Advances in Gene Therapy for Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD): A Promising Frontier | Chapter 10 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 11

 

A serious demographic and public health concern, age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) continues to be the leading cause of permanent loss of vision in the elderly globally. Conventional therapeutic approaches, including anti-VEGF injections and laser-based strategies, offer only temporary disease control and are limited in their ability to modify the underlying pathophysiology. It involves creating techniques to ensure sustained delivery of a range of antiangiogenic proteins. These are repetitive intravitreal injections, which put the patient at high risk of infection, costly drugs, low compliance, disparities in access, healthcare burden, increase the doctor-patient conflict, and are hectic for the elderly population. It is a degenerative disease that results in central vision loss by affecting the choriocapillaris, photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and macula. In recent years, gene therapy has developed as a transformational approach, integrating molecular genetics, vector engineering, and precision medicine principles to target the fundamental causes of ARMD. Gene therapy has emerged as a promising substitute, an innovative approach to treating ARMD by replacing faulty genes with healthy ones. Viral non-integrating vectors, such as Adeno-Associated Viral (AAV), act as envelopes that carry encoded genetic messages without impacting native cellular DNA. This chapter addresses the evolving importance of precision gene therapy in ARMD management, emphasising developments in gene replacement techniques. The high potential and efficiency of this therapy could make it an effective method, providing hope for patients and future healthcare.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Asra Warees
Optometry Section, Paramedical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Aleena Saeed
Optometry Section, Paramedical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Wasil Hasan
Biochemistry Section, Paramedical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Saima Ahsan
Optometry Section, Paramedical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Mohd Faraz
Department of Radiodiagnosis, J.N. Medical College, Paramedical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v11/6257

The Role of Molecular Biology in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Practices | Chapter 1 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 7

 

Genetics is now widely recognised as one of the most influential fields in understanding the causes of human diseases and serves as a cornerstone in modern medical research. Recent advancements in molecular biology have significantly impacted the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery, introducing innovative techniques that enhance patient care. This chapter highlights a key application of molecular biology within this surgical speciality.

 

The evolution of genetics, rooted in Mendel’s foundational principles, has profoundly shaped our understanding of biology throughout the 20th century. The completion of the human genome sequence in 2004 marked a transformative milestone, enabling rapid and highly precise chromosomal analysis through technologies such as microarrays and next-generation sequencing. These developments have provided critical genetic insights applicable to clinical practice. To date, over 5,500 phenotypes have been identified with known molecular bases, and approximately 3,400 genes have been linked to phenotype-causing mutations. Genetics plays a pivotal role across all medical disciplines, influencing not only rare genetic disorders but also numerous common human diseases.

 

The foundation of modern genetics was established with the discovery of the DNA structure by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, although nucleic acids were first identified in 1849. During the 1960s, the decoding of DNA base sequences and the elucidation of the genetic code — the correspondence between DNA and protein sequences — represented another major scientific breakthrough.

 

This chapter also addresses the role of genetic counselling in helping individuals understand and adapt to the medical, psychological, and familial implications of genetic contributions. Molecular biology offers wide-ranging applications beyond human medicine, including the development of genetically modified, disease-resistant crops, the production of therapeutic proteins via transgenic animals, and DNA-based vaccine technologies.

 

Furthermore, the chapter explores the application of genetics in the detection, diagnosis, pathogenesis, aetiology, and potential therapeutic and preventive strategies for conditions affecting the maxillofacial region. Genetic research has not only deepened our understanding of disease mechanisms but also paved the way for innovative interventions, such as gene therapy and personalised medicine, which hold the promise of improved patient outcomes. As genetic technologies continue to evolve, their integration into clinical practice is expected to usher in a new era of precision medicine, particularly in the management of maxillofacial disorders.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Raniah Al Eid
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental College, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v7/4375

Federated Learning for Secure Genomic Research: Privacy-Preserving AI Solutions for Precision Medicine | Chapter 3 | Science and Technology: Developments and Applications Vol. 9

The applications of AI technology in genomic research are increasing, and as centralized AI models need to be trained on aggregated raw genomic data, federated learning (FL), which is inherently a privacy-preserving AI approach, has evolved. Importantly, FL enables multiple institutions to jointly train machine learning models without transmitting raw genomic datasets out of the source institution. Nonetheless, it complies with the most intensive data protection laws, such as the GDPR, HIPAA, or PIPL. This paper recognizes FL in promoting the cybersecurity of genomic data and analyzes its potential for counteracting the non-compliance with individual genomic data privacy by first examining a fundamental optimization algorithm for fitting decentralized models, Federated Averaging. It also covers techniques for preserving privacy, such as Homomorphic Encryption and Differential Privacy. For one, HE is about performing encrypted computations on genomic data to mitigate the risk of adversarial inference attacks, while DP injects carefully designed noise into model updates to alleviate risks of data reconstruction and membership inference attacks. In addition, the paper comments on the ethical and regulatory aspects of genomic FL, such as data ownership, cybersecurity hazards of training on sensitive data, and the trustworthiness of the produced models. It also draws attention to critical future research areas: hybrid encryption methods, quantum-safe cryptographic protocols, and cross-compatibility standards to improve the effectiveness of FL over dissimilar genomic data. These developments represent the beginning of the potential for transforming genomic AI research while preserving privacy using FL.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Alex Mathew
Bethany College, USA.

