ebeshi
Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bayelsa Medical University, Nigeria.

Samuel J. Bunu
Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria and Drug Analysis and Research Center, Ebisamdex Global Ventures Ltd., Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

 

Ebisindor V. Awala
Department of Healthcare Informatics, University of the Potomac, USA.

 

Deghinmotei Alfred-Ugbenbo
Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayelsa Medical University, Nigeria.

 

Adesegun J. Kashimawo
Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

 

Seimokumo S. Angaye
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bayelsa Medical University, Nigeria.

 

Kodilichukwu Oliobi
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madonna University Elele Campus, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v5/4364

Characteristics of Helicobacter Pylori-Related Dyspepsia and Dysglycemia: A Review | Chapter 2 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 3

H. pylori colonized the stomach since immemorial time as if both the stomach wall and the bacterium used to live together in peace harmless to each other. In many cases of newly discovered diabetes associated with frank history of H. pylori dyspepsia, the diabetic condition has been successfully and permanently corrected by mere eradication of colonic H. pylori strains. The world literature is considering that the world’s burden of diabetes is on the account of type II diabetes although the newly discovered diabetic condition has been successfully and readily corrected permanently in many patients. Traditional risk rules do not appear fully sufficient to explain the dramatic spread of diabetes mellitus all over the world; this could further indicate that traditional measures employed to control the problem could never be adequate or decisive. Most diabetic patients in the world are inadequately controlled in spite of regular follow-up of medications and strict carefulness about their style of life; this could also indicate the presence of a missed underlying etiologic pathological error. It has been lately emphasized that the world’s burden of diabetes is not on the account of type II diabetes but on stress diabetes due to toxic pancreatitis caused by the accumulation of potential toxins in the colon. The aim of the study is to evaluate the characteristics of Helicobacter pylori-related Dyspepsia and Helicobacter pylori-induced Dysglycemia.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Abdullah M Nasrat
Department of Surgery, Balghsoon Clinic, Jeddah, KSA.

 

Salwa AM Nasrat
Department of Physical Therapy, Cardiac Surgery Academy, Cairo, Egypt.

 

Randa M Nasrat
Department of Internal Medicine, Helwan General Hospital, Helwan, Egypt.

 

Mohammad M Nasrat
Department of Internal Medicine, Helwan General Hospital, Helwan, Egypt.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v3/3637

An Approach for the Hematologic Challenges of Helicobacter pylori in Children: An Expensive Cost of Parents’ Misbehavior towards their Kids | Chapter 3 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 4

The challenges constituted by H. pylori management would render any simple strategy that proves to be safe and effective in dealing with H. pylori eradication greatly welcomed particularly in those hematologically compromised children. The mucosal lymphocytic response to H. pylori significantly increases the risk of gastric MALT lymphoma as the vast majority of gastric MALT lymphoma patients are affected with H. pylori. Interestingly; both H. pylori and MALT lymphoma are so linked as if they were almost born simultaneously. The vinegar therapy is applicable in different regimens for the eradication of H. pylori among children with hematologic disorders. As the vinegar increases the absorption of non-meat iron which is not desirable in thalassemia patients; therefore, vinegar therapy should be given away from the meals in those patients. Fortunately, the ideal vinegar regimen is to get the vinegar mixed with yoghurt, which is convenient in thalassemia as the yoghurt helps to decrease non-meat iron absorption.

Author (s) Details

 

Abdullah M. Nasrat
Zaitona Medical Center, Medina, Saudi Arabia.

Rania Ashour
Al Hayat National Hospital, Medina, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v4/4043

Helicobacter pylori and Hyperuricemia: Revisiting Gout Diagnosis in Young Adults with Normal Renal Function | Chapter 1 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 4

Gout is a very old disease which existed for thousands of years with joint swelling, pain or tenderness; the first description of symptoms of gout was found in the Egyptian medical papyri dating to 3000 years BC. The study aimed to illustrate that the detection of high levels of serum uric acid in young adults with perfect kidney function should not be considered the final diagnosis of hyperuricemic pre-gouty illness. Gout is a very old disease which existed for thousands of years with joint swelling, pain or tenderness. Hyperuricema has long been established as the major etiologic factor in gout. Gout has recently become the most common presentation of arthritis in developed countries. Hyperuricemia increases the risk of gout and is also a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.

