Doping of Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) by FeCl3 | Chapter 9 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 4

 

Academic and industrial researchers have focused on developing conducting polymers that are stable in their conductive state during application, easy to process, and economical to produce. Conducting polymers, often referred to as synthetic metals, have garnered significant attention since Shirakawa and colleagues discovered that polyacetylene can achieve exceptionally high electrical conductivity. The study aims to investigate the structural, electrical, and thermal properties of the resulting material. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has been chemically synthesised using 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) (Aldrich) as a monomer in an aqueous solution with FeCl3 as the oxidant. Doping of PEDOT using Camphor Sulfonic Acid (CSA) and FeCl3 was carried out separately for a 5-hour duration, and the resulting material was then subjected to various analyses. To detect structural changes after doping, infrared spectroscopic analysis, wide-angle x-ray diffraction analysis have been carried out. Elemental analysis (C, H, N, S, and O) of undoped and all doped samples was carried out using Thermofinniagn, Italy, model FLASH EA 1112 series, and ICP - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy made by Jobin Yvon, France, model JY Ultima–2 was used to detect Fe contents in all samples. PEDOT has been chemically synthesised by oxidation, coupling with FeCl3 as an oxidation reagent, and then treated with hydrazine to de-dope the prepared polymer. For complete confirmation, FTIR spectroscopy studies were carried out. The results of thermal analysis show that after doping PEDOT with FeCl3, the glass transition temperature (Tg) value decreases. It is observed that in the case of FeCl3-doped PEDOT, sulfur contents decrease while Fe contents increase compared to undoped PEDOT, indicating that it is quite likely that the S of PEDOT is getting replaced by Fe after doping with FeCl3. The utilization of FTIR analysis verified the successful synthesis of PEDOT, as well as the desired doping with FeCl3 and CSA. The crystal structure of the samples was analyzed using XRD, revealing modifications following doping. Additionally, the XRD results allowed for the calculation of sample crystallinity, which increased after doping with FeCl3 but decreased after doping with CSA. Using the four-probe method, electrical conductivity (σ) measurements were obtained, showing a significant increase in conductivity after doping with both FeCl3 and CSA, with the undoped sample having a conductivity of 3.41X10-3S/cm. A plot of Log σ versus 1/T was created, revealing that the undoped PEDOT had metallic characteristics above 308 K, while both doped samples displayed semiconducting behavior in the temperature range from ambient to 383̊ K. An indigenously designed apparatus similar to Lee's method was used for measuring the thermal conductivity, which revealed that all samples exhibited comparatively small thermal conductivity values. However, these values were found to increase upon doping and with a temperature rise. The thermal conductivity of all the samples was also measured using the FOX 50 instrument, a commercially available apparatus for the measurement of thermal conductivity. The values of thermal conductivity of all the samples were found to match the laboratory-designed instrument.

 

Author(s) Details

Ashish B. Chourasia
Department of Electronic Science, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik-422 005, India.

Deepali S. Kelkar
Department of Physics, Govt. Institute of Science, Nagpur, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v4/6074

Electrical Conductivity Analysis of Ground Water at Surrounding Areas of Dildar Nagar of U.P, India | Chapter 1 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 3

One of the essential requirements of human beings is water. It is very crucial for the survival of all human beings and animals. It is a single worldwide natural resource distributed in all land, sea and atmosphere and unified by the hydrological cycle. It is the most important factor in the life of an organism as it is the major constituent of the protoplasm, plants, animals, microorganisms and aquatic life, all need water for their existence. In plants, all physiological processes like respiration, photosynthesis, absorption of nutrients and other metabolic processes are influenced by the amount of water available. This study was conducted to measure the Electrical Conductivity of Groundwater in the surrounding areas of Dildar Nagar of U.P., India. The groundwater samples were collected from different locations in Dildar Nagar village, and their electrical conductivity was measured in the laboratory. The data was presented graphically and interpreted using the method called analysis of variance. From the findings and analysis, it is concluded that electric conductivity depends on areas as well as months.

