Prevalence and Distribution of Chloroquine Resistance and Susceptible Alleles of Plasmodium falciparum from Selected Primary Health Centers in North-Western Nigeria: Implications for Malaria Treatment | Chapter 2 | Pharmaceutical Research: Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 5

Background: Since the detection of P. falciparum resistant to ACT in western Cambodia, malaria control and elimination efforts have become seriously threatened. The decline in the sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) in Nigeria has prompted the unofficial use of chloroquine (CQ) for self-medication. Due to the lost cost and effectiveness of CQ, this study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of chloroquine resistance alleles Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from north-western Nigeria to assess the possibility of reintroducing CQ in this region.

 

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, across five states in north-western Nigeria. After collecting a total of 466 P. falciparum-positive blood samples from various primary health centres in the states. DNA was extracted from these samples and analysed for the presence of mutations in the Pfcrt (K76T) and Pfmdr1 (N86Y) genes using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The prevalence of these mutations was determined and their distribution was analysed using chi-square, odds ratios, and paired t-tests.

 

Results: The drug-susceptible Pfmdr1 N86 alleles were the most prevalent, observed in 47.9% of the samples, while the drug-resistant 86Y alleles were found in 28.3%. Also, the Pfcrt K76 alleles, responsible for CQ susceptibility, were present in 17.4% of samples, whereas the 76T alleles, responsible for resistance, were found in 12.4%. Mixed infections (K76T) were the least common at 3.6%. Significant variations were observed in the distribution of these alleles across the different states. Demographic analysis also showed variations in allele prevalence based on gender and age but were not statistically significant.

 

Conclusion: The high prevalence of CQ-susceptible alleles, especially Pfmdr1 N86, suggests a reduction in CQ resistance in north-western Nigeria which aligns with trends observed in other regions where CQ-sensitive strains have resurfaced after the withdrawal of CQ. The results of this study suggest the possibility of (re)introducing CQ for malaria treatment in north-western Nigeria and provide insight into the genetic background of P. falciparum in the study area, especially if continuous surveillance and molecular monitoring are maintained. This is also a valuable tool in mitigating the threat posed by ACT resistance.

 

Author(s) Details

Ruqayyah H. Muhammad
Department of Biological Sciences, Yusuf Maitama Sule University, Kano, Nigeria.

 

Ishaya H. Nock
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

 

Iliya S. Ndams
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

 

Jonathan B. George
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

 

Yusuf Deeni
University of Abertay, Bell Street Dundee DD1 1HG, UK.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v5/1516

Phthalocyanine Photosensitizers towards Drug-Resistant Pathogens | Book Publisher International

 

Phthalocyanine complexes under the research interest belong to the porphyrin-like compounds with a structure that is described as flexible for chemical alterations and unique photo physicochemical properties for the most challenging application fields such as biomedicine and ecology. As a result of visible or near-infrared light excitation in the oxygen atmosphere, cytotoxic oxygen species such as molecular singlet oxygen and others have been produced. The pathogenic cells as a target for these reactive oxygen species could be inactivated and the curative process stand up. The book presents a number of new original phthalocyanine complexes and their studies as photosensitizers for inactivation on pathogenic cells (bacteria, fungi, and viruses). The results showed our efforts to reduce the main limitations of the known photosensitizers with a special focus on the hydrophobicity, drug-delivery, uptake and selectivity of phthalocyanines and not the last the dark toxicity of the composite containing photoactive compound for the optimal PDT-efficiency.

 

Author (s) Details

Vanya Mantareva
Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49970-20-5

Drug Resistance, Clinical Characteristics, and Geographic Distribution of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection in a Northern Province in China | Chapter 6 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 8

Background: Bacterial drug resistance has become a major global challenge in the field of public health and is a serious threat to human health. Since the discovery of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) in the United States in 1996, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) has spread rapidly worldwide.

Purpose: This study analyzed the clinical distribution and drug resistance of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) strains, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), MIC50 and MIC90, and the geographical distribution in Hebei Province, China. The study aimed to provide epidemiological research data, formulate appropriate combined treatment schemes, reasonably select antibiotics, and standardize nosocomial infection control schemes.

Patients and Methods: A total of 6328 strains of CRKP were collected from 2017 to 2019. The MIC was determined for the drug sensitivity test, and the experimental data were statistically analyzed using WHONET5.6. Susceptibility testing was performed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute

Results: The detection rate of CRKP increased annually from 13.4% in 2017 to 14.5% in 2018, and 14.6% in 2019. The ratio of males to females was approximately 2:1; 53.6% were elderly, 39% were adults, 4.8% were minors, and 2.5% were newborns. The specimens collected were mainly sputum (70.9%). The resistance rate of CRKP to carbapenems and other β-lactam antibiotics was found to be increasing, with resistance rates generally greater than 90%. The resistance rate to aminoglycoside antibiotics decreased yearly to approximately 50%, and the resistance rate to quinolones remained unchanged at approximately 80%. From 2017 to 2019, the resistance rate of CRKP in Hebei Province to various antibiotics was high, and the resistance rate to β-lactam antibiotics increased each year. This study showed that CRKP in Hebei Province mainly caused pneumonia, followed by urinary tract infection, bloodstream infection, wound infection, and abdominal infection. The geographical distribution of CRKP is different in Hebei, and its distribution in other cities in China is uneven. The treatment of CRKP infection remains an intractable problem in clinics.