Hyperuricemia could contribute to diabetes, hypertension and arteriosclerosis due to endothelial dysfunction triggered by vascular wall tissue inflammation because of urate crystal deposition. These reasons are sufficient to render physicians anxious in the immediate assessment and treatment of elevated serum uric acid levels. On the contrary, patients hesitate to accept the decision of their pre-gouty illness due to elevation of serum urate particularly if they are young and have perfect renal function. H. pylori could migrate or get forced to migrate to the colon leading to colonic re-absorptive error with excess accumulation of fluids and salts in the body; uric acid could be among these reabsorbed elements giving a picture of elevated serum uric acid levels that would have no relation to age of the individual or the integrity of his renal function. Furthermore, gout has been recently considered as one of the auto-inflammatory diseases, hence cytokines are the most common mediators of inflammation; therefore, the role played by the increased mucosal production of inflammatory mediators (cytokines) induced by H. pylori is supposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of gout. In this situation, hyperuricemia is not expected to be adequately or successfully improved by traditional urate-lowering measures regardless of the age of the patient or the state of his kidney function.

Thirty-three patients aged between 31-40 years, having normal kidney function and a frank history of H. pylori dyspepsia were included in the study due to newly discovered elevated levels of serum uric acid regardless of their body built or any associated. The existence of colonic H. pylori strains was proved by the H. pylori fecal antigen test. All patients underwent colon clear employing the potent natural senna purge once and colon care was maintained by vinegar-mixed food therapy for one week. Serum uric acid levels dropped to normal within 3 days after the colon cleared in 30 patients while the remaining 3 patients showed the same drop at the end of the first week of natural therapy. Detection of high levels of uric acid in young adults should not be considered as a final diagnosis of pre-gouty illness unless kidney function is assessed, and the association of H. pylori is excluded by specific tests. Revision of the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori and many chronic diseases associated with it may be needed.

 

Author (s) Details

Abdullah M Nasrat
Department of Surgery, Balghsoon Clinic, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Salwa AM Nasrat
Department of Physical Therapy, Cardiac Surgery Academy, Cairo, Egypt.

 

Randa M Nasrat
Department of Internal Medicine, Helwan General Hospital, Helwan, Egypt.

 

Mohammad M Nasrat
Department of Internal Medicine, Helwan General Hospital, Helwan, Egypt.

 

Sana Y Babiker
Faculty of Medicine, Elrazi University, Sudan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v4/3641

Genetic Alterations in H. pylori Infected Gastric Cancer Patients | Chapter 9 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 5

Background: Gastric cancer has always been one of the most prevalent causes of cancer-related death and continues to be a major public health issue. Gene alterations are required for the development of gastric cancer, which are influenced by environmental and host factors.

Aim: This study aimed to explore the status of alteration of the three genes-P53, HER2, and hMlH1 in gastric adenocarcinoa and to find out their association with H. pylori infection and clinicopathological factors of the operated patients.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Endoscopically biopsied and histopathologically confirmed as adenocarcinoma stomach patients were admitted for surgical intervention in the department of Surgical Oncology in National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh. For genetic (P53 and hMLH1) study of the gastrectomized tissue DNA extraction and optimization, we performed PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. HER2 was studied by immunochemical technique. The results were matched with tumor status, age and sex, smoking, and H. pylori antibody status of the patients to find their association.

Results: The mean age of the patients was 52.91 (±13.94) years. Among the 45 patients selected for genetic tests, 12 aged 40 or more and 33 aged over 40. Among the genes, 33(73.3%) in P53 and 17(37.7%) in hMLH1 were mutated and 11(24.2%) in HER2 were found to be overexpressed. Chi square and regression analysis showed that they all had associations with H. pylori positivity (P < 0.05, odds ratio >1). hMLH1 was associated with the location of the tumor, smoking, sex, blood group, and age, and P53 was found to be affected by extra salt intake, sex, blood group, and age of the patients (P ≤  0.05). This study explored the relationship of H. pylori infection with the genetic changes in cancer patients, which would be a milestone in the cancer research in this country.