 

Author(s) Details

Salahuddin
Department of Mathematics, AMET University, Kanathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

E. Ravikumar
Department of Marine Engineering, AMET University, Kanathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v3/5738

Evaluation of Physicochemical Characteristics of Water in Warangal District, Telangana, India| Chapter 10 | Science and Technology: Developments and Applications Vol. 9

Water quality is essential for ensuring safe usage in domestic and agricultural applications, particularly in regions with intensive farming activities. Contaminated water sources can result in severe waterborne diseases that affect human health. Limited research exists on poultry farm water sources in Warangal district, leaving gaps in understanding long-term contamination impacts on human and animal health. Therefore, the research aimed to assess the physiochemical contamination in the groundwater. In the Warangal district of Telangana, 100 water samples for a period of 6 months from poultry farms were analyzed to assess key physiochemical parameters, including pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, redox potential, and hardness. The physiochemical parameters were analyzed using a digital water analysis kit. Data collected for all the water quality parameters were arranged and subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. This study revealed significant variations in water quality throughout the Warangal district of Telangana, highlighting important issues such as pH levels, total dissolved solids (TDS) and hardness that exceed the permissible limits as indicated by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS: IS 3025). The results showed considerable variability, with pH values ranging from 4.82 to 9.28, indicating both acidic and alkaline conditions. Conductivity ranged from 48 to 940 µS/cm, while TDS levels varied between 48 and 1470 ppm, with some samples exceeding permissible limits. Salinity and hardness fluctuations raised concerns about water suitability for consumption and irrigation. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships between salinity and TDS (r = 0.627, p < 0.01) and between conductivity and redox potential (r = 0.614, p < 0.01), highlighting the interdependence of dissolved ions and oxidation-reduction processes. Additionally, moderate correlations were observed between TDS and both conductivity (r = 0.407, p < 0.01) and pH (r = 0.346, p < 0.05). These findings emphasize the necessity of ongoing monitoring and strategic water treatment measures to safeguard water quality and ensure its safe and sustainable use. Addressing these concerns requires a comprehensive approach that includes technological advancements, regulatory measures and public awareness campaigns. Further studies on contamination sources are needed to develop effective water management strategies.

 

Author (s) Details

Navya Sri Bairi
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science, Mamnoor, PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, India.

 

Srinu Beesam
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science, Mamnoor, PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, India.

 

Kasturi Devi Kondampati
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Mamnoor, PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, India

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/stda/v9/5136

Copper Ions Generation through Electroplating Techniques | Chapter 5 | Current Innovations in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 7

 In this work, copper ions generated through electroplating techniques were deposited on polyester fabrics in single bath and its properties were studied. Flexible electronics or wearable electronics are used interchangeably. These flexible electronics are developed with the integration of electronics into textiles to produce conductive textiles. There may be greater benefits to thin metal particle deposition on textiles compared to the traditional approach of adding metal to textiles. The electroplating technique is used to synthesize copper nanoparticles in a single bath and deposit them on polyester fabric. The copper nanoparticles were generated in the treatment bath by increasing the time from 30 to 150 minutes. The effect of varying the time for the generation of copper ions, on the deposition percentage was studied. Further, copper nanoparticle deposited fabric is studied for its property like morphological structure and electrical conductivity. With an increase in treatment time, decrease in the electrical resistance of the fabric was observed from 300KΩ/cm for untreated polyester to 118KΩ/cm for copper ion deposited fabric with a treatment time of 150 minutes. Further, the study of weight gain percentage and surface morphology also reveals that the nanoparticle deposition does not result in a significant increase of the fabric. This method proves to be a promising method for development of conductive textiles.