Conclusion: The situation of CRKP resistance is severe in Hebei Province, China. From 2017 to 2019, in Hebei Province, CRKP primarily caused lung infection; males accounted for about two-thirds, and older patients represented the majority of the patient population. The resistance rate to most antibiotics is very high and shows an upward trend. Among them, the resistance rate to polymyxin is low; however, few resistant strains do exist. MIC50 and MIC90 are higher than their MICs. It mainly causes lung infections in elderly men. This study is helpful to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CRKP infection in our province.

 

Author (s) Details

Na Wang
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

Minghua Zhan
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China and Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China.

Jianhua Liu
Respiratory Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Yao Wang
Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China.

 

Yongwang Hou
Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Caiqing Li
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Jia Li
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Xuying Han
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Jinlu Liu
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Yong Chen
Infectious Disease Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Jingjing Fan
Infectious Disease Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Jianhua Tang
Clinical Pharmacy Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Wenhua Lu
Dental Department, Beijing Fengtai Tieying Community Health Service Center, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China.

 

Xinran Zhong
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Zhihua Zhang
Respiratory Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China.

 

Wei Zhang
Microbiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People’s Republic of China and Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v8/2283

Determining the Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Wound Infection and Their Sensitivity to Antibiotic Agents: A Retrospective Study | Chapter 1 | Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 5

 This stage aims to determine antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from wound contamination and their sensitivity to antimicrobial powers. Surgical wound infection is clinically defined as decayed discharge from the surgical wound.This retrospective study was completed activity among patients accompanying wound infection in Suyash excellent speciality hospital, all the while January, 2012 and December, 2013. Sterile cotton swabs were used to capture the wound clean, which was then treated for bacterial isolation and integral antimicrobial agent susceptibility experiment.A total of 258 specimens surrendered 78 bacterial isolates in this investigation, depicting a 31.2% isolation rate. Gram certain staphylococci 36 (46.2%) and gram negative streptococci 18 (23.1%), gram negative pseudomonas 12 (15.4%), and grandam negative proteus 8 (10.4%) were ultimate common bacteria unique from wounds. Ten (12.8%) and 68 (87.2%) of the bacterial isolates were gram negative and grandam positive bacteria, individually. In the current investigation, the adulthood of pathogens identified from wound isolates exhibited a meaningful prevalence of opposition to the most often recommended, more recent medicines used to treat bacterial infections. Consequently, it is important to take medicines properly.

Author(s) Details:

Hrishikesh Sawdekar,
Suyesh Super Specialty Hospital, Amravati, Amravati, M.H., India.

Radha Sawdekar,
Suyesh Super Specialty Hospital, Amravati, Amravati, M.H., India.

Vinod R. Wasnik,
Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Medical College, Amravati-444603, M.H., India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACMMR-V5/article/view/12546

A Study on Antibiogram of Various Bacterial Infections in Patients Admitted in ICU – A Retrospective Observational Comparative Study between COVID-19 Patients and Non-COVID-19 Patients| Chapter 4| Current Overview on Disease and Health Research Vol. 10

 Introduction: Antibiograms (Overall characterization of antimicrobial susceptibility) helps to guide the psychotherapist and pharmacist in selecting best choice empiric antimicrobial situation and in detecting and monitoring currents in antimicrobial resistance.Aim and Objective: To retrospectively comment the the antibiogram profile in nonCOVID and COVID victims.Materials And Methods: Restrospective observational study on 200 subjects, 100 COVID and 100 non COVID patients subsequently written consent and righteous committee authorization were observed for anthropology,culture reports,antimicrobial susceptibleness and their antibiogram were observed.Results: Incidence of COVID was more in male victims than female  with mean age 66,mean  Hemoglobin 12g% and relatively more mean platelets and WBCs. Culture results, Antimicrobial susceptibility and Antibiotics secondhand were similar 'tween COVID and NON COVID.Conclusion: We conclude that skilled is no difference of medicine susceptibility allotment on the antibiogram and usage of medicines between the COVID victims and NON-COVID patients.

Author(s) Details:

Anand Pushparani,
Department of Anaesthesiology, SRM Medical Institute of Science and Technology, India.

Chinnappan Kuppusamy Swetha Ramani,
Department of Anaesthesiology, SRM Medical Institute of Science and Technology, India.

Gunaseelan Mirunalini,
Department of Anaesthesiology, SRM Medical Institute of Science and Technology, India.