Conclusion: Genetic mutation was found in nearly all the patients with gastric cancer, which was significantly associated with H. pylori infection. Mass eradication of this organism might play a role in reducing cancer incidence in Bangladesh.

Author(s) Details:

M. Mizanur Rahman,
National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Gazi Nurun Nahar Sultana,
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research, Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Mohammed Abu Kawsar Sarker,
Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Furness General Hospital, University Hospitals of Morecamb NHS Trust, Barrow-in-Furness, Lancaster, U.K.

Md. Monoar Hossain,
Department of Surgical Oncology, Khulna Medical College, Khulna, Bangladesh.

Mohd. Sahajadul Alam,
National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Md. Anisur Rahman,
Department of Gastroenterology, Popular Medical College Hospital, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abdul Ahad,
Department of Gastroenterology, Khulna Medical College, Khulna, Bangladesh.

Md. Monzurul Islam,
National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Rokeya Begum,
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research, Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V5/article/view/13309

Sporadic Fundic Gland Polyps with Dysplasia or Carcinoma: A Literature Review | Chapter 03 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Except in the case of familial adenomatous polyposis, fundic gland polyps (FGPs) are the most common stomach polyps and have long been regarded to be benign lesions with low malignant potential. FGPs, on the other hand, have become more common in recent years, coinciding with the extensive and regular use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). So far, only a few cases of spontaneous FGPs with dysplasia or cancer (FGPD/CAs) have been reported. The goal of this research was to assess the clinical and endoscopic features of sporadic FGPD/CAs and propose a sporadic FGP therapy plan. The majority of patients with sporadic FGPD/CAs were middle-aged women who were not infected with Helicobacter pylori and were using PPIs (H. pylori). The majority of sporadic FGPD/CAs were sessile and small, with a mean size of only a few millimetres. The tumour was 5.4 mm in diameter and was found in the stomach body. During magnification narrow-band imaging, the sporadic FGPs with malignancy revealed redness, abnormal surface structure, depression, or erosion, and irregular microvessels on the lesion surface. Furthermore, sporadic FGPs are likely to progress slowly to malignancy, even if they have dysplasia. As a result, people with occasional FGPs don't need to go to the doctor as often. Histological study is essential whenever endoscopic findings different than traditional FGPs are discovered, regardless of their size. Because of the widespread and frequent use of PPIs and the decreasing H. pylori infection rate, the prevalence of FGPs is expected to grow in the future. It's unclear whether FGPD/CAs will rise at the same rate as FGPs. Nevertheless, the patterns of these lesions point to the need for greater research in the future.

Author(S) Details

Davis Kizhakkepeedika Rennis
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Amala Nagar, Thrissur, Kerala, India.

Easwaramangalath Venugopal Krishnakumar
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Amala Nagar, Thrissur, Kerala, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V9/article/view/6896

Updating the Antibacterial & Antiulcer Activity of Aegle Marmelos Linn | Chapter 10 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 11

Antimicrobial medications are antibiotics that are used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Pathogenic microorganisms are microorganisms that cause disease. Antimicrobial drugs, such as antibiotics, antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic medicines, are used to treat diseases. These microorganisms not only cause sickness in people, but also in animals and plants. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when disease-causing microorganisms develop resistance to antibiotics, rendering the drugs ineffective. This makes common infections more difficult to treat, increasing the risk of serious illness, disease spread, and death. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) research, AMR instances are on the rise, posing a challenge for effective treatment and prevention of illnesses caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. AMR renders treatments ineffective, allowing illnesses to persist in the body and increase the risk of spreading to others. The World Health Organization advocates reducing the use of synthetic antibiotics and increasing the use of herbal antimicrobial medications. AMR can be managed or eradicated if only these methods are used. Herbal medicines are thought to be both therapeutically and side-effect-free. Aegle Marmelos Linn. (Bael in Hindi) is a very potent herbal medication that has been covered in this chapter. Aegle marmelos Linn. is beneficial for a variety of diseases. It has anticonvulsant, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, anxiolytic, antidepressant, antihistaminic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, analgesic, immunological modulatory, cardio protective, and antithyroid activity, according to scientific investigations. It is used to treat peptic ulcer patients because of its antibacterial and antiulcer properties. Helicobacter pylori is the bacteria that causes a peptic ulcer. The effect of Aegle Marmelos on germs, especially Helicobacter pylori, is discussed in this chapter.

