Synthesis, In silico, and Pharmacokinetic Drug Likeness of Some Schiff Bases as Hybrid Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents | Chapter 6 | Pharmaceutical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 9

 

Background: Schiff bases, which may be synthesised from sulfonamide and aldehydes, have a broad range of biological effects in clinical medicine, are also referred to as anticancer and antiviral medicines. Sulfonamides and their derivatives are frequently reported for their antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties.

 

Objective: The aim of the study was to synthesise new derivatives of sulfonamide compounds containing azo and Schiff base fragments and confirm the structures by 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy, as well as to investigate the antibacterial activities against medically important Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacterial strains.

 

Methods: Novel sulfonamide derivatives S1, S2, S3, A1, A2, and A3 were synthesised and tested with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as against Candida albicans fungi. Studies on antimicrobial agents were carried out using the agar diffusion method. Molecular docking was used to study the theoretical binding of the compounds with some selected proteins. Docking studies were carried out using the program MOE (2015.10).

 

Results: The results of antimicrobial evaluation revealed that especially compounds of Schiff bases (S1, S2, and S3) exhibited good activity against all microorganisms of bacteria and fungi as compared with A1, A2, and A3. Against Candida albicans, it was found that compounds S1 and S3 gave the best activity, 21 and 20 mm, respectively. Antibacterial activity showed that compound A2 gave the best activity (34 mm at 1000 µg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus. Other compounds S1, S2, S3, A1, and A3 gave very good activities against the same bacteria, 29, 13, 29, 28, and 28 mm, respectively, at the same concentration. Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa revealed that the compound S1 gave the best inhibition zone (25 mm) at 1000 µg/mL, whereas compounds S2 and S3 showed good potent activity (15 and 20 mm, respectively). In Silico studies showed that free binding energy (S) of the compounds against S. aureus using protein 1JIJ were -7.15 to -8.60 kcal/mol, whereas free binding energy (S) using 5V5Z fungi protein gave the values -7.10 to -8.22 kcal/mol.

 

Conclusion: Schiff base derivatives exhibited superior antimicrobial activity compared with azo derivatives. A clear correlation was observed between the activity of the compounds and their molecular docking through the high negative values of free binding energy. This investigation revealed these compounds with binding energies that were on par with those of typical medications. Additionally, these compounds were shown to be powerful antibacterial agents bioactivity score and bioavailability radar analysis.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Munther Abduljaleel Muhammad-Ali

Department of Ecology, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basra, Iraq.

 

Ekhlas Qanber Jasim
Department of Pathology Analyses, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basra, Iraq.

 

Abdullah H. Al- Saadoon
Department of Pathology Analyses, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basra, Iraq.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psnid/v9/6835

 

Biosynthesis and Characterization of Selenium Nanoparticles Using Ethanol Extract of Bee Propolis and its Therapeutical Properties | Chapter 9 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 6

Aim: Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) has gained significant interest due to their distinctive chemical and biological properties that are essential for their potential application in various fields. Selenium (Se) is a vital trace element essential for various biological functions in living organisms. Its deficiency or excess can lead to significant health issues in humans. Selenium exists in different chemical forms, including selenite and selenate can be toxic at high concentrations. These forms of selenium are known to have adverse effects when ingested in excess, causing selenosis. In contrast, SeNPs have gained attention for their potential health benefits. SeNPs can be synthesized using various methods, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches. The low toxicity of SeNPs is appropriate for biomedical applications, including cancer treatment.

 

Place and Duration of the Study: Azyme Biosciences Laboratory, Bangalore, between February 2018 and September 2018.

 

Methodology: In the present study, propolis, the beehive product collected from 5 different Indian states—Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Karnataka and Kerala, was used for the biosynthesis of SeNPs and characterized by using UV-vis Spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

 

Results: SeNPs biosynthesized by propolis were observed as crystalline, oval-shaped and smooth surface particles. The study also reports the efficiency of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay to estimate the antioxidant potential. The antimicrobial assay was evaluated only for SeNPs synthesized from propolis extracts obtained from Karnataka state, which showed high antioxidant activity. The antibacterial activity against pathogenic gram-positive bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus mutans), gram-negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was evaluated by resazurin microtiter plate method to check the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC). The antifungal activity of pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavon and Candida albicans were determined by well diffusion method.