Ramanathan Gayathri,
Department of Anaesthesiology, SRM Medical Institute of Science and Technology, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CODHR-V10/article/view/9394

A Descriptive Study on Antimicrobial Drugs Usage in a Tertiary Care Hospital| Chapter 12 | Current Aspects in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol.9

 Background: The emergence of resistant organisms is disturbingly prevalent all over the world. Antimicrobials are one of the most often given medicine classes in hospitals. Irrational and inappropriate antimicrobial prescriptions, in addition to poor patient compliance, are a substantial factor to the development of drug resistance. It is vital to increase physician and patient awareness of antibiotic resistance. In order to battle resistant organisms, sometimes known as super bugs, physicians and surgeons should be encouraged to participate in infectious disease control training programmes on a regular basis.

Objectives: Determine whether antimicrobials are given judiciously in a tertiary care institution by assessing the pattern of antimicrobial usage.

A retrospective study was done to establish the current antibiotic prescribing practises at Tagore Medical College Hospital. A random sample of 100 inpatient case sheets from General Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Surgery, Paediatrics, Chest Medicine, Skin, and ENT from the Medical Records Department were examined for antimicrobial delivery by oral and parenteral (IV) routes.

Males accounted for 53% of the participants in this study, while females accounted for 47%. The majority of the patients were in their forties and fifties (17-60yrs). A total of 16 antimicrobials were prescribed for 100 inpatients. The drugs Metronidazole and Ciprofloxacin were the most regularly utilised. The treatment lasted three days on average, thirteen days on average, and three days on average. The most common route of antibiotic delivery was parenteral because the patients were inpatients. Metronidazole (52%) was the most commonly used parenteral (IV) antibiotic, followed by Ciprofloxacin (42%), Cefotaxime (27%), Amikacin (7%), and Ceftriaxone (2%). (7 percent ). Sixty-three percent of the prescriptions were empirical, twelve percent were directed, and twenty-five percent were targeted.

Conclusions: Metronidazole and Ciprofloxacin were the most regularly used antimicrobials, with acute gastroenteritis being the most prevalent condition for which they were administered. The proportion of targeted prescriptions was low when compared to empirical prescriptions. Antibiotics must be prescribed judiciously and in compliance with the antibiotic policy.

Author(s) Details:

S. Priestly Vivekkumar,
Department of Pharmacology, Panimalar Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Poonamalle, Chennai -123, India.


A. Aswin,
Department of Community Medicine, Indira Medical College, India

Balaji Arumugam,
Department of Community Medicine, Indira Medical College, India.

D. Jeyakumari,
Department of Microbiology, JIPMER, Karaikkal, India.

S. Kandasamy,
Department of Microbiology, Bharaath Medical College Hospitals, India.

 

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPRD-V9/article/view/5972

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Retrospective Study | Chapter 10 | Technological Innovation in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 7

 Background: Antimicrobial drugs are any agents that work against microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. When bacteria or other microbes become resistant to the effects of a drug after being exposed to it, this is referred to as antimicrobial resistance. Bacterial species that are susceptible to a specific drug are naturally resistant. The term "acquired resistance" refers to species that were once sensitive but eventually became resistant to it. Many human illnesses are caused by bacteria and can be treated with appropriate antibiotics, which are mostly chosen based on culture and sensitivity. Antimicrobial resistance has spread throughout the world, affecting both inpatients and outpatients. We must all work together to preserve the power of antimicrobials so that they can be used effectively in disease treatment. The study's goal is to determine the prevalence of infection and the sensitivity pattern of bacterial pathogens in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: For one year, researchers at Vinayaka Missions Medical College and Hospital in Karaikal, Puducherry (U. T) studied the culture and sensitivity pattern of clinical isolates from blood, urine, sputum, wound, and ear/throat swab (June 2012- June 2013). The positive cultures and antibiotic susceptibility testing were carried out in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines (CLSI). The lab data from the Microbiology department were used and entered into a proforma before being analyzed. Proteus (4.05 percent) and oli (3.71 percent ). Staphylococcus (35.47 percent) was the most common Gram positive organism (GPO). Imipenem (100%), Gentamycin (90.20%), and Amikacin (89.14%) were the antimicrobials most sensitive to GNO, while Ceftriaxone (100%), Cefotaxime (100%), Nitrofurantoin (96.15%), and Linezolid (92.13%) were the most sensitive to GPO. Resistance to Nalidixic acid (99 percent ), Ampicillin (85.90 percent ), and Cefuroxime (75 percent ) is seen in both groups, while resistance to Cefazolin (79.25 percent ) and Norfloxacin (83 percent ) was observed in GNO, and resistance to Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (81.66 percent ) and Imipenem (55.55 percent ) was observed in GPO. Conclusion: Technical capabilities for detecting novel, resistant mechanisms and overcoming microbial resistance must be enhanