Study of Diffusion Pairs in the Metallic Alloy Systems | Chapter 10 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 7

 The development of human civilization is inconceivable without progress in the advancement of its material base, in which metals and metal alloys play one of the leading roles. The article is a collection of ideas and experimental results that unequivocally indicate that modern ideas about metallic alloys should go away to the history of alloys. Here the results of experiments obtained on three binary one ternary alloys have been presented. In this article, three binary alloys Ni₇₅Mo₂₅, Fe₅₀Cr₅₀, and Ni₈₈Al₁₂, as well as two ternary Ni₆₅Mo₂₀Cr₁₅ and Ni₅₃Mo₃₅Al₁₂ alloys, as examples, have been considered. Here, 26 binary and 7 ternary alloys, some examples of which are given in this article, have been studied. It was noted that to obtain true alloys, one should avoid not only adding a large number of alloying components (usually more than two) but also adding a small amount of any component (usually 3% or less). With such alloying, one must proceed from the principle that the amount of the alloying component would be enough to form diffusion micro-pairs in the alloy, i.e. so that particles containing this component formed. Briefly, the main conclusions of the experiments are as follows: Interatomic chemical interactions exist in all metal alloys at temperatures of both solid and liquid states. Chemical bonds in alloys have an amazing property to change their sign at a certain temperature (there is a phase transition "ordering - separation"). The reason for this transition is the electronic transition "ionic bond ↔ covalent bond". The process of formation of new phases in binary alloys begins with the formation of atom clusters, in ternary alloys – with the formation of diffusion micro-pairs during the melting of an alloy. Such cardinal differences between the existing now notions about the nature of alloys and those revealed in this work should definitely lead to changes in the technology of heat treatment of alloys, to changes in the binary phase diagrams and to a change in the principles of creating new alloys.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Yuri Ustinovshikov

Udmurt Federal Research Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 426000 Izhevsk, 34 Baramzina St., Russia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v7/2553 

Applications of Transmission Electron Microscopy Technique to Thin Film Studies: Review| Chapter 4 | New Frontiers in Physical Science Research Vol. 5

 There are two ordinary deposition methods, that is to say chemical deposition pattern and physical deposition method could be used to produce thin films. The structure, makeup, optical, compositional and electrical characteristics of the obtained films were studied utilizing atomic force microscopy, scanning energized matter microscopy, UV-visible spectrophotometer, x-ray dissemination, energy dispersive x-ray study, scanning probe microscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, radioactivity fluorescence, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Transmission power microscopy technique was used to investigate the clear structure, crystal introduction, grain size and time of crystalline materials. In this work, the arrangement of thin films using various types of dethroning methods was reported. In addition, the characteristics of the obtained films were studied utilizing transmission electron microscopy method based on selected information review. Experimental results confirmed that film deposition process can powerfully affect the crystal construction, crystallite size and phase of lucid.

Author(s) Details:

Ho Soonmin,
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Putra Nilai - 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NFPSR-V5/article/view/8856

Silver Nanoparticles Used as a Paint Component that Lowers the Cross-Contamination Probabilities| Chapter 1 | Research Aspects in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 4

 Paints are generally used to protect objects from the detrimental effects of weather, sunlight, and embellishment as well as for fear that metal constructions from rusting. The majority of paints are either oil- or water-located, and each has specific benefits. It maybe used as a hard, a liquid, or a gaseous aerosol. The increasing need to stop the spread of illnesses, that are mostly provoked by hazardous microbes, has currently increased the demand for new antimicrobial paints. The term "antimicrobial supplement" refers to a substance that can prevent or resist the growth of hazardous microorganisms. In this regard, several main considerations concede possibility be taken into report when choosing antimicrobial additives for paints. These concerns include the strength to achieve a general of microbial control, antimicrobial efficiency, a low allotment of antimicrobial additive, ease of management, quick and long-acting, movement capability, chemical cohesion, cost-effectiveness, and upholding the properties of the amount and its constituent parts. Edible coatings offer a special chance to manage microbiological and oxidative changes in human ready-to-bite food commodity, so it is important to choose the right reliable materials and alive agents each situation. It is crucial to use many antimicrobial elements, such as bright and zinc ions, during the whole of the production process to make established paints resistant to pathogenic microorganisms. Silver is a electronics that is usual around the world, exceptionally in its nano-piece form, due to allure versatility for use in a wide difference of materials and uses and its general performance. This long-lasting situation reduces discoloration and material decay on whatever surface it is used to by providing a generally effective armament against harmful fungi, microorganisms, and viruses. These antimicrobial paints (APs) can be secondhand in places including nursing homes, schools, care facilities, kitchens, dentists and veterinary offices, and drink manufacturing plants that harbor pathogenic microorganisms. To weaken the potential of cross-contamination, APs maybe applied on contact surfaces inside these environments, to a degree door handles, light switches, tile, elevator buttons, and bathrooms. This work aims to climax the antimicrobial mechanisms of additive silvery nanoparticles to paints for reducing the risk of cross-adulteration.