Author(s) Details:

A. Hajara Farzana,
Department of Textile Technology, Anna University, Chennai – 25, India.

R. Neelakandan,
Department of Textile Technology, Anna University, Chennai – 25, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V7/article/view/13848

Physical Properties of the Pb1-xSnxTe Solid Solutions in the Vicinity of the Topological Phase Transition | Chapter 7 | Current Perspective to Physical Science Research Vol. 6

Semiconductor Pb1-xSnxTe solid solutions (PSTS) are well known as promising materials widely used in the IR electronics, thermoelectricity and other fields of science and technology. Recently, it has been found that these alloys in certain concentration ranges exhibit the properties characteristic of the new quantum objects of solid-state physics – topological crystalline insulators (TCIs), whose unique properties define new possibilities for practical use of these materials in spintronics, quantum computing and thermoelectricity. The fact that in PSTS, the band inversion near some composition xc leads to the emergence of the TCI states stimulates a detailed study of the behavior of the lattice, transport, and thermoelectric properties near xc. The goal of the studies presented here was to reveal effects accompanying the band inversion in PSTS by measuring the x-dependences of the heat capacity Cp, microhardness H, lattice thermal conductivity λ L electrical conductivity σ, charge carrier mobility μ H, the Hall coefficient RH, and the Seebeck coefficient S in the range x = (0.59 – 0.68), near the composition (x ~ 0.62) corresponding to the transition to an inversion  state at room temperature. It was established that the transition to the band inverted state is manifested through the appearance of peaks in the isotherms (T = 77-300 K) of  CP, H, σ, RH , μH, and S at x ~ 0.62. In the λL (X) isotherms, we observed two peaks near x =0.61 and x=0.63 and suggested that one peak corresponded to the band inversion point, and the other peak – to a structural self-organization process in the crystal lattice.

Author(s) Details:

E. I. Rogacheva,
National Technical University, Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute, 2 kyrpychova St., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine.

G. O. Nikolaenko,
National Technical University, Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute, 2 kyrpychova St., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine.

O. N. Nashchekina,
National Technical University, Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute, 2 kyrpychova St., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPPSR-V6/article/view/13254

Keywords: Pb1–xSnxTe, topological crystalline insulator, band inversion, heat capacity, microhardness, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, hall coefficient, charge carrier mobility, seebeck coefficient, self-organization

Optimizing the Performance of PAni@TiO2Bulk Heterojunction-Based Photovoltaic Cells via Various TiO2Nano-Sphere Levels | Chapter 2 | Current Innovations in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 3

 As a tenable energy beginning, solar containers are essential for addressing and reducing the results of climate change by restricting the consumption of hydrocarbon deposits. Based on this purpose, solar containers based on basic compounds have piqued the interest of researchers on account of their low cost, extraordinary performance, and sustainability. Variable quantities of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) inside the PAni cast were employed to increase the conduct of organic containers by modifying the properties of the photoactivated polyaniline-titanium dioxide (PAni-TiO2) nanocomposite coating. Polymer solar containers were created in this place study employing the FTO/(PAni-TiO2)/Ag blend. The structural evolution, surface characteristics, optical and energetic properties of PAni-TiO2 films have all existed investigated. The XRD patterns disclosed that the crystallite size decreases evenly with TiO2 NPs concentration in the PAni form, from 18.7 to 12.8 nm. Furthermore, the surface of the extremely condensed films was rougher and more absorbent than it was for the pristine film. The adeptness of PAni-TiO2 based composite containers increased from 0.33 to 0.85% when different amounts of TiO2 NPs were additional into the PAni framework. This judgment is primarily deducible to a structural shift followed by a significant rise in coarseness scales, which resulted in a decrease in mirrored photons and, as a result, an increase in free one who carries or transmits something formation.

Author(s) Details:

M. Abdelhamid Shahat,
PV Unit, Solar and Space Research Department, National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), 11421 Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.