 

Hannah Alex
University of Pittsburgh, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/stda/v9/5116

The Application of 3-D Printing in Nanomedicine | Chapter 13 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 9

 

The most cutting-edge method for producing pharmaceutical dosage forms in recent years has been 3D printing or additive manufacturing. This approach uses advanced technology, like a virtual model, to control the production apparatus and produce the desired dosage form of an actual object. Due to the demand from different sectors of the world for health services and the urgency of controlling the side effects associated with conventional dosage forms, the pharmaceutical industry tries to produce dosage forms in large quantities these days with 3D printing. With this technology, items are designed through layer-by-layer material manufacturing employing layer-based systems of processes, extrusion, ink-jet printing, and laser printing technologies by using various polymers and other suitable excipients. Additionally, the various delivery systems, such as customized drug doses and personalized medicine, as well as other healthcare sectors, demonstrate the potential benefits of 3D technology in delivering personalized therapy to the individual. This overview covers the various methods and how they are used in the production of 3D medicines, as well as the regulatory issues that this industry faces.

Author(s) Details:

Nirmala Rani Tulimelli
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University. Visakhapatnam-530003, India.

Shailaja Pashikanti
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University. Visakhapatnam-530003, India.

Rajeswari Athota
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University. Visakhapatnam-530003, India.

Naga Narayana Lakshmi. P
Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University. Visakhapatnam-530003, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V9/article/view/14379

Designing Nanoparticle-based Drug Delivery Systems for Precision Medicine | Chapter 18 | Diagnostic and Treatment Advances in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2

Traditional drugs are facing bottlenecks of lower solubility, absorption, and especially the inefficient organs or cells targeting during the precision medicine era. It is urgently needed to discover and establish new methods or strategies to modify old drugs or create new ones against the above defects. With the support of nanotechnology, the solubility, absorption and targeting of traditional drugs were greatly improved by modifying and fabricating with various types of nanoparticles to some extent, though many shortages remain. In this mini-review we will focus on advances in several most commonly used nanoparticles, from their nature and design, to drug delivery system and clinical application, that they overcome heterogeneous barriers in precision medicine, thereby ultimately improve patient outcome overall.

Author(s) Details:

Jianhua Yang,
Department of Orthopaedics, Longgang District People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518172, China.

Chengyou Jia,
Shanghai Research Center for Thyroid Diseases, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.

Jianshe Yang,
Shanghai Research Center for Thyroid Diseases, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China and Health and Life Science College, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/DTACSC/article/view/9570

Conceptualizing Innovations in Healthcare Framework and Its Implications | Chapter 5 | Current Innovations in Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

 Changes serve as the primary operator of human progress and the enhancement of the quality of existence. Simultaneously, they pose challenges to settled norms, solutions, and social paradigms. Within the field of healthcare, innovations empower us to address earlier untreatable ailments and increase the utilization of limited money. However, they render existent healthcare technologies obsolete, make necessary the acquisition of new abilities by specialists, and demand substantial commercial investments. Consequently, in this place chapter, we have constructed a abstract framework model for the progress, acceptance, and dissemination of novelties in healthcare into Small-scale, Intermediate, and Big innovations. We have conducted an study of the impediments and facilitators of changes, with particular attention to meta-strength, financial considerations, creative capabilities, and leadership. This model has existed applied to three particular innovations: personalized cure, digital health, and insert technologies. Our findings emphasize the essential role of clever innovation management in healthcare as a prerequisite for the rapid development and integration of novelties, ultimately leading to the augmentation of the quality of growth for the aging population.

Author(s) Details:

Pratik N. Akhani,
Department of Physiology, GMERS Medical College, Dharpur - Patan, Gujarat, India.

Anupriya Deshpande,
Department of Physiology, Prakash Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Urun –Islampur, Sangli, Maharashtra, India.

Uditkumar Agrawal,
Department of Biochemistry, NSC Government Medical College, Khandwa, MP, India.

Nirali D. Vyas,
GMERS Medical College, Vadnagar, Gujarat, India.

Falak Saiyed,
Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

Huma Saiyad,
B J Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

Jitendra Patel,
Department of Physiology, GMERS Medical College, Vadnagar, Gujarat, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CIDHR-V9/article/view/12776

A Compendium of Precision Oncology: An Approach towards Unveiling the Unique and Individualized Reality of Cancer | Chapter 4 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 6

 The employment of a "one size fits all" strategy, that is, a comparable line of therapy or the use of the same drug/medicine, that too in a conventional method, to cure a certain condition, has been witnessed for several decades. Rather than specific human characteristics, this strategy is linked to unique genetic constitutions and processes. Precision oncology has the potential to improve patient prediction, treatment, and follow-up care dramatically. As a result of recent biotechnological developments, identifying the various and diverse biological components involved to carcinogenesis has only lately become possible. The main goal of this chapter is to bridge the gap between Precision Oncology research and clinical practise by raising awareness among scientists, clinicians, and the general public, as well as providing a detailed representation of all advances made in the field, taking into account almost all aspects and possibilities. It also gives a thorough picture of the genes linked to many cancer types, including overlapping genes that are involved in numerous cancers. Knowing a patient's genetic information and the genes that are susceptible to mutations can aid in accurate diagnosis and the delivery of the best customised medicines, reducing the risk of treatment failure, which is common in cancer therapy. This chapter covers all aspects of Precision Oncology and gives an overview of overlapping genes as well as genes with cancer-causing mutations. This gathered data could aid future clinical investigations and academic research aimed at predicting and preventing cancer.

Author(S) Details

Sohini Kulavi
Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal, India.

Sirshendu Chatterjee
Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, West Bengal, India.

Chandreyi Ghosh
Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, West Bengal, India.

Moumita Saha
Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, West Bengal, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V6/article/view/5156