Evaluation of Water GEMS Software Modeling Loop and Tree Distribution Systems on Water Quality in Iraqi Supply Networks | Chapter 5 | Science and Technology: Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 9

 

The aim of this study is to evaluate the GEMS software modeling loop and tree distribution systems on water quality in Iraqi Supply Networks. Evaluation of the water distribution system is very important to improve quality and quantity for this vital part of our life. There are a lot of Iraqi cities in Iraq that use a tree supply water distribution system, it is also an old supply water network, which produces poor water quality in this network. This paper has studied water quality in two system loops and a tree net in one of Iraqi’s cities requires water GEMS. In loop system: minimized head loos and minimization of water age retention time in a network, also its effect on water flow rate. Water age is considered a major factor in water efficiency and quality of supply water network because of its effect on the physical and chemical water supply characteristics. This document's goal is to review the effect of the main type of supply distribution system in Iraq. The results of the analysis of two water systems show the efficiency of the loop distribution system of supply water networks compared to the tree distribution system ones in preventing water pressure drop, preserving water type, and preventing pollution. Where the dead ends in the tree network cause the deposition of pollutants, which increases the possibility of an increase in organic pollutants, unlike the loop distribution system ones, which makes the water in constant movement, which prevents the occurrence of pollution and gives water pressure stability.

 

These results are confirmed by laboratory tests for water in both cases loop and tree distribution systems of supply water networks, in addition to QWI which showed that the loop system can maintain the quality of water and reduce the causes of pollution through the absence of this system from dead ends and the continuous movement of water. However, the water quality in the two networks was very poor because the network is old and the treatment system is ineffective. The use of engineering programs in design and analysis gives greater possibility and accuracy for designing and evaluating and operating the project, especially huge projects such as supply water network projects.

 

Author(s) Details

Samaher Jasim Mohammed
Tikrit University, Saladin, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v9/1294

Seasonal Variation in Physico-chemical Parameters of Groundwater in Yerraguntla Area of YSR Kadapa DT, Andhra Pradesh, India | Chapter 4 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 1

People around the globe are in tremendous trouble because of unexpected changes in the physical, chemical, and natural states of the air, water, and soil. Due to the increased mortal population, industrialization, use of diseases, and man-made exertion, water is heavily contaminated with different dangerous pollutants. Disposing of contaminated jewels, filtering soils, and mining processing lead to contamination of natural water. The quality of drinking water must be checked regularly. Because of this contaminated drinking water, the mortal population suffers from varied forms of waterborne diseases. The vacuity of good quality water is a necessary point for precluding the conditions and perfecting the quality of life. It is necessary to know the details about different Physicochemical parameters such as Hydrogen ion concentration, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Bicarbonate, Chloride, Sulphate, Phosphate, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, etc. for testing water quality. Yerraguntla area of YSR Kadapa district was selected to determine the groundwater quality in both rainy and summer seasons. In the present study, the results showed that most of the Physico-chemical parameters exceeded the admissible limits of WHO. The water Quality Index showed that groundwater is not suitable for drinking purposes in all locales of the study area. The correlation measure showed the inter-relevance between various parameters that impact groundwater quality. Piper tri direct illustration showed that the groundwater of the area contains Ca-HCO₃ type of mariners. So, it is necessary to adopt sound water sanitation methods in the study area.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Suresh Pulapaka

Department of Chemistry, SRR & CVR Govt. Degree College(A), Vijayawada, A.P., India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v1/3918

Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Slums of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India| Chapter 2 | Emerging Challenges in Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3

The purpose of this study is to determine the ground water quality and potability in the study region. The quality of groundwater in southern India is mostly dictated by the underlying geology and temperature, although pollution, particularly from agricultural and industrial sources, can also have an impact. The area of Visakhapatnam city has grown from 30 km2 in 1960 to over 80 km2 now, in tandem with the rise of industrial and related activity in and around the city. According to the 2001 census, the city's population is around 1.33 million people. This city's water supply has always been insufficient, with the situation worsening as the population grows. The current water demand is 360 million gallons per day. Thatipudi, Gossthani, Meghadrigadda, and Mudasarlova can only fulfil around half of the demand. Because the Raiwada water plan may add a bit more, the supply capacity must be increased. The only alternative is to transport water from Godhavari. The population relies on groundwater reserves in addition to municipal water.

