Genetics is now widely recognised as one of the most influential
fields in understanding the causes of human diseases and serves as a
cornerstone in modern medical research. Recent advancements in molecular
biology have significantly impacted the field of oral and maxillofacial
surgery, introducing innovative techniques that enhance patient care. This
chapter highlights a key application of molecular biology within this surgical
speciality.
The evolution of genetics, rooted in Mendel’s foundational
principles, has profoundly shaped our understanding of biology throughout the
20th century. The completion of the human genome sequence in 2004 marked a
transformative milestone, enabling rapid and highly precise chromosomal
analysis through technologies such as microarrays and next-generation sequencing.
These developments have provided critical genetic insights applicable to
clinical practice. To date, over 5,500 phenotypes have been identified with
known molecular bases, and approximately 3,400 genes have been linked to
phenotype-causing mutations. Genetics plays a pivotal role across all medical
disciplines, influencing not only rare genetic disorders but also numerous
common human diseases.
The foundation of modern genetics was established with the
discovery of the DNA structure by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953,
although nucleic acids were first identified in 1849. During the 1960s, the
decoding of DNA base sequences and the elucidation of the genetic code — the
correspondence between DNA and protein sequences — represented another major
scientific breakthrough.
This chapter also addresses the role of genetic counselling in
helping individuals understand and adapt to the medical, psychological, and
familial implications of genetic contributions. Molecular biology offers
wide-ranging applications beyond human medicine, including the development of
genetically modified, disease-resistant crops, the production of therapeutic
proteins via transgenic animals, and DNA-based vaccine technologies.
Furthermore, the chapter explores the application of genetics in
the detection, diagnosis, pathogenesis, aetiology, and potential therapeutic
and preventive strategies for conditions affecting the maxillofacial region.
Genetic research has not only deepened our understanding of disease mechanisms but
also paved the way for innovative interventions, such as gene therapy and
personalised medicine, which hold the promise of improved patient outcomes. As
genetic technologies continue to evolve, their integration into clinical
practice is expected to usher in a new era of precision medicine, particularly
in the management of maxillofacial disorders.
Author(s)
Details
Raniah
Al Eid
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental College, King
Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
Please
see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v7/4375
No comments:
Post a Comment