 

Conclusion: It is the first report describing the biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles using bee propolis. This study demonstrated the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of SeNPs biosynthesised by using ethanol extract of propolis. Extensive research is vital to develop less toxic and cost-effective synthesis methods for selenium nanoparticles, as well as to control particle size and its application in medicine and healthcare.

 

Author (s) Details

Shubharani R.
Department of Biotechnology, Azyme Biosciences Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru-560069, Karnataka, India.

 

Mahesh M.
Department of Biotechnology, Azyme Biosciences Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru-560069, Karnataka, India.

 

V. N. Yogananda Murthy
Department of Biotechnology, Azyme Biosciences Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru-560069, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v6/1730

A Comprehensive Study on Nutritive Value, Polyphenol Constituents and Prevention of Pathogenic Microorganism by Different Resin Extracts of Commiphora myrrh | Chapter 9 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 2

Commiphora myrrh are small tree family Burseraceae. The resin extract of Commiphora myrrh is Widely used in folk medicine. The study of myrrh resin extract includes moisture. Minerals such as (Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, Cu and Zn), protein, total fat and crude fiber. This study used a Muffle furnace, Kjeldahl methods Soxlet and atomic absorption. HPLC is used to evaluate Polyphenol constituents of myrrh in different resin extracts (ethanol, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and chloroform) as Conc. (µg / g) and in all extracts (ethanol, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether and chloroform) it contained Chlorogenic acid, gallic acid Catechin, Coffeic acid, caffeine, Syringic acid, Coumaric acid, Ferulic acid, Naringenin, 4`.7-Dihydroxyisoflavone, Cinnamic, Propyl Gallate Vanillin, Querectin and Acid Ellagic acid in different concentration percentage and area The effect of Commiphora myrrh (ethanol, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and chloroform) resin extract against four different pathogenic bacteria Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomona aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus, were examined by Mueller Hinton Agar and measuring inhibition zone (diameter mm), show that there were significantly different among bacteria and different method of extract. All different Commiphora myrrh seed extracts (aqueous, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether) have high activity against Candida albicans fungus. The study was conducted to identify the Commiphora myrrh nutritive value, polyphenol Compound and the activity against bacteria and fungi. In conclusion, Commiphora myrrh contains polyphenol compounds that have potent antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activity in all different leaf extracts.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Rasha Khalid Abbas
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts in Mukhwa, University of Albaha, 65931, Saudi Arabia and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied and Industrial Science, University of Bahri, Sudan.

 

Amina A.M. Al-Mushhin
Department of Biology, Science and Humanity College in Al-kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdul-Aziz University, Al- Khaarj 11942, Saudi Arabia.

 

Fatima S. Elsharbasy
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanity Studies, Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj City 11942, Saudi Arabia and Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Center, Dokki 12622, Egypt.

 

Kother Osman Ashiry
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts in Mukhwa, University of Albaha, 65931, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v2/4817

In-vitro Evaluation on the Antimicrobial Potential of Allium sativum L. (Garlic) and Allium cepa L. (Onion) against Clinically Relevant Bacterial and Fungal Strains | Chapter 6 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 8

Synthetic drug adversities and emerging multi-drug-resistant microbial invasions pose a serious threat in unveiling natural counterparts of which phytochemicals are the best choice. Antimicrobial studies (disk-diffusion method) tested against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter species, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus species and Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger using onion and garlic fresh extract, aqueous dilution as well as by combining both pure extracts (1:1) proves its potentiality with significant antimicrobial activity. Both extracts can serve as a powerful broad-spectrum antibiotic having comparable or even better activity to that of the control. Pure onion extract exhibits better activity against Enterococcus species (19.3mm against 17mm) whereas pure garlic extract (1:1) shows remarkable activity (18.3mm against 17mm) for Enterobacter species. Moreover, aqueous garlic extract shows a pronounced effect even against the selected gram-positive species also compared to its pure counterpart. Synergism records an appreciable activity against all the selected bacterial as well as fungal species comparable to that of the control itself proving its potentiality as a broad-spectrum antibiotic.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Nivetha. S.
Department of Chemistry, Arignar Anna College, Aralvoimozhy, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v8/3522

