Dairy Calcium Supplementation and Its Effects on Body Fat, Plasma Leptin and Glucose Levels in Obese Postmenopausal Women | Chapter 6 | Food Science and Agriculture: Research Highlights Vol. 6

 

The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CADIA) study of young overweight adults, black and white, demonstrated that dietary patterns characterised by increased dairy consumption had an inverse association with insulin resistance in their study population. The inclusion of low or non-fat dairy products, which provide additional calcium in the diet, may promote increased weight loss and improve insulin resistance. Therefore, supplementing dairy products to obese subjects on a caloric-restricted diet may be a useful strategy to enhance weight loss and improve insulin resistance. The study assesses dairy Calcium supplementation and its effects on body Fat, plasma leptin and glucose levels in obese postmenopausal women. This prospective randomised study of 3 months, parallel trial on the effect of non-fat / low-fat dairy calcium combined with energy restriction in overweight/obese postmenopausal women. The study therefore tested the short-term effects of supplementing 56 overweight or obese (body mass index [BMI] >26 kg/m2) post menopausal women on a caloric-restricted diet (1,400 kilocalories [kcal]) with two levels of dairy as yoghurt on body composition, blood insulin, leptin and glucose concentration. The group consuming four supplemented dairy servings (DS-4) was provided ~1400 mg Ca/day, and the group consuming two supplemented dairy servings (DS-2) were provided ~800 mg Ca/day.

 

Over the 3-months daily energy intake averaged 51% carbohydrate, 20.7% of protein and 27.6% of fat for both groups. At 3 months, the DS-4 group demonstrated decreased weight (87.7 to 86.2 kg, P=0.001), BMI (33.5 to 32.8 kg/m2, P < 0.001), total fat (36.1 to 34.7 kg, P<0.001), and trunk fat (18.3 to 17.6 kg, P < 0.001). There were non-significant decreases in plasma glucose (74.7 to 71.1 mg/dl, P=0.494), leptin (32.5 to 31.3 µg/L, P=0.231) and insulin. For the DS-2 group, there was decreased weight (86.4 to 84.4 kg, p<0.02), BMI (32.5 to 31.8 kg/m2, P=0.002), total fat (37.3 to 35.4 kg, P=0.003), trunk fat (17.1 to 16.5 kg, P = 0.27) and plasma leptin (27.8 to 25.2 µg/L, P=0.114). The DS-2 group demonstrated a surprising and significant increase in the fasting blood glucose, with a marginally significant increase in insulin resistance as measured by HOMA at 3 months. We observed a significant treatment effect between the DS-2 and DS-4 groups for: % energy from fat (P=0.025), % energy from protein (P=0.047) and leptin (P=0.044). The study report that in a population of obese/overweight postmenopausal women supplementing their diet with dairy which provided a total estimated calcium intake of ~1400 mg/day (i.e. DS-4) was successful in the reduction of trunk fat and plasma glucose, while dairy calcium and caloric restriction decreased weight, BMI, total body fat, and insulin and leptin during the intervention. In contrast, the supplemented group ingesting 800 mg/d of dairy calcium (i.e. DS-2) in combination with caloric restriction provided significant increases in plasma glucose and insulin resistance.

 

Our study demonstrated the expected weight loss with caloric restriction, but a paradoxical increase in blood glucose levels with dairy supplementation provided to maintain baseline calcium intake. Increasing dairy supplementation abrogated this small increase in fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance. The benefits of dairy calcium supplementation may be dependent on both the dose and the context of overall caloric intake.

 

Author(s) Details

Dina H. Fakhrawi
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.

 

Carol J. Lammi-Keefe
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA and College of Agriculture, LSU, Agricultural Center, and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.

 

W. Lawrence Beeson
School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA and Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, USA.

 

T. Allan Darnell
School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.

 

Anthony Firek
J L Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Endocrinology, Loma Linda, CA, USA.

