Harnessing Antimicrobial Power: Innovative Strategies and Global Standards in Polymer Applications |Chapter 9| Chemical and Materials Sciences - Developments and Innovations Vol. 3

In the quest to combat microbial threats and enhance public health safety, the innovative field of antimicrobial polymers emerges as a beacon of hope. This chapter delves into the cutting-edge development of these polymers, which are ingeniously designed to thwart the proliferation of harmful microorganisms. By exploring the myriad of surface modification techniques, the chapter illuminates the pathways through which polymers acquire their disease-fighting capabilities. It further elucidates the intricate mechanisms by which these materials wage war against a spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The discourse extends to a critical examination of international testing standards, ensuring that these revolutionary materials are rigorously evaluated for efficacy. Moreover, the paper addresses the paramount concern of toxicity, particularly when these polymers are employed in sensitive sectors such as healthcare and food packaging. Through this comprehensive review, the article under-scores the pivotal role of antimicrobial polymers in safeguarding our future and advancing the frontiers of material science.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Saleh Alkarri

School of Packaging, Michigan State University, 448 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824-1223, USA.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v3/555

Harnessing Antimicrobial Power: Innovative Strategies and Global Standards in Polymer Applications | Chapter 9 | Chemical and Materials Sciences - Developments and Innovations Vol. 3

 In the quest to combat microbial threats and enhance public health safety, the innovative field of antimicrobial polymers emerges as a beacon of hope. This chapter delves into the cutting-edge development of these polymers, which are ingeniously designed to thwart the proliferation of harmful microorganisms. By exploring the myriad of surface modification techniques, the chapter illuminates the pathways through which polymers acquire their disease-fighting capabilities. It further elucidates the intricate mechanisms by which these materials wage war against a spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The discourse extends to a critical examination of international testing standards, ensuring that these revolutionary materials are rigorously evaluated for efficacy. Moreover, the paper addresses the paramount concern of toxicity, particularly when these polymers are employed in sensitive sectors such as healthcare and food packaging. Through this comprehensive review, the article under-scores the pivotal role of antimicrobial polymers in safeguarding our future and advancing the frontiers of material science.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Saleh Alkarri,
School of Packaging, Michigan State University, 448 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824-1223, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v3/555

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato: An In vitro Study Approach | Chapter 4 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 2

This review summarizes about In vitro susceptibility testing methods and In vitro interactions of B. burgdorferi s.l. with antimicrobial agents and antibiotic medium preparations. The multisystem illness known as human Lyme borreliosis (LB) can advance in phases. Hard ticks of the Ixodes ricinus complex that have contracted the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato are the carriers of the causative agents.  Today, LB is considered the most important human tick-borne illness in the Northern Hemisphere. The causative agent was identified and successfully isolated in 1982 and, shortly thereafter, antibiotic treatment was found to be safe and efficacious. Since then, various In vitro studies have been conducted in order to improve our knowledge of the activity of antimicrobial agents against B. burgdorferi s.l. The full spectrum of In vitro antibiotic susceptibility has still not been defined for some of the more recently developed compounds. Moreover, our current understanding of the In vitro interactions between B. burgdorferi s.l. and antimicrobial agents, and their possible mechanisms of resistance remains very limited and is largely based on In vitro susceptibility experiments on only a few isolates of Borrelia. The potential processes underlying the In vitro survival of spirochetes exposed to antimicrobial drugs in the presence of animal and human cell lines are much less understood. There have only been a modest number of cell culture experiments and laboratory research carried out. In addition to ongoing clinical trials on the optimum treatment regimen for LB, further basic research is urgently needed in order to better understand possible genetic or phenotypic mechanisms of persistence in Borrelia spp. This review summarizes what is and what is not known about the In vitro susceptibility of B. burgdorferi s.l. It aims to shed light on the known unknowns that continue to fuel current debates on possible treatment resistance and mechanisms of persistence of Lyme disease spirochetes in the presence of antimicrobial agents.

Author(s) Details:

Klaus-Peter Hunfeld,
Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology & Infection Control, Northwest Medical Centre, Academic Teaching Hospital, Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, D-60488 Frankfurt am Main, Germany and INSTAND e.V., Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Qualitätssicherung in medizinischen Laboratorien e.V., Ubierstraße 20, D-40223 Düsseldorf, Germany.

Peter Kraiczy,
Institute for Medical Microbiology & Infection Control, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Paul-Ehrlich Str. 40, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Douglas E. Norris,
W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

Benedikt Lohr,
Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology & Infection Control, Northwest Medical Centre, Academic Teaching Hospital, Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, D-60488 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V2/article/view/14119

A Descriptive Study on Antimicrobial Drugs Usage in a Tertiary Care Hospital| Chapter 12 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol.9

 Background: The emergence of resistant organisms is disturbingly prevalent all over the world. Antimicrobials are one of the most often given medicine classes in hospitals. Irrational and inappropriate antimicrobial prescriptions, in addition to poor patient compliance, are a substantial factor to the development of drug resistance. It is vital to increase physician and patient awareness of antibiotic resistance. In order to battle resistant organisms, sometimes known as super bugs, physicians and surgeons should be encouraged to participate in infectious disease control training programmes on a regular basis.

Objectives: Determine whether antimicrobials are given judiciously in a tertiary care institution by assessing the pattern of antimicrobial usage.