Antifungal Effect of Plant Leaf Extracts on Postharvest Decay and Shelf Life of Tomato Fruits in Storage | Chapter 8 | Current Research Progress in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

 The present study was conducted to determine the Antifungal effect of plant leaf extracts on shelf life and postharvest decay of tomato fruits during storage in Makurdi. Preservation and storage of tomato fruits are important to the economy of individual homes and farmers considering the vital role tomatoes play in the health of people and food security. Tomato fruits of the Roma variety were dipped in conidia suspensions of the test fungi after which they were dipped in the aqueous extracts of each plant extract and stored at room temperature. The results revealed an increase in marketability, and postharvest decay in fruits respectively from 1.00 to 8.40, 0.00 to 5.67 while weight decreased from 44.3 to 20.27 across all treatments. Treated tomato fruits showed significantly lower postharvest decay (0.00 – 1.02) compared to the control. The present study revealed the presence of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, tannins and terpenoids in the aqueous leaf extracts of Moringa, Neem and bitter leaf. Phytochemicals are non–nutritive plant chemicals which occur naturally in plants that have protective or disease-preventive properties. Phytochemical analysis of leaf extracts of Moringa, Neem and bitter leaf screened for the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides and cardiac glycosides, saponins, steroids, triterpenes, tannins and flavonoids indicated present (+) respectively for each plant leaf extract while alkaloids indicated present (+) for bitter leaf extract and anthraquinones were absent (-) in each extract. Plant powders and their extracts can extend the shelf life and preserve the physicochemical quality of tomato fruits while they are being stored. They also have antifungal potential. This is a crucial stage in creating plant-based biopesticides, which will be the best remedy for upcoming plant disease control initiatives.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Liamngee, K.
Department of Biological Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria.

 

Zakki, Y. H.
Department of Biological Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria.

 

Manguts, Y.
Food Strategic Reserve Department, Makurdi, Nigeria.

 

Ochida, C.O.
Center for Food Technology and Research, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria.

Iyaji A.A.
Center for Food Technology and Research, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpas/v7/3735

Microbiologist's Perspective on Innovative Triple-Action Antifungal Topicals: A New Frontier | Chapter 3 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

This study investigated the effectiveness of triple-action antifungals containing azoles, gentamicin, and corticosteroids for superficial mycoses treatment. The antifungal association on the one hand with antibacterials will reduce the composition of the colonizing microbiota and promote fungal growth and improve fungal pathogenicity indirectly. The study identified 34 different antifungals in 588 pharmacies, with 47.05% being triple-action. While these combinations were expected to have excellent antifungal activity and prevent resistance, concerns arise regarding their impact on microbiota and potential for promoting fungal growth and pathogenicity. We suggest prioritizing antifungals without antibiotic and anti-inflammatory combinations to reduce recurrence rates.

Author(s) Details:

I. E. Kasamba,
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13761

Recent Advancements in Pharmacological Properties of Chalcones | Chapter 5 | Recent Developments in Science and Technology for Sustainable Future

Chalcones are the important aromatic compounds in pharmacologically point of view. They are the precursors of several natural compound’s flavonoids, carotenoids and isoflavanoids. Many chalcone derivatives prove to be an important candidate for the discovery of new drugs. Several naturally occurring chalcones and synthetic compounds are known to possess various biological activities against infectious diseases. In this present chapter, we will be in sighting the recent development in various pharmacological activities of chalcones i.e., antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antifungal, antiviral and anti-HIV etc.

Author(s) Details:

Sudesh,
Arya (P.G.) College, Panipat-132103, Haryana, India.