Author(s) Details:

Y. Satyanarayana,
Department of Environmental Science, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, India.

L. Vaikunta Rao,
Department of Chemistry ,GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, India.

D. Mallikarjuna Rao,
Department of College of Urban Development Engineering, Ethiopian Civil Services University, Ethiopia.

K. Subba Rao,
Department of Environmental Science, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, India.

N. Srinivas,
Department of Environmental Science, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, India.

Ch. Ramakrishna,
Department of Environmental Science, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ECEES-V3/article/view/6685

Assessment of Groundwater quality in Abeokuta North, Nigeria| Chapter 7 | Research Developments in Science and Technology Vol. 3

Groundwater is the principal source of water for municipal use in Nigeria's Abeokuta North Local Government. However, because most groundwater sources are near erosion-prone regions and most wells are not protected, the quality of the water tends to fall short of required criteria. We conducted a quality study of ground water in the bespoke region for the first time. The position and height of the wells were established using the Global Positioning System (GPS). The drooping of the water drawer's rope was indicated with a pin, which was then used to pinpoint the position. The experiment was carried out in each of the region's thirty-six locations. Low total dissolved solid TDS (352 mg/L) and electrical conductivity EC (695 s/cm) are associated with the intermediate pH range (6.30-7.36). At p0.01, a linear plot of EC and TDS, as well as a clustered column chart comparing EC and PH, show a clear relationship between the two parameters (2-tailed T-test; microsoftExcel). The total water quality index (WQI) of the parameters is 17.20 percent, which is considered excellent by WHO standards (W.H.O).

 

Author(s) Details:

Temitayo Oluwayinka Falola,
Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Campus Box 4160 Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, U. S. A.

Ifeoluwa Olanrewaju Adetoro,
Department of Water Resources Management and Agrometeorology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun, Nigeria.

Olufemi Abiola Idowu,
Department of Water Resources Management and Agrometeorology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDST-V3/article/view/6632

A Comparative Study on the Water Quality of Two Nilotic Canals, and Their Effect on Some Biological Parameters of Oreochromis niloticus, in the Delta of Egypt, and Suggestion of a Simple Water Quality Index| Chapter 16 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol.9

 The Nile River divides into irrigation canals that stretch for hundreds of kilometres (40 to 85 kilometres), each representing a semi-independent ecosystem. The Bahr Shebeen (BSC) and Alkhadraweya (KHC) Canals are located in the Minufiya Governorate and extend across the Delta of Egypt to neighbouring governorates. Total hardness, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, Cl, Mg, Ca, Zn, Mn, PO 4, Fe, NO3, and Cu were among the characteristics measured. For each Canal, these criteria were analysed and discussed in search of meaningful links. The suitability of each environment for fish was assessed using fish growth, gonad stomach somatic indices, and BSC was shown to be 13 to 15% more favourable for fish.

Following that, the Water Quality Index (WQI) for those Canals was studied, and a basic WQI was developed.

Author(s) Details:

Prof. Elsayed A. Khallaf,
 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Minufeya University, Shebeen Alkoom, Egypt.

Galal M,
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Minufeya University, Shebeen Alkoom, Egypt.

Prof. Authman M. N,
Department of Hydrobiology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.

Ms. Zaid R. A,
 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Minufeya University, Shebeen Alkoom, Egypt.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V9/article/view/5891

Drinking Water Quality Assessment Using Water Quality Index in Ado-Ekiti and Environs, Nigeria | Chapter 10 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1

 Water quality is a description of water's chemical, physical, and biological properties in relation to its intended use(s) and a set of standards. Water quality has deteriorated as a result of pollution from both point and non-point sources. As a result, any specific source's water quality can be investigated using physical, chemical, and/or microbiological parameters. The term water quality index (WQI), which is a rating reflecting the composite influence of different water quality parameters, is one of the most effective tools for communicating information on water quality. The Water Quality Index (WQI) provides a single number that expresses the overall water quality at a specific location. Nigeria employs the Water Quality Index (WQI). Between January and August 2014, researchers at the Department of Microbiology at Ekiti State University in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, used an experimental study design. Among several developed water quality indices, the study used the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI) method, which categorizes water quality based on purity. The WAWQI was calculated using physicochemical parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids, turbidity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, chloride, and nitrate. Standard methods were used to determine the parameters. The calculated WAWQI values for borehole, stream, pipe-borne, well, spring, and packaged water samples were 54.16, 65.12, 67.46, 56.29, 46.08, and 49.59, respectively. This result indicates that the analyzed water samples from various sources had poor water quality, with the exception of spring and packaged water samples, which have good physico-chemical qualities and are thus safe for human consumption.