 

Zaida R. Cordero-MacIntyre
School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, USA and Whittier College, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, Whittier, CA, USA.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/fsarh/v6/7123

Sarcopenic Obesity in Patients with Gastroduodenal Ulcer in Lomé, Togo | Chapter 01 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 9

 

Background: Gastroduodenal ulcer disease (GUD) is a significant health burden in urban West Africa, a region undergoing a rapid nutritional transition. Conventional assessment using Body Mass Index (BMI) may fail to detect complex malnutrition phenotypes like sarcopenic obesity that could impair ulcer healing. While the infectious and pharmacological etiologies of GUD are well-documented, a critical knowledge gap persists regarding the role of nutritional status as a modulator of disease severity and healing capacity. This gap is particularly concerning in the context of the rapid and profound nutritional transition currently underway in urban African centres like Lomé.

Aim: This study aimed to characterise the detailed nutritional and metabolic profiles of GUD patients in Lomé, Togo, to unmask these underlying disorders.

Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study, conducted from July to October 2024, recruited 127 patients with endoscopically confirmed GUD. Data were collected on sociodemographic, clinical, and dietary characteristics, with dietary quality assessed via a Dietary Diversity Score (SDA). A score of ≤ 4 was classified as low dietary diversity, while a score of ≥ 7 was considered high diversity.

Body composition, including visceral fat and skeletal muscle mass, was Evaluated using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Fasting venous blood was analysed for key biochemical markers, including albumin, folate, and homocysteine.

Results: The cohort (mean age 43.7; 35.4% Helicobacter pylori positive) presented a paradoxical nutritional profile. While BMI classified only 31.5% as overweight or obese, BIA revealed a high prevalence of sarcopenic obesity: 46.5% exhibited a low protein index, and 39.4% had visceral obesity. Poor dietary quality (SDA ≤ 4) was significantly associated with lower concentrations of prealbumin and albumin (p<0.05), reduced serum folate (p<0.01), and consequently higher, detrimental levels of homocysteine (p<0.01). The strong inverse correlation between a low Dietary Diversity Score (SDA) and elevated homocysteine levels, mediated by folate deficiency, unveils a critical metabolic pathway that further hinders recovery. Regular fruit consumption was protective against H. pylori infection (OR = 0.42), while a low education level was an independent risk factor (OR = 2.85).

Conclusion: Patients with GUD in Lomé are affected by a severe "double burden of malnutrition." The high prevalence of sarcopenic obesity, entirely masked by BMI, fosters a systemic metabolic environment of pro-inflammatory visceral adiposity and depleted protein reserves that is fundamentally antagonistic to mucosal healing. These findings highlight the inadequacy of BMI and underscore the urgent need to integrate body composition analysis and key biochemical markers into clinical assessment to guide effective nutritional interventions. This study has some limitations, including its cross-sectional design and its single-centre focus at a tertiary hospital. Future research should explore longitudinal studies to better understand the causal relationships between nutrition, body composition, and GUD progression.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Kponou Mathieu Bienvenu TOBOSSI
Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Abomey – Calavi, 01 BP 526, Cotonou, Benin.

 

Mamatchi MELILA
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, 01 BP 1515 Lomé 01, Togo.

 

Mlatovi DEGBE
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, 01 BP 1515 Lomé 01, Togo.

 

Abdel Haziz SINA OROU
Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Abomey – Calavi, 01 BP 526, Cotonou, Benin.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v9/6570

How Does Body Composition Influence Left Ventricular Architecture? | Chapter 7 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 9

 This study judged the relationship between frame composition and left ventricular plant structure in young healthy non-obese men and females. Left ventricular morphology grant permission be affected by alteration in corpse composition. Various cardiac and non-cardiac diseases are famous to alter left ventricular study of animal. Echocardiography can noninvasively find this alteration. The study was attended after being approved apiece institutional ethics commission, GMC, Nagpur. This was the cross sectional study done on 100 (51 male & 49 female) fitness education college student in the age group of 17 to 22 age.Left ventricular structure was analyzed by 2-D and M-style echocardiography. Body composition was analyzed utilizing bioelectrical impedance analysis.Pearson equivalence analysis and stepwise multiple reversion analysis between frame composition parameters and abandoned ventricular structure was done utilizing SPSS16 software.In males, end systolic abandoned ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWs) granted significant correlation accompanying weight (r=0.348, p<0.05), BMI (r=0.293, p<0.05), BSA (r=0.314, p<0.05) and fat free mass (r=0.284, p<0.05). BMI presented significant equating with end systolic left ventricular Internal width (LVIDs) (r=0.309, p<0.05), end diastolic Inter ventricular septal thickness (IVSd) (r=0.299, p<0.05) and left ventricular bulk (r=0.370, p<0.01). End diastolic Inter ventricular septal thickness (IVSd) also accompanied significant correlation accompanying weight. (r=0.296, p<0.05) No significant equating was seen in female subjects.This study demonstrated that the body composition influences few cardiac structural parameters in adult male issues. Indexation of left ventricular morphology limit by fat free mass may not ought in persons with the sane BMI without any risk determinant. Further studies are recommended with the abundant sample size.

