The primary objective of this review is to highlight and
update the progresses made so far in the battle front towards developing
preventive and/or curative vaccines against dental caries for global
consumption. Dental caries (tooth decay) is one of the most common diseases
occurring in humans. A considerable research work has established that dental
caries is an infectious disease and forms through a complex interaction among
many environmental and host factors. Although various caries preventive strategies
currently exist, development of an effective vaccine has been studied for more
than three decades. Vaccines are immune-biological substances designed to
produce specific protection against a given disease. They stimulate the
production of a protective antibody and other immune mechanisms.
A variety of different categories of vaccines are developed
such as whole cell vaccine, subunit vaccine, synthetic peptide vaccine,
recombinant vaccine, DNA vaccine, conjugate vaccine, etc. The results of animal
trials including active vaccination and passive immunization through different
routes were encouraging relevant to protection against dental caries. Based on
these results limited small scale human trials have been conducted with some
experimental vaccines. Among them, Glucosyltransferase (GTF) from S. sobrinus
combined with aluminum based adjuvant is prominent for protective immune
responses. However, the phenomenon of human heart cross reactivity has to be
overcome for further large scale human trials. Efforts are being made to modify
various modalities of immunization to improve the duration and effectiveness of
the immune responses. Two new fusion anti caries vaccines, pGJA-p/VAX and
pGJG/GAC/VAX, encoding two important antigenic domains, PAc and GLU of S mutans as well as S sobrinus and successful
in gnobiotic animals, seemed to be promising for future human trials.
The main obstacles of the twenty-first century, however,
will be to remove rheumatic fever and human heart cross reactivity from an
anti-caries vaccine and enhance its other human vaccination modalities. In
actuality, the development of measles and polio vaccinations took close to 50
years. More difficult than landing a man on the moon is the search for an AIDS
vaccine. Therefore, scientists are not disheartened by the numerous strange
occurrences; rather, they are cautiously confident that a dental caries vaccine
will become available sooner for use by people worldwide.
Author(s) Details:
A. S. M. Giasuddin,
Medical Research Unit (MRU), The Medical & Health Welfare Trust
(MHWT), Bangladesh.
Syed
Nazrul Huda,
Department
of Dentistry, Mendy Dental College & Hospital, Bangladesh.
Khadija Akther Jhuma,
Department of Biochemistry, Medical College for Women & Hospital
(MCW&H), Bangladesh.
A. M. Mujibul Haq,
Department of Internal Medicine, The Medical & Health Welfare
Trust (MHWT), Bangladesh.
Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V6/article/view/13352
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