A retrospective study was done to establish the current antibiotic prescribing practises at Tagore Medical College Hospital. A random sample of 100 inpatient case sheets from General Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Surgery, Paediatrics, Chest Medicine, Skin, and ENT from the Medical Records Department were examined for antimicrobial delivery by oral and parenteral (IV) routes.

Males accounted for 53% of the participants in this study, while females accounted for 47%. The majority of the patients were in their forties and fifties (17-60yrs). A total of 16 antimicrobials were prescribed for 100 inpatients. The drugs Metronidazole and Ciprofloxacin were the most regularly utilised. The treatment lasted three days on average, thirteen days on average, and three days on average. The most common route of antibiotic delivery was parenteral because the patients were inpatients. Metronidazole (52%) was the most commonly used parenteral (IV) antibiotic, followed by Ciprofloxacin (42%), Cefotaxime (27%), Amikacin (7%), and Ceftriaxone (2%). (7 percent ). Sixty-three percent of the prescriptions were empirical, twelve percent were directed, and twenty-five percent were targeted.

Conclusions: Metronidazole and Ciprofloxacin were the most regularly used antimicrobials, with acute gastroenteritis being the most prevalent condition for which they were administered. The proportion of targeted prescriptions was low when compared to empirical prescriptions. Antibiotics must be prescribed judiciously and in compliance with the antibiotic policy.

Author(s) Details:

S. Priestly Vivekkumar,
Department of Pharmacology, Panimalar Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Poonamalle, Chennai -123, India.


A. Aswin,
Department of Community Medicine, Indira Medical College, India

Balaji Arumugam,
Department of Community Medicine, Indira Medical College, India.

D. Jeyakumari,
Department of Microbiology, JIPMER, Karaikkal, India.

S. Kandasamy,
Department of Microbiology, Bharaath Medical College Hospitals, India.

 

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V9/article/view/5972

Drug Utilization Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Tribal Area in South India | Chapter 9 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 10

 We are confronting several difficulties such as overuse, abuse, higher expense, antibiotic resistance, and so on as a result of irrational drug use. The research was carried out in a tertiary hospital where patients were referred from nearby rural and tribal regions. The patients admitted to clinical departments were included in the retrospective analysis. A total of 200 patients were enrolled in the study, with males accounting for 41.5 percent of the total and females accounting for 58.5 percent. The majority of the patients are under the age of 30. The average number of prescriptions per patient was 4.76. The intravenous approach proved popular. In 38 percent of patients, the medicine dose was incorrect, and in 3% of cases, the frequency was incorrect. Antimicrobial agents were found to be the most regularly prescribed drug class (41.53 percent), with Ampicillin being the most usually prescribed antimicrobial agent (53.01 percent). None of the patients had their cultures and sensitivities tested. In 42 percent of cases, a single antimicrobial agent was administered, and in 38 percent of cases, a combination of two antimicrobial agents was prescribed. As a result, the drug use in the study's participants is irrational, and numerous recommendations have been made.

Author (S) Details

Ajay M. Khade
Department of Pharmacology, RIMS, Adilabad, Telangana, India.

Jyoti A. Khade
Department of Dentistry, RIMS, Adilabad, Telangana, India.

M. Shakeel M Bashir
Department of Pharmacology, RIMS, Adilabad, Telangana, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V10/article/view/2846

Prescribing Pattern of Antimicrobial Agents in the Post-operative General Surgery Ward of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital: A Prospective Observational Study | Chapter 15 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8

 Background: This prospective observational study was done to know the current prescription trend of antimicrobial agents in the post-operative ward. To evaluate the current pattern of antimicrobial agents in the post-operative surgical cases of a tertiary care teaching hospital.

The goal of this study was to look at the antimicrobial resistance pattern of culture isolates in post-operative general surgery cases. To evaluate the case for switching from one antimicrobial agent to another.

Methods: From April 2013 to March 2014, the study was conducted in conjunction with the Departments of General Surgery and Pharmacology. In the carefully built case proforma, all factors such as demographic data, antimicrobials agents given by surgeons, dose, frequency, duration, route, formulation, brand or generic medications, and adverse events were collected. SPSS version 17.0 was used to perform descriptive statistics.

Results: During the study period, 513 patient case records were analysed in which males are higher than females. A total of 816 drugs were used in 484 patients during the study period. 162 were on a single drug, 190 were on two drugs, 42 were on three drugs and 90 were on fixed dose combination. Brand name of the drugs and parenteral route of administration were preferred in the study. Cephalosporins (52.32 percent ) and metronidazole (34.38 percent ) were the most commonly prescribed group of antimicrobials followed by penicillin (0.9 percent ), aminoglycosides (6.58 percent ), quinolones (5.23 percent ), macrolides (0.45 percent ) and tetracycline (0.14 percent ). In all, 135 patients (27.89%) received pharmaceuticals that were not on the WHO's essential medicine list, while 112 patients (23.14%) received drugs that were not on the national EML.

Conclusions: Third-generation cephalosporins were the most commonly administered antibacterial medication in the post-operative ward. Antibiotics should be prescribed rationally to avoid polypharmacy and medication resistance. To support the appropriate use of medications in surgery, there is a definite need for the development of prescribing guidelines and educational programmes. Our research will aid clinicians in their understanding of the essential medicine list.

Author (s) Details

Velvizhy Ramalingam
Department of Pharmacology, Aarupadai Veedu Medical and Hospital, Pondicherry, India.

J. Johan Pandian
Department of Pharmacology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V8/article/view/2218