Author(s) Details:

Rawia Mansour,
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), 1 Elzhoor Region, P.O.Box 11727, Cairo, Egypt.

Ali Mohamed Elshafei,
Department of Microbial Chemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, P.O.Box 12622, Egypt.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACMS-V4/article/view/8688

Microstructure Properties of Decay in Chemically Treated Tropical Bamboo (Gigantochloa scortechinii) via Electron Microscopy| Chapter 4 | Research Developments in Science and Technology Vol. 3

This chapter focused on the anatomical characteristics and microstructures of Gigantochloa scortechinii, a three-year-old tropical bamboo species. The bamboo culms were chosen at random and felled from forest bamboo stands controlled by the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), with the age of each culm appropriately marked. The bamboo culms were chopped at a height of around 30 cm above the ground. At DBH, all culms had diameters ranging from 10 to 12 cm. Before being transferred to the workshop and subsequent laboratories, the cut surface was painted with an end-coating paint. The efficiency of the selected chemicals and their application procedures in treating the bamboo culms was investigated using electron microscopy with high magnification. At the level of tissue cells, the scanning electron microscope was employed extensively, whereas the transmission electron microscope was used at the level of cell walls. The study focused on tissue such as vascular bundles, fibres, parenchyma, and regions in the middle lamella situated at the internodes and nodes of chemically treated bamboo culms at the bottom, middle, and top of the bamboo culms at the middle cross sections. The untreated bamboo culms were used as a comparison. While the properties of bamboo culms remained stable as they grew higher, their morphological elements and microstructure changed, according to the research. The discrepancies between SEM and TEM micrographs were also examined by the researchers.

Author(s) Details:

Razak Wahab,
Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products (CeWEP), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and  University of Technology Sarawak (UTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Mohamad Saiful Sulaiman,
Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products (CeWEP), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and  University of Technology Sarawak (UTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Sofiyah Mohd Razali,
Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products (CeWEP), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Nasihah Mokhtar,
Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products (CeWEP), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and  University of Technology Sarawak (UTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Taharah Edin,
Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products (CeWEP), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and  University of Technology Sarawak (UTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Ros Syazmini Mohd Ghani,
Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products (CeWEP), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDST-V3/article/view/6629

Description of an Anatomical Structure and Changes of Microstructure through the Grave Yard Test on Treated and Untreated Three-Year-Old Gigantochloa scortechinii via Electron Microscopy | Chapter 8 | Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 11

 The microstructures of a variety of tropical bamboo species were studied. Three-year-old Gigantochloa scortechinii were harvested and separated into various places and postures. Through the vacuum pressure, sap displacement, and soaking technique, bamboo samples were treated with copper-chrome-arsenic (CCA), ammonia-copper-quaternary (ACQ), and a borax-boric-acid (BBA). Electron Microscopy (EM), particularly Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), is then used to examine the samples' microstructure. For SEM and TEM, the coating process and spurr resin techniques were used. The changes in vascular bundles, fibres, and parenchyma cells at the internodes and nodes, as well as the exterior, middle, and inner sections of natural and preservative-treated bamboos, were studied. The properties of the bamboo species were found to be comparable, while the anatomical aspects and microstructure were found to be distinct. This research also uses SEM and TEM micrographs to show the impacts of treated and untreated samples in a ground contact test.

Author (S) Details

Mohamad Saiful Sulaiman
University College of Technology Sarawak (UCTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products, UCTS, 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Razak Wahab
University College of Technology Sarawak (UCTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products, UCTS, 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Mohammad Haziq Razak
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia.

Nasihah Mokhtar
University College of Technology Sarawak (UCTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products, UCTS, 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Taharah Edin
University College of Technology Sarawak (UCTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products, UCTS, 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Ros Syazmini Mohd Ghani
University College of Technology Sarawak (UCTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and University of Tasmania, Australia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CASTR-V11/article/view/2457

Phase Identification by Analyzed Transmission Electron Microscopy | Chapter 1 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol.4

 

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is very powerful technique for materials characterization,
providing information relating to morphology, composition, and crystal structure. Selected area
diffraction patterns (SADPs) are crystallographic data that can be obtained using a TEM instrument.
Conventional identification through SADP/TEM is tricky and tedious, thereby increasing the difficulty
of phase identification. To establish a procedure for phase identification of known and unknown
phases, in this study we examined two samples: one, a known phase, being Si with <100> alignment;
the other, unknown, was the TixOy phase at the 96.4Au-3Ni-0.6Ti interlayer/yttria-stabilized zirconia
(YSZ) interface of a steel/96.4Au-3Ni-0.6Ti interlayer/YSZ joint. The procedures for phase
identification of the known and unknown phases are described herein using a series of SADPs and
energy dispersive spectrometry within TEMthat would be useful for general researchers.

Author(s) Details

Kun-Lin Lin
Taiwan Semiconductor Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/238