Ahmed Ghitas,
PV Unit, Solar and Space Research Department, National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), 11421 Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CICMS-V3/article/view/12416

Possible Nature of Electrical Conductivity of the Corund-Graphene Composite: A Recent Study | Chapter 11 | Research Developments in Science and Technology Vol. 7

 The study looks at how sintering modes affect the electrical conductivity of corundum-graphene composites. The characteristics of the electrically conductive structure and its production circumstances are supported by evidence. The goal of this study is to learn more about the nature of conducting structure creation after receiving a corundum-graphene composite and to support the necessity to continue previous research in this area.

Author(s) Details:

A. G. Zholnin,
The State University of Land Use Planning SULUP, Kazakova str., 105064, Moscow, Russia.

R. S. Hafizov,
The State University of Land Use Planning SULUP, Kazakova str., 105064, Moscow, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDST-V7/article/view/7103

Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Slums of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India| Chapter 2 | Emerging Challenges in Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3

The purpose of this study is to determine the ground water quality and potability in the study region. The quality of groundwater in southern India is mostly dictated by the underlying geology and temperature, although pollution, particularly from agricultural and industrial sources, can also have an impact. The area of Visakhapatnam city has grown from 30 km2 in 1960 to over 80 km2 now, in tandem with the rise of industrial and related activity in and around the city. According to the 2001 census, the city's population is around 1.33 million people. This city's water supply has always been insufficient, with the situation worsening as the population grows. The current water demand is 360 million gallons per day. Thatipudi, Gossthani, Meghadrigadda, and Mudasarlova can only fulfil around half of the demand. Because the Raiwada water plan may add a bit more, the supply capacity must be increased. The only alternative is to transport water from Godhavari. The population relies on groundwater reserves in addition to municipal water.

Author(s) Details:

Y. Satyanarayana,
Department of Environmental Science, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, India.

L. Vaikunta Rao,
Department of Chemistry ,GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, India.

D. Mallikarjuna Rao,
Department of College of Urban Development Engineering, Ethiopian Civil Services University, Ethiopia.

K. Subba Rao,
Department of Environmental Science, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, India.

N. Srinivas,
Department of Environmental Science, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, India.

Ch. Ramakrishna,
Department of Environmental Science, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ECEES-V3/article/view/6685

Assessment of Groundwater quality in Abeokuta North, Nigeria| Chapter 7 | Research Developments in Science and Technology Vol. 3

Groundwater is the principal source of water for municipal use in Nigeria's Abeokuta North Local Government. However, because most groundwater sources are near erosion-prone regions and most wells are not protected, the quality of the water tends to fall short of required criteria. We conducted a quality study of ground water in the bespoke region for the first time. The position and height of the wells were established using the Global Positioning System (GPS). The drooping of the water drawer's rope was indicated with a pin, which was then used to pinpoint the position. The experiment was carried out in each of the region's thirty-six locations. Low total dissolved solid TDS (352 mg/L) and electrical conductivity EC (695 s/cm) are associated with the intermediate pH range (6.30-7.36). At p0.01, a linear plot of EC and TDS, as well as a clustered column chart comparing EC and PH, show a clear relationship between the two parameters (2-tailed T-test; microsoftExcel). The total water quality index (WQI) of the parameters is 17.20 percent, which is considered excellent by WHO standards (W.H.O).

 

Author(s) Details:

Temitayo Oluwayinka Falola,
Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Campus Box 4160 Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, U. S. A.

Ifeoluwa Olanrewaju Adetoro,
Department of Water Resources Management and Agrometeorology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun, Nigeria.