Author (S) Details

Busayo Mutiat Olowe
Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Jacob O. Oluyege
Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Oladiran Famurewa
Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

View Book :-  https://stm.bookpi.org/CACS-V1/article/view/1799

Critically Assessment of Groundwater Quality Based on WQI and Its Vulnerability to Saltwater Intrusion in a Coastal City, Iran | Chapter 11 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 2

Groundwater contamination, then, has become an acute concern that would intensify to a point of no return if thrust aside. The aim of this paper was to determine the groundwater quality in Behshahr (Iran) on the basis of the Water Quality Index (WQI). To research physico-chemical parameters such as pH, hardness, chloride (Cl), electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids, sixteen water samples from this coastal aquifer were collected and analyzed (TDS). The findings showed that, due to anthropogenic activities, the annual average value of TDS increased by 343 mg/l between 1999 and 2015. It was concluded, according to WQI, that the quality of groundwater declined over the last sixteen years, so that the percentage of samples classified as "good water" decreased by 18.5 percent and, on the other hand, unfortunately, the percentage of quality of "poor water" increased by almost 12.5 percent. Correspondence with the chloride-bicarbonate ratio of the WQI distribution diagram attests to the major contribution of saltwater intrusion to the deterioration in groundwater quality in this region. A detailed interpretation of the quality of water in a basin is provided by this easy but precise procedure. Its high-weight chloride sensitivity makes it a good indicator for finding the saltwater intrusion threshold in this field of research.

Author (s) Details

Salman Tavassoli
Faculty of Civil Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Farzad Mohammadi
Faculty of Civil Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/MAGEES-V2/issue/view/1

Assessment and Determination of Ground Water Quality Index in Coastal Area of Mumbai | Chapter 2 | Recent Developments in Engineering Research Vol. 10

 For our life support scheme, water is an essential and vital aspect. With surface water pollution fluctuating and rising, groundwater is considered to be one of the key tools for construction activities. As a consequence of human activities that introduce pollution into the environment, ground water quality may be adversely affected or impaired. The salt water intrusion has resulted in pollution of the potable groundwater aquifers in industrial and coastal areas. The effect of environmental parameters on land water quality in the coastal area, which are main issues such as the availability of water and its use for different purposes. The Groundwater Quality Status Assessment was carried out using the Water Quality Index system, which is an important instrument for measuring spatial and temporal changes in the quality of groundwater. To evaluate the water quality index, various parameters were selected as groundwater quality indicators, including pH, hardness, chlorides, sulphate dissolved solids, calcium, alkalinity, magnesium and metals, etc. Ground water quality monitoring was carried out for three consecutive years from 2016 to 2018 for various locations on the basis of experimentation using conventional sampling methods. The present study aims to measure the coastal groundwater's water quality index (WQI). The study explains the urgent need for frequent monitoring of the quality of underground water to determine pollution activity. Efficient management of water supplies by implementing a rainwater harvesting system that increases water quality at other locations in the study area and in the coastal region. In order to build a sense of consciousness to conserve water around their ecosystems, public awareness campaigns should be implemented.

Author (s) Details

Jyoti J. Nimje
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, V.J.T.I Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.

Dr. A. S. Wayal
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, V.J.T.I Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/370

Determination of Physico-chemical Nature and Water Quality Index of Groundwater in Erode District (Perundurai) | Chapter 8 | International Research in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 1

This paper presents the study on the physico-chemical parameters of Groundwater samples collected at nine stations at the radius of 10 km as  center as SIPCOT industries Perundurai in Erode district. The quality of Ground Water samples are compared to the water quality index for the drinking purpose. The water quality index is calculated by the help of parameter sample results like Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity, Total dissolved solids, Total Alkalinity, Sodium, Iron, Calcium, pH, Total Hardness, Magnesium, Manganese, Nitrate, Chloride, Fluoride, Sulphate, Ammonia, Phosphate through formulae. Finally, the comparison of quality of Groundwater on basis of Water quality index done on collected sample stations. The calculated water quality index results shows that 22.22% falls in the Excellent to Good water category. On the other hand 44.44% falls in the poor to very poor water category indicating the water is not suitable for drinking and need further treatment.

Author (s) Details

K. Santhosh Kumaar 
Department of Civil Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode-638060, Tamil nadu, India.

Dr. N. Muralimohan
Department of Civil Engineering, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Namakkal-637215, Tamil nadu, India.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/169