A Detailed Review on LC-MS Methods for Assessing Febuxostat in Blood Plasma: Implications for Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies | Chapter 8 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 9

Febuxostat (FBS) has emerged as a revolutionary treatment for hyperuricemia and gout. This comprehensive review provides a pioneering analysis of the instrumental role of Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) in unravelling the bioavailability and bioequivalence of Febuxostat (FBS) in human plasma. Utilizing Febuxostat d9 and d7, along with other drugs as internal standards (IS), the review steers through the intricate view of pharmaceutical research, focusing on validation methods and the challenges presented by the complex pharmacokinetics of FBS. Unprecedented in its depth, the review aims to contribute valuable insights to the field by addressing the evolving paradigms in pharmaceutical analysis. FBS, a revolutionary advancement in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout, takes centre stage, highlighting its pivotal role in contemporary therapeutic approaches. LC-MS develops as a cornerstone analytical method for studying FBS, offering unparalleled sensitivity and selectivity. The review delves into the sample preparation techniques, emphasizing the significance of protein precipitation and liquid-liquid extraction in extracting FBS from human blood plasma. LC-MS/MS, chosen for its exceptional sensitivity and specificity, becomes a focal point in FBS analysis, with IS employed to enhance accuracy. The optimization of chromatographic conditions, encompassing the careful selection of stationary and mobile phases, is highlighted as crucial for establishing a robust and reliable LC method, ensuring accuracy in pharmacokinetic studies of FBS. This review positions LC-MS as a cornerstone analytical technique, highlighting its critical role in the precise determination of Febuxostat in blood plasma, with significant implications for future bioavailability and bioequivalence studies. The study concluded that LC-MS's superiority in Febuxostat analysis set the stage for a future where pharmacokinetic studies become insightful, efficient, and transformative, shaping the future of pharmaceutical research.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Atchaya Chakravarthy
Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Tamil Nadu–643 001, India.

 

Sanjuktha Vimal
Department of Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario–M5S3H2, Canada.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v9/3108

Helicobacter pylori and Hyperuricemia: Revisiting Gout Diagnosis in Young Adults with Normal Renal Function | Chapter 1 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 4

Gout is a very old disease which existed for thousands of years with joint swelling, pain or tenderness; the first description of symptoms of gout was found in the Egyptian medical papyri dating to 3000 years BC. The study aimed to illustrate that the detection of high levels of serum uric acid in young adults with perfect kidney function should not be considered the final diagnosis of hyperuricemic pre-gouty illness. Gout is a very old disease which existed for thousands of years with joint swelling, pain or tenderness. Hyperuricema has long been established as the major etiologic factor in gout. Gout has recently become the most common presentation of arthritis in developed countries. Hyperuricemia increases the risk of gout and is also a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.

Hyperuricemia could contribute to diabetes, hypertension and arteriosclerosis due to endothelial dysfunction triggered by vascular wall tissue inflammation because of urate crystal deposition. These reasons are sufficient to render physicians anxious in the immediate assessment and treatment of elevated serum uric acid levels. On the contrary, patients hesitate to accept the decision of their pre-gouty illness due to elevation of serum urate particularly if they are young and have perfect renal function. H. pylori could migrate or get forced to migrate to the colon leading to colonic re-absorptive error with excess accumulation of fluids and salts in the body; uric acid could be among these reabsorbed elements giving a picture of elevated serum uric acid levels that would have no relation to age of the individual or the integrity of his renal function. Furthermore, gout has been recently considered as one of the auto-inflammatory diseases, hence cytokines are the most common mediators of inflammation; therefore, the role played by the increased mucosal production of inflammatory mediators (cytokines) induced by H. pylori is supposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of gout. In this situation, hyperuricemia is not expected to be adequately or successfully improved by traditional urate-lowering measures regardless of the age of the patient or the state of his kidney function.

Thirty-three patients aged between 31-40 years, having normal kidney function and a frank history of H. pylori dyspepsia were included in the study due to newly discovered elevated levels of serum uric acid regardless of their body built or any associated. The existence of colonic H. pylori strains was proved by the H. pylori fecal antigen test. All patients underwent colon clear employing the potent natural senna purge once and colon care was maintained by vinegar-mixed food therapy for one week. Serum uric acid levels dropped to normal within 3 days after the colon cleared in 30 patients while the remaining 3 patients showed the same drop at the end of the first week of natural therapy. Detection of high levels of uric acid in young adults should not be considered as a final diagnosis of pre-gouty illness unless kidney function is assessed, and the association of H. pylori is excluded by specific tests. Revision of the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori and many chronic diseases associated with it may be needed.

 

Author (s) Details

Abdullah M Nasrat
Department of Surgery, Balghsoon Clinic, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Salwa AM Nasrat
Department of Physical Therapy, Cardiac Surgery Academy, Cairo, Egypt.

 

Randa M Nasrat
Department of Internal Medicine, Helwan General Hospital, Helwan, Egypt.