Author (S) Details

Tapan Kumar Mahato
Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Post Graduate Studies, Bhupal Nobles University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.

Komal Sharma
Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Post Graduate Studies, Bhupal Nobles University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V11/article/view/3132

New Tool for Phylogenetic Analysis of Helicobacter pylori: An Advanced Study | Chapter 7 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

The goal of this study was to find canonical insertion/deletion (INDEL) markers in the Helicobacter pylori genome and develop an INDEL-typing approach for strain classification. A local database of nucleotide sequences of 69 H. pylori strains was established for comparative examination of the genomes of H. pylori published in the GenBank database. A pairwise analysis of more than 1500 open reading frames (ORF) in the genomes of local database strains was done to find all INDEL markers with a fixed size of 6-20 bp. Ten loci with INDEL markers were discovered. 21 strains with known geographical origin from the most prevalent populations of hpEurope, hspWAfrica, and hspEAsia were examined in silico with the five most variable loci. A total of fifteen genotypes with a high diversity index (DI=0.95) were discovered. The minimum spanning tree (MST) method was utilised for cluster analysis, which revealed a clear distribution of clusters based on the geographical origin of the strains examined. In vitro INDEL-typing was done on 21 regional strains from the Astrakhan region. It was discovered that the vast majority of them are from the hpEuropean population. Despite the fact that the primary target of research is completely different genes, the results show that the suggested INDEL-typing approach almost exactly reflects the geographical distribution of H. pylori strains established by the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. To determine the geographical origin of H. pylori strains in Russia, more research is needed.

Author (S) Details

Vladimir Mihajlovich Sorokin
Rostov-on-Don Research Institute for Plague Control, Rostov-on-Don 344002, Russia.

Ruslan Vjacheslavovich Pisanov
Rostov-on-Don Research Institute for Plague Control, Rostov-on-Don 344002, Russia.

Aleksej Sergeevich Vodop'janov
Rostov-on-Don Research Institute for Plague Control, Rostov-on-Don 344002, Russia.

Elena Vadimovna Golubkina
Astrakhan State Medical University, Astrakhan 414000, Russia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMB-V7/article/view/2577

A Comparative Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis of Helicobacter pylori Isolates from Southern Russia | Chapter 6 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 7

 The genomes of Helicobacter pylori have a high genetic diversity and rapid microevolution, a characteristic that is thought to have a functional role in the persistence and colonisation of varied human populations. H. pylori isolates can be phylogeographically categorised. We compared MLVA genotypes of 48 H. pylori strains obtained from different locales in southern Russia to characterise diverse strains of this disease in different human populations. When compared to the four publicly accessible genomes, cluster analysis revealed the likely membership of the majority of the strains to the hpEurope population, and two strains to the hpEastAsia population. Every typical PCR laboratory has access to MLVA type, which is a faster and more uniform method for evaluating genetic relatedness. The proposed approach could be useful in molecular epidemiology and possibly for H. pylori population identification. For the first time, a similar study was done in Russia and Europe.

Author (S) Details

Vladimir Mihajlovich Sorokin
Department of Biochemistry, Rostov-on-Don Research Institute for Plague Control, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.

Ruslan Vjacheslavovich Pisanov
Department of Biochemistry, Rostov-on-Don Research Institute for Plague Control, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.

Elena Vadimovna Golubkina
Department of Biochemistry, Astrakhan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Astrahan, Russia.

Elena Aleksandrovna Bereznyak
Laboratory of Biological Safety and Highly Dangerous Infections Treatment, Rostov-on-Don Research Anti-Plague Institute, Russia.

