Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Slums of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India| Chapter 2 | Emerging Challenges in Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3

The purpose of this study is to determine the ground water quality and potability in the study region. The quality of groundwater in southern India is mostly dictated by the underlying geology and temperature, although pollution, particularly from agricultural and industrial sources, can also have an impact. The area of Visakhapatnam city has grown from 30 km2 in 1960 to over 80 km2 now, in tandem with the rise of industrial and related activity in and around the city. According to the 2001 census, the city's population is around 1.33 million people. This city's water supply has always been insufficient, with the situation worsening as the population grows. The current water demand is 360 million gallons per day. Thatipudi, Gossthani, Meghadrigadda, and Mudasarlova can only fulfil around half of the demand. Because the Raiwada water plan may add a bit more, the supply capacity must be increased. The only alternative is to transport water from Godhavari. The population relies on groundwater reserves in addition to municipal water.

Author(s) Details:

Y. Satyanarayana,
Department of Environmental Science, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, India.

L. Vaikunta Rao,
Department of Chemistry ,GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, India.

D. Mallikarjuna Rao,
Department of College of Urban Development Engineering, Ethiopian Civil Services University, Ethiopia.

K. Subba Rao,
Department of Environmental Science, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, India.

N. Srinivas,
Department of Environmental Science, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, India.

Ch. Ramakrishna,
Department of Environmental Science, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ECEES-V3/article/view/6685

Microstructure Properties of Decay in Chemically Treated Tropical Bamboo (Gigantochloa scortechinii) via Electron Microscopy| Chapter 4 | Research Developments in Science and Technology Vol. 3

This chapter focused on the anatomical characteristics and microstructures of Gigantochloa scortechinii, a three-year-old tropical bamboo species. The bamboo culms were chosen at random and felled from forest bamboo stands controlled by the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), with the age of each culm appropriately marked. The bamboo culms were chopped at a height of around 30 cm above the ground. At DBH, all culms had diameters ranging from 10 to 12 cm. Before being transferred to the workshop and subsequent laboratories, the cut surface was painted with an end-coating paint. The efficiency of the selected chemicals and their application procedures in treating the bamboo culms was investigated using electron microscopy with high magnification. At the level of tissue cells, the scanning electron microscope was employed extensively, whereas the transmission electron microscope was used at the level of cell walls. The study focused on tissue such as vascular bundles, fibres, parenchyma, and regions in the middle lamella situated at the internodes and nodes of chemically treated bamboo culms at the bottom, middle, and top of the bamboo culms at the middle cross sections. The untreated bamboo culms were used as a comparison. While the properties of bamboo culms remained stable as they grew higher, their morphological elements and microstructure changed, according to the research. The discrepancies between SEM and TEM micrographs were also examined by the researchers.

Author(s) Details:

Razak Wahab,
Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products (CeWEP), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and  University of Technology Sarawak (UTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Mohamad Saiful Sulaiman,
Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products (CeWEP), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and  University of Technology Sarawak (UTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Sofiyah Mohd Razali,
Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products (CeWEP), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Nasihah Mokhtar,
Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products (CeWEP), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and  University of Technology Sarawak (UTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Taharah Edin,
Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products (CeWEP), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and  University of Technology Sarawak (UTS), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Ros Syazmini Mohd Ghani,
Centre of Excellence in Wood Engineered Products (CeWEP), 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia and University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDST-V3/article/view/6629

Multiple Mycotoxin Contamination in Mexican Raw Maize | Chapter 13 | Current Research in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 2

 For its protection and quality, the maize raw seed has pesticides, to prevent its consumption it is treated with dyes that mark that it should not be used other than for planting. The goal of this research was to identify the existence of mycotoxins in the sowing of the raw seed. Two samples that were analysed by LC/MS/MS, classified as pink 1 and pink 2, were used. A pattern of 20 mycotoxins in both samples was shown in the results. Aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AG2) 16.2 ng g-1, trichothecenes (Nivalenol, Neosolanol, fusarenone X, DAS, HT-2, FB1, FB2, FB3, T-2, Zearalenone and two derivatives with a concentration of 242.5 ng g-1, enniantine 8.6 ng g-1, 8.7 ng g-1, Ochratoxin A, Sterigmatocystin 6.5 ng g-1, Roquefortine C, 2.5 ng g-1. In the Pink 2 study, aflatoxin 17.7 ng g-1, 343 ng g-1 trichothecenes, Ochratoxin 8.9 ng g-1, Sterigmatocystin 6.5 ng g-1, Roquefortin C, 3.3 ng g-1. The highest content of mycophenolic acid was 592 and 479 ng g -1, respectively. Additionally, the dyes in these samples may have stopped further mycotoxins from being isolated and identified. The occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in raw maize seed is shown by the first monitoring carried out in this study, which indicates that the use of high-quality raw materials substantially decreases mycotoxin contamination in the final products.

Author(s) Details

S. D. Peña B
Department of Animal and Agricultural Production, Laboratory of Toxicology, UAM-X, Calzada del Hueso 1100 Col Villa Quietud, D.F. CP 04260, México.

E. Posadas M
Department of Animal Ruminants, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UNAM, Mexico.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/360