 

Mohammad M Nasrat
Department of Internal Medicine, Helwan General Hospital, Helwan, Egypt.

 

Sana Y Babiker
Faculty of Medicine, Elrazi University, Sudan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v4/3641

A Detailed Review on LC-MS Methods for Assessing Febuxostat in Blood Plasma: Implications for Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies | Chapter 8 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 9

 

Febuxostat (FBS) has emerged as a revolutionary treatment for hyperuricemia and gout. This comprehensive review provides a pioneering analysis of the instrumental role of Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) in unravelling the bioavailability and bioequivalence of Febuxostat (FBS) in human plasma. Utilizing Febuxostat d9 and d7, along with other drugs as internal standards (IS), the review steers through the intricate view of pharmaceutical research, focusing on validation methods and the challenges presented by the complex pharmacokinetics of FBS. Unprecedented in its depth, the review aims to contribute valuable insights to the field by addressing the evolving paradigms in pharmaceutical analysis. FBS, a revolutionary advancement in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout, takes centre stage, highlighting its pivotal role in contemporary therapeutic approaches. LC-MS develops as a cornerstone analytical method for studying FBS, offering unparalleled sensitivity and selectivity. The review delves into the sample preparation techniques, emphasizing the significance of protein precipitation and liquid-liquid extraction in extracting FBS from human blood plasma. LC-MS/MS, chosen for its exceptional sensitivity and specificity, becomes a focal point in FBS analysis, with IS employed to enhance accuracy. The optimization of chromatographic conditions, encompassing the careful selection of stationary and mobile phases, is highlighted as crucial for establishing a robust and reliable LC method, ensuring accuracy in pharmacokinetic studies of FBS. This review positions LC-MS as a cornerstone analytical technique, highlighting its critical role in the precise determination of Febuxostat in blood plasma, with significant implications for future bioavailability and bioequivalence studies. The study concluded that LC-MS's superiority in Febuxostat analysis set the stage for a future where pharmacokinetic studies become insightful, efficient, and transformative, shaping the future of pharmaceutical research.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Atchaya Chakravarthy (Master of Pharmacy)
Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Tamil Nadu–643 001, India.

 

Sanjuktha Vimal (Majoring in Human Biology and Neuroscience)
Department of Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario–M5S3H2, Canada.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v9/3108

Gout & Its Homoeopathic Approach: Pathogenesis, Clinical Features and Management | Chapter 8 | Current Progress in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

This division highlights about pathogenesis, clinical appearance and management of capacity to sense flavor. Gout is unusual among the hard diseases in that allure etiology, treatment, and stop are well understood. Thus, the complete sequelae of gout should be entirely avoidable with enough treatment, making the overall prognosis superior. Men and women who are postmenopausal and the one are middle-aged to elderly often suffer from the metabolic disease capacity to sense flavor. The first metatarsophalangeal joint is first affected, then additional joints, accompanying an abnormal elevation of urate levels in the physique caused by either excessive urate result (10%), inadequate urate elimination (90%) or sometimes both. Homoeopathic remedies are active in treating acute in addition to chronic gout and further helps in reducing the uric acid levels, thus avoiding further attacks and other obstacles of hyperuricemia. The diagnosis of gout is rooted by the demonstration of unfavorably birefringent crystals in synovial joint fluid.

Author(s) Details:

Nitesh Kumar,
PGT, R.B.T.S Govt. Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, Ramdyalunagar, Muzaffarpur, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMMR-V8/article/view/11739

Emphasizing the Role of miRNAs in Common Inflammatory Arthropathies: Osteoarthritis and Gouty Arthritis | Chapter 2 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 12

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA species that, from higher invertebrates to man, are highly evolutionarily preserved. Up to 1000 miRNAs have been identified so far in human cells, where they are essential regulators at the post-transcriptional stage of the expression of various targets. Different processes, including cell division, metabolism, and inflammation, involve them. MiRNA biogenesis involves the incremental processing by nuclear RNase III Drosha and cytosolic RNase III Dicer of a precursor primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) molecule, which gradually leads to the incorporation of the so-called 'guide strand' derived from a transitory intermediate RNA duplex into the macromolecular RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which silences gene expression by hindering gene expression (s). In the pathogenesis of widespread, non-autoimmune inflammatory diseases, an expanding list of miRNAs is known to be involved. Interestingly, osteoarthritis (OA) is now being conceptualized as a metabolic disorder, as hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome are associated (MetS). Experimental evidence indicates that metabolic deregulation is a commonality between these various pathological entities and that in the modulation of metabolic routes, miRNAs are key players. In view of these results, the role of miRNAs in OA and gouty arthritis as well as the potential therapeutic targetability of miRNAs in these diseases are discussed in this study.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Panagiota Papanagnou
Department of Urology, Agios Savvas Cancer Hospital, Athens 11522, Greece.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTMMR-V12/issue/view/10