Lubov Aleksandrovna Prozorova
Department of Biochemistry, Rostov-on-Don Research Institute for Plague Control, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMB-V7/article/view/2576

A Brief Overview of History, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Perforated Peptic Ulcer Disease with Evaluation of Prognostic Scoring in Adults | Chapter 12 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Peptic ulcer disease, which encompasses both stomach and duodenal ulcers, accounts for a large percentage of people who seek surgical help around the world. After decades of preference for surgical therapies such as stomach resections, vagotomy, and other operations, the discovery of H2-receptor antagonists revolutionized the thought of acid in peptic ulcer disease, contributing to the theory of acid suppression therapy for duodenal ulcer. After the Helicobacter pylori bug was identified as the causal cause, a triple medication treatment regimen for peptic illness was described, which was later adjusted to concurrent therapy to prevent antibiotic resistance. As a result of this recognition, the chapter on peptic ulcers has not yet come to an end. The surgical management of ulcer disease and its consequences is still a problem. All of the materials for this review were found using various search engines on the internet. By omitting cross references, duplicated citations, pediatric studies, case reports, iatrogenic and malignant perforations, and incorporating microbiological, immunohistochemistry, and studies with more than a ten-person sample size, the number of references was reduced to 34. Cohort studies, case-control studies In that order, prospective/retrospective, metaanalytical investigations were preferred. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of all elements of peptic ulcer treatment. Endoscopy-proven cases of gastroduodenal ulcers necessitate the use of triple medication therapy to eradicate H. pylori.

Author (s) Details

Dr. V. Prabhu
Department of Surgery, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Medical College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India.

A. Shivani
Department of Surgery, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Medical College and Hospital, Sangli, Maharashtra, India.

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Anti-Helicobacter pylori, Antisecretory and Healing Effects of Aqueous Extract of Eremomastax speciosa (Acanthaceae) on Unhealed Gastric Ulcers | Chapter 10 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.3

 Objective: This work investigated the In vitro and In vivo anti Helicobacter pylori activity, and the

healing and antisecretory effects of the aqueous extract of Eremomastax speciosa on “unhealed
gastric ulcers” associated with gastric acid hypersecretion.
Materials and Methods: H. pylori isolates were obtained from gastric biopsies collected in the Civil
hospital, Karachi. In vitro susceptibility tests against were performed on four H. pylori isolates using
microplate AlamarBlue® assay. MIC and MBC were then determined. A rapid in vivo H. pylori
eradication test was performed on mice. “Unhealed gastric ulcers” were induced using indomethacin
following the establishment of acetic-acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers. The extract (200 and 400
mg/kg, per os) was administered concomitantly with indomethacin (1 mg/kg, subcutaneously). The
effects of the extract on both basal and histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion were determined.
Mucus secretion and oxidative stress parameters were measured, and histological assessment of
ulcer healing was carried out.
Results: The extract contains major biologically active compounds (α-amyrin (C30H50O), and Olean-
12-en-3-one (β-amyrone) (C30H48O)). E. speciosa was found to be active against all H. pylori
isolates with MIC at 8 mg/mL, and MBC above 32 mg/mL, indicating this extract as bacteriostatic.
Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed major alterations in H. pylori
morphology after exposure to E. speciosa at active doses. H. pylori colonization in mice was
eradicated in a dose-dependent manner by E. speciosa with significant differences at the doses of
200, and 400 mg/kg. The extract significantly promoted the healing process in rats subjected to
“unhealed gastric ulcers” (82.4–88.5% healing rates). Treatment with the extract significantly reduced
the basal (25.95–49.51% reduction rates) and histamine-stimulated (24.25–47.41%) acid secretions.
The healing effect of the extract was associated with a significant (<0.05) increase of mucus secretion
and concentrations of antioxidant enzymes compared with the controls. The extract at the highest
dose showed normalization of the mucosa, without glandular destruction and with the disappearance
of fibrosis and lymphocyte infiltration.
Conclusion: Anti H. pylori activity and abilities of the extract to increase mucus secretion, to reinforce
antioxidant status, and to inhibit acid secretion are mechanisms by which this extract would accelerate
the healing process in “unhealed gastric ulcers.”

Author(s) Details

Dr. A. P. Amang
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 814, Maroua, Cameroon.

C. Mezui
Department of Biological Sciences, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaounde´ I, P.O. Box 047, Yaounde,´ Cameroon.

G. T. Siwe
Department of Animal Biology & Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde´ I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde,´ Cameroon.

J. Emakoua
Department of Animal Biology & Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde´ I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde,´ Cameroon.

G. E. Z. Nkwengoua
Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde´ I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde,´ Cameroon.

G. E. Enow-Orock
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.

Prof. P. V. Tan
Department of Animal Biology & Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde´ I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde,´ Cameroon.

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