Olufemi Abiola Idowu,
Department of Water Resources Management and Agrometeorology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDST-V3/article/view/6632

Activated-TiO2 Using UV Irradiation for Effective Core-shell Structured PAni-TiO2 Active Layer and Efficiency Assessment of Organic Solar Cells | Chapter 09 | Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol. 8

To improve the performance of organic solar cells by increasing the properties of the photoactivated nanocomposite layer, UV irradiation was employed to activate titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs). An FTO/(PAni-TiO2)/Ag combination was used to make polymer solar cells. PAni-TiO2 nanocomposite films were created by combining 20 percent activated TiO2 NPs with a series of mixed polyaniline (PAni) at various processing periods. The structural evolution, surface features, optical, and electrical properties of PAni-TiO2 films have all been investigated. According to XRD patterns, UV treatment of TiO2 NPs raised the crystallite from 18.35 to 24.1 nm and the degree of crystallinity by 5.6 percent. The irradiation PAni-TiO2 films had a rougher and more porous surface than the untreated ones. The adhesion force and electrical conductivity of the treated nanocomposite films also improved after 8 hours, to 137 mN/m and 6.62 S/m, respectively. The addition of UV-activated TiO2 NPs to the PAni matrix boosted the current density (Jsc) of PAni-TiO2 based nanocomposite solar cells from 3.11 to 4.83 (mA/cm2) and their efficiency from 0.33 to 0.85 percent. The increase in solar cell efficiency is due to a structural change accompanied by a rapid increase in surface roughness, which resulted in a reduction in reflected photons and, as a result, an increase in charge carriers created. These findings demonstrated that UV irradiation of TiO2 NPs on their surface affected their structural properties as well as the electrical interaction between PAni and TiO2 NPs, which had a significant impact on the amount of carrier transport inside PAni-TiO2 composites.

Author(S) Details

M. Abdelhamid Shahat
PV Unit, Solar and Space Research Department, National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), 11421 Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.

Ahmed Ghitas
PV Unit, Solar and Space Research Department, National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), 11421 Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.

F. M. El-Hossary
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, 82524 Sohag, Egypt.

A. M. Abd El-Rahman
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, 82524 Sohag, Egypt and King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, KSA.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCAMS-V8/article/view/6542

Intensification of Ion Transport in Molten Electrolytes by Stimulated Dissociation of Complex Ions | Book Publisher International

 The monograph discusses the (auto) complex model of molten salts and how it may be used to explain and assess structural parameters and mass and charge transfer coefficients in them. The regularities of their activation under the action of high-voltage pulses and the dynamics of their relaxation in a nonequilibrium state are discussed, as well as a set of experimental results on the dependence of the electrical conductivity of molten and solid electrolytes on the strength of the electric field.

Graduate students and researchers working in the fields of physical chemistry and electrochemistry of molten and solid electrolytes can benefit from this book.

Author(S) Details

O. M. Shabanov
Dagestan State University, M. Gadzhieva STR., 43 a, Makhachkala, Russia.

S. M. Gadzhiev
Dagestan State University, M. Gadzhieva STR., 43 a, Makhachkala, Russia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IITMESDCI/article/view/5053

Introduction to Complex Impedance Spectroscopy: An Overview | Chapter 2 | Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol. 2

 Impedance spectroscopy is a relatively new and powerful technique for studying the electrical and dielectric properties of materials, as well as their interactions with electronically conducting electrodes. Complex impedance data analysis can provide near-perfect estimations of bulk conductivity and polarisation effects in materials. This chapter of the book gives students a step-by-step instruction to calculating impedance spectroscopy, which will be used to analyse electrochemical systems.

Author(S) Details

Mora Veera Madhava Rao
Department of Physics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCPS-V2/article/view/4488

Description of the Transport Characteristics of Charge Carriers in Normal State Superconductor YBa2Cu3O7-1 | Chapter 6 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol.3

The general expressions based on the Fermi distribution of the free charge carriers are applied for estimation of the transport characteristics in superconductors at the temperature well above the superconducting phase transition temperature TC. The Hall-effect experimental results in the normal state of the superconductor YBa2Cu3O7- are not finally explained. On the ground of the randomly moving charge carriers there are presented the transport characteristics for both single type and two types of the charge carriers. The particular attention has been pointed to the Hall-effect measurement results of the high-TC superconductor YBa2Cu3O7-. It is at the first time derived the Hall coefficient expression for two type of highly degenerate charge carriers (electrons and holes) on the ground of the randomly moving charge carriers at the Fermi surface. It is shown that the Hall coefficient and other transport characteristics are determined by the ratio between the electron-like and hole-like density-of-states at the Fermi surface.