Nitika Mor,
Baba Mastnath University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India.

Pooja Ranjan,
Hindu Girls College, Sonipat-131001, Haryana, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDSTSF/article/view/13387

Psoralea corylifolia L. a Potent Medicinal Plant with reservoir of Bioactive Compounds and Broad Spectrum Antifungal Activity | Chapter 9 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 5

Antifungal activity of the bioactive compound 2H-Furo[2,3-H]-1-benzopyran-2-one isolated from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia L. recorded complete inhibition of Drechslera halodes and Trichoderma viride at 800 ppm concentration. Cladosporium cladosporoides recorded 98.0% inhibition at 1000 ppm, Curvularia lunata recorded 71.0% inhibition at 800ppm and Alternaria alternata recorded 90.0% inhibition at 900ppm concentration respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of all the test fungi was identified and all the results obtained were compared to synthetic fungicide Dithane M45 and Bavistin.

Background and Objective: Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources, many based on their use in traditional medicine. The use of traditional plant extracts as well as other alternative forms of medical treatments have been getting momentum since the 1990s. Currently, medicinal plants are widely used as home remedies or as alternative treatments by both rural and urban inhabitants in developing countries. Plants generally produce many secondary metabolites which constitute an important source of microbicides, pesticides and many pharmaceutical drugs. Plant products still remain the principal source of pharmaceutical agents used in traditional medicine. Evidence has accumulated to demonstrate the promising potential of medicinal plants used in various traditional, complementary and alternate systems of treatment of human diseases. Synthetic chemical fungicides form a major part of the chemical pesticides used in modern agriculture to manage diseases both in field and during storage. The ill effects associated with the use of chemical fungicides like carcinogenicity, teratogenicity a health hazards necessitated the search for alternative strategies for the management of pre and post harvest crop diseases. The objective of this study is to exploit the Psoralea Corylifolia L. a important medicinal plants which has been filled with many bioactive compounds and to test its potency for antifungal activity against important seed borne pathogens

Materials and Methods: Standard procedure was adopted for the Isolation of the Bioactive compound its antifungal activity by poisoned food technique.

Conclusion: 2H-Furo[2,3-H]-1-benzopyran-2-one, isolated from P. corylifolia seeds, effectively controls soil-borne fungi, outperforming synthetic fungicides at lower concentrations, making it suitable for ecologically safe biological assays.

Author(s) Details:

Kiran B.,
PG Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pooja Bhagavat Memorial Mahajana P.G. Centre, K.R.S. Road, Metagalli Mysore – 570016, Karnataka State, India.

Lalitha V.,
Department of Studies in Botany, Maharani’s Science College for Women, JLB Road, Mysore-570005 Karnataka State, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V5/article/view/13286

Mannich Bases of Thiosemicarbazide: The Mutual Prodrugs as Anti-Infective Agents | Chapter 4 | Novel Aspects on Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

This unit highlights about Mannich Bases of Thiosemicarbazide. The biological exercise of Mannich bases, a structurally heterogeneous class of synthetic compounds that are generated from various substrates through the debut of an aminomethyl function by means of the Mannich backlash, is surveyed, with prominence on the relationship middle from two points structure and biological exercise. The mannich base is an end product in the mannich reaction, that is nucleophilic addition backlash of a non-enolizable aldehyde and any primary or subordinate amine to produce resonance secured imine (iminium ion or imine salt). First variety of mannich bases were combined using aldehyde, ketones and subordinate amines having aliphatic, aromatic, recurrent and heterocyclic nature utilizing mannich reaction. To create mannich bases of thiosemicarbazide as a common prodrug, the synthesized bases were condensed accompanying thiosemicarbazide. Utilizing IR and H-NMR, produced fragments were structurally characterized. Complexity in the reactant's makeup causes changes in reaction opportunity, temperature, and end product yield allotment. Screening of compounds for anti-infectivity was acted in the form of anti- microbial activity utilizing Escherichia Coli (8739) Staphylococcus aureus (25923), anti-fungal activity utilizing Aspergillus niger (16404), Candida albicans (10231) using BHI (intelligence heart infusion) soup dilution form and anti-tubercular action by micro plate Alamar Blue assay (MABA). Structural complexicity plays meaningful role in time necessary, temperature environments and % yield of compounds synthesized.