Author(s) Details:

S. M. Hulke,
Department of Physiology, AIIMS, Bhopal, India.

M. S. Phatak,
Department of Physiology, AIIMS, Nagpur, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V9/article/view/10357

Does Body Composition Impact Pulmonary Function? | Chapter 6 | Research Developments in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 9

 Wide difference is seen in the physique composition. This variation in carcass composition can affect pulmonary functions in the predictable habit.This study has enabled us to discover whether body arrangement has any effect on pulmonary function test. Thus it would assist in understanding of pulmonary function tests.  Cross sectional study that was done on attendants of the inmates visiting AIIMS Bhopal OPD.A total of 223 subjects in the group of same status of 18 to 48 years underwent the pulmonary function test and party composition evaluation.Univariate correlation cooperative (Pearson) was used to check the relationship between differing PFT parameters and crowd composition.In males, Fat allotment showed important negative correlation with FEV1 (r=-0.198, p=0.014) and FEF 25-75%, p=0.0005). Fat free degree of mental development showed non-meaningful positive equivalence with the most of the PFT limits and fat free mass index revealed significant negative correlation accompanying the FEV1 (r=-0.164, p=0.04) and PIFR.(r=-0.174, p<0.0001). In females important positive correlation was visualized only between fat free bulk and FVC. (r=0.32, p=0.005).Males' body arrangement has the biggest impact on the pulmonary function test. Some effect is likewise seen in women.  Therefore, we advise measuring carcass composition for PFT understanding.  Body composition concede possibility be determined in every corpulent and obese individual as per the study. However we recommend further multi centric studies in men and especially in women with a larger sample height.

Author(s) Details:

Namrata Agarwal,
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India.

Sandip Meghnad Hulke,
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMS-V9/article/view/10356

Determining the Relationship between Body Composition and Lung Functions among Middle Aged Obese Subjects | Chapter 6 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 4

 Obesity is a major public health concern in both developed and developing countries. It has been shown to be a co-morbid condition in a variety of metabolic, cardiovascular, and pulmonary conditions. Only a few research have looked into the link between lung function and body composition in middle-aged obese people.

The goal of this study was to look at the relationship between body composition and lung function in obese middle-aged people.

Methods: The study comprised 100 obese healthy participants between the ages of 35 and 55. Using anticipated formulae, BMI, Body Fat Percentage (BF%), Fat Mass (FM), and Fat Free Mass (FFM) were calculated. All of the recordings were made at the same time of day, from 10 a.m. to 12 p.m., in the same temperature and environment, and respiratory parameters like Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR), Mean Forced Expiratory Flow during the Middle of FVC (FEF25-75 percent), and Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV The variables were analysed using an unpaired t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Statistical significance was defined as a P value of less than 0.05.

Results: The average BMI of the study participants was 31.91.78 kg/m2. FM was found to have a non-significant inverse relationship with FVC and FEV1. The correlation coefficient between FM and the FEV1/FVC ratio was negative and non-significant. There was no link between FM and FEF25-75 percent in this study. In obese people, there was a substantial positive association between FM and PEFR. FFM had a substantial positive connection with FEF25-75 percent and MVV (r = +0.65 and +0.94, respectively).

Conclusions: The distribution of fat in the lungs is more closely related to pulmonary function than the degree of obesity. When determining early alterations in lung functions in middle-aged obese people, it's critical to consider body composition rather than just BMI.

Author(S) Details

Afreen Begum. H. Itagi
Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri- 522503 (A.P.), India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V4/article/view/4171