Author (s)  Details
Vilius Palenskis
Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/214

An Overview of Transport of Electrons in DonorDoped Silicon at Any Degree of Degeneracy of Electron Gas1 | Chapter 4 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol.3

The general expressions, based on the Fermi distribution of the free electrons, are applied for calculation of the kinetic coefficients in donor-doped silicon at arbitrary degree of the degeneracy of electron gas under equilibrium conditions. The classical statistics leads to large errors in estimation of the transport parameters for the materials where Fermi level is located high above the conduction band bottom unless the effective density of randomly moving electrons is introduced. The obtained results for the diffusion coefficient and drift mobility are discussed together with practical approximations applicable for non-degenerate electron gas and materials with arbitrary degree of degeneracy. In particular, the drift mobility of randomly moving electrons is found depend on the degree of degeneracy and can exceed the Hall mobility considerably. When the effective density is introduced, the traditional Einstein relation between the diffusion coefficient and the drift mobility of randomly moving electrons is conserved at any level of degeneracy. The main conclusions and formulae can be applicable for holes in acceptor-doped silicon as well.

Author(s) Details

Vilius Palenskis
Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/214

A General Review of Drift Mobility, Diffusion Coefficient of Randomly Moving Charge Carriers in Metals and Other Materials with Degenerate Electron Gas1 | Chapter 5 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol.3

In this short review some aspects of applications of free electron theory on the ground of the Fermi statistics will be analysed. There it is an intention to attempt somebody’s attention to problems in widespread literature of interpretation of conductivity of metals, superconductor in the normal state and semiconductors with degenerate electron gas. In literature there are many cases when to these materials the classical statistics is applied. It is well known that the electron heat capacity and thermal noise (and as a consequence the electrical conductivity) are determined by randomly moving electrons, which energy is close to the Fermi energy level, and the other part of electrons, which energy is well below the Fermi level cannot be scattered and change its energy. Therefore, there was tried as simple as possible on the ground of Fermi distribution, and on random motion of charge carriers, and on the well-known experimental results to take general expressions for various kinetic parameters which are applicable for materials both without and with degenerate electron gas. It is shown, that drift mobility of randomly moving charge carriers, depending on the degree degeneracy, can considerably exceed the Hall mobility. It also is shown that the Einstein relation between the diffusion coefficient and the drift mobility of charge carriers is valid at any degree of degeneracy. There are presented the main kinetic parameter values for elemental metals.

Author s)  Details

Vilius Palenskis
Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.

Evaras Žitkevičius
Department of Electronic Systems, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania.

View Book -  http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/214

An Overview of Transport of Electrons in DonorDoped Silicon at Any Degree of Degeneracy of Electron Gas1 | Chapter 4 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol.3

The general expressions, based on the Fermi distribution of the free electrons, are applied for calculation of the kinetic coefficients in donor-doped silicon at arbitrary degree of the degeneracy of electron gas under equilibrium conditions. The classical statistics leads to large errors in estimation of the transport parameters for the materials where Fermi level is located high above the conduction band bottom unless the effective density of randomly moving electrons is introduced. The obtained results for the diffusion coefficient and drift mobility are discussed together with practical approximations applicable for non-degenerate electron gas and materials with arbitrary degree of degeneracy. In particular, the drift mobility of randomly moving electrons is found depend on the degree of degeneracy and can exceed the Hall mobility considerably. When the effective density is introduced, the traditional Einstein relation between the diffusion coefficient and the drift mobility of randomly moving electrons is conserved at any level of degeneracy. The main conclusions and formulae can be applicable for holes in acceptor-doped silicon as well.

Author(s) Details

Vilius Palenskis
Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/214