Author(s) Details:

Sachin A. Pishawikar,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, New College of Pharmacy, Uchgaon Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.

Harinath N. More,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharti Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Near Chitranagari Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.

Ravindra B. Kumbhar,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, New College of Pharmacy, Uchgaon Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.

Sujeet V. Salokhe,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, New College of Pharmacy, Uchgaon Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NAPR-V8/article/view/11651

Biological Control of Clonostachys rosea EC 28 against Alternaria burnsii and Sclerotium rolfsii | Chapter 2 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 Biological control through the use of biocontrol powers represents individual of the alternative solutions to the hazard of synthetic synthetic fungicides. Clonostaschys rosea EC 28, a biocontrol agent is an endophyte disease isolated from Ceiba pentandra, whose objective concerning this study was to show the antifungal characteristics of verticillin D produced by this rising agent against A. burnsii and S. rolfsii. C. rosea EC 28 was cultured on edible grain medium and extracted accompanying ethyl acetate. Open silica gel procession chromatography of this coarse extract led to the freeing of two secondary metabolites that were recognized by mass spectrometry and NMR as verticillin D and ergosterol. The exercise in vitro antigerminative of A. burnsii spores and against development mycelial growth of S. rolfsii of these molecules have existed determined. Verticillin D shy A. burnsii spore pregnancy and growth mycelial tumor of S. rolfsii with particular MICs of 0.25 mg / mL and 5mg/ mL. Ergosterol n / A present none action antifungal. These results provide a table for the use of Clonostachys rosea EC 28 as a potential biocontrol agent for two big tomato ailments in Ivory Coast.

Author(s) Details:

Sagou Dominique,
Laboratory of Biology and Health, UFR of Biosciences, Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY University, Côte d’Ivoire.

Pakora Gilles Alex,
Laboratory of Biology and Health, UFR of Biosciences, Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY University, Côte d’Ivoire.

Yeo Dodehe,
Laboratory of Biology and Health, UFR of Biosciences, Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY University, Côte d’Ivoire.

Amari Ler-N’Ogn Dade Georges Elisée,
Biotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture and Development of Biological Resources, UFR of Biosciences, Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY University, Côte d’Ivoire.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V3/article/view/9760

Evaluation of Novel-Designed Isatin Derivatives Compounds against a Few Fungal Species | Chapter 11 | Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 7

 Isatin is an natural compound called tribulin, indanedione, and indole quinone which is arisen indole (1H-indole-2,3-dione). Its various descendants typify an important class of heterocyclic compounds that maybe mostly secondhand for drug synthesis as a predecessor. It was stated that its various products have many important organic activities such as antagonistic-cancer, antagonistic-bacterial, anti-diabetic, and others. In this research item, some new spiro descendants of isatin were synthesized by two different pathways. The chalcones were inclined by the reaction of various acetophenones and isatins via base-catalyzed abridgment followed by the adding of acid. The compounds have been from UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1H-NMR,13C-NMR, and Mass spectra. The main objective of the present review is to design, synthesize and judge isatin derivatives for their likely antimicrobial activities subjected to artificial antifungal activity against miscellaneous fungal spores like Aspergillus nigrum and in vitro antioxidant activity. It was establish that the compounds exhibited moderate to meaningful antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities.

Author(s) Details:

Jyoti Sahu,
Bharat Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India.

Pushpendra Kumar Patel,
Bharat Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India.

JE Rachel Nivedita,
SVITS, Bilaspur, India.

J. Ravali,
TRS College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COPS-V7/article/view/9703

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Carica papaya L. Seed Extracts: A Recent Study| Chapter 9| Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 10

 Antimicrobial powers are abundant in medicinal plants. Many strong and useful cures are derived from medicinal plants, that are used in various nations. Carica papaya roots, crops, bark, seeds, and pulp have existed shown to have therapeutic belongings. It has been used to treat conditions in the way that eczema, warts, sinusitis, cutaneous tubercles, upset stomach, blood pressure, amenorrhoea, and constipation. Carica fruit is a more important medicinal spice that is used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of various disorders all over the world. Carica fruit seeds were approved and rooted in some studies for their productive anthelmintic properties against nematodes found in mammals.  It is a member of the Caricaceae family. Carica fruit (Papaya) seeds were gleaned using a soxhlet apparatus utilizing solvents such as flammable liquid, methanol, and chloroform. The completely clean and antifungal activity of extracts at differing concentrations (50, 100, and 150 μg/ml) was examined using the agar plate diffusion method accompanying three gramme positive, three gramme negative microorganisms, and two fungal species. For antibacterial and antifungal ventures, gentamicin and fluconazole were chosen as standard medicines. Methanol and toxin extracts inhibited gramme negative germs in a more excellent manner than ethanol extract. Ethanol and poison extracts demonstrated a larger district of inhibition (10-15 mm) than methanol extract for gramme helpful microorganisms. Candida albicans exhibited a 15, 16 mm district of inhibition in chloroform and intoxicating extracts at concentrations of 150 μg/ml, respectively. Similarly, Aspergillus niger exhibited a district of inhibition of 11, 13 mm in 150 μg/ml methanol and solvent extracts, respectively. According to the judgments of these investigations, Carica papaya children extracts have very strong antibacterial and antifungal venture in both intoxicating and chloroform extracts.

Author(s) Details:

S. Sundar,
Department of Pharmacology, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Enikepadu, Vijayawada, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

K. Padmalatha,
Department of Pharmacology, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Enikepadu, Vijayawada, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

A. Jayarami Reddy,
Department of Pharmacology, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Enikepadu, Vijayawada, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

A. Bhavana,
Department of Pharmacology, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Enikepadu, Vijayawada, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

N. K. S. Neeraja,
Department of Pharmacology, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Enikepadu, Vijayawada, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

S. Jaya Sai Keertana,
Department of Pharmacology, Vijaya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Women, Enikepadu, Vijayawada, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V10/article/view/8803

Structural and Biocidal Studies of Monobutyltin (IV) Derivatives of 1-Hydroxy-2-Naphthoic Acid | Chapter 04 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 6

 Biocidal effects of organotin compounds, such as antibacterial, antifungal, and antipestal activity, are well documented. A few organotin (IV) derivatives in 1:1 [BuSn(L)(OPri)] have been produced. The reaction between monobutyltin triisopropoxide and 1-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid produces 1:2 [BuSn(LH)2(OPri)], 1:3 [BuSn(LH)3], and 2:1 [(BuSn)2L(OPri)4] molar ratios (where L = 1-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid). Elemental studies, as well as IR and NMR experimental techniques, were used to investigate the produced derivatives. By knowing the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values on gramme positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gramme negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, as well as Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans fungi, the derivatives were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activity. Antipestal properties against the pest Tribolium castaneum were also tested on the compounds. These compounds outperformed the comparable ligand in terms of biocidal activity.

Author(S) Details

Pankaj Mittal
Department of Chemistry, Anand Engineering College, Keetham, Agra, 282 007, India.

Manoj Kumar Pachouri
Department of Chemistry, Anand Engineering College, Keetham, Agra, 282 007, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CACS-V6/article/view/4350

Studies on Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Some Derivatives of Tributyltin (IV) of Salicylic Acid | Chapter 13 | New Visions in Science and Technology Vol. 2

 Biocides made of organotin chemicals are routinely employed. In various molar ratios, Tributyltin (IV) of salicylic acid derivatives have been produced. The synthesised compounds were examined using elemental analysis and a variety of experimental techniques. On both gramme +ve (Staphylococcus aureus) and gramme -ve (Staphylococcus epidermidis) bacteria, the antibacterial capabilities of the produced derivatives were evaluated using their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration values (Escherichia coli). The antifungal effects of the produced compounds on the Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans fungi were assessed using their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration values. The compounds synthesised in this way were found to be stable at room temperature, according to the discussion. In terms of antibacterial and antifungal activity, these compounds outperformed the ligand.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Pankaj Mittal
Department of Chemistry, Anand Engineering College, Keetham, Agra, 282 007, India..

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVST-V2/article/view/3450

 Because of the impermeable structure of human nails, onychomycosis is a common and difficult to cure fungus infection of the nails. Because topically applied antifungals are unable to permeate this structure, treatment regimens frequently turn to systemic antifungals, which come with their own set of side effects. According to a recent clinical trial, mechanical fenestration of the nail with an intelligent nail drill could be a viable solution to this issue. An in vitro model of antifungal drug transungual administration is given in this paper.  Real nail tissue and an inline flow system are used in this system. After 42 days, this technique was used to measure transungual distribution of ciclopirox, and it was discovered that nail fenestration enhanced drug delivery by 3–4 times. This research backs up the idea that nail fenestration should be accepted as a pretreatment for onychomycosis, and it also provides an opportunity to test new medications or formulations to attack the disease. Prior to clinical trials, the in vitro model reported here would be an excellent approach for directly measuring transungual distribution of antifungal drugs.

Author (s) Details

Damian Cordoba Díaz
Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.

Marta Elena Losa Iglesias
Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain.

Ricardo Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo
Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.

Manuel Cordoba Diaz
Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.


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Recent Studies on Antifungal Susceptibility Patterns of Vulvovaginal Candida Species among Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, South Western Uganda | Chapter 3 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 2

 

Objectives: Classify the species of Candida that cause vulvovaginal candidiasis and establish their patterns of antifungal susceptibility. Style of the Study: This was a cross-sectional study. Location and Period of Study: The study was performed between December 2012 and February 2013 at the Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital prenatal clinic in Mbarara Municipality. Methods: High vaginal swabs were performed by microscopy and culture on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar in 456 pregnant women. The germ tube and Analytical profile index (API ® Candida) analyses established Candida isolates. Susceptibility to fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole was determined by the Etest strips and by the disc diffusion method for clotrimazole and nystatin on Mueller Hinton agar with 2 percent w / v glucose and 0.5μg / ml methylene blue dye supplementation. Results: Of the 456 cultivated High Vaginal Swabs, 207 Candida species developed. The distribution of the species was as follows: C. The Albicans (78.95%), C. (14.35 percent) glabrata, C. The Krusei (3.35%), C. Tropicalis (percentage 1.44), C. Famata (0.96%), C. (0.48 percent) of parapsilosis and C. Lusitaniae (0.48%). Nystatin resistance has been found in just 0.61 percent of C. Albicans. Albicans. Clotrimazole resistance was observed at 50 percent, 36.67 percent and 0.61 percent of C. Oh, Famata, C. C. and glabrata. Albicans. Albicans. C. Krusei demonstrated a high resistance to fluconazole of 71.43 percent. C. It's Glabrata, C. Krusae, C. C. and Famata. Lusitaniae was 100% itraconazole resistant. Only C demonstrated resistance to voriconazole of less than 11 percent. C. and Albicans. Glabrata a glabrata Finding: C. Albicans, except for itraconazole and voriconazole, were susceptible to most of the antifungal agents studied. All isolates, except less than 1 percent of Candida albicans, were susceptible to nystatin. Resistance to certain drugs , especially itraconazole, was shown by Nonalbicans. For empirical management of vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnant women, we suggest the use of Nystatin.

Author (s) Details

Kiguli James Mukasa
Department of Microbiology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.

Itabangi Herbert
Department of Microbiology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda

Dr. Atwine Daniel
Department of Clinical Research, Epicentre Mbarara Research Centre, Mbarara, Uganda and Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.

Kibuka Livingstone Sserunkuma
Department of Microbiology, Makerere College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

Bazira Joel
Department of Microbiology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.

Byarugaba Frederick
Department of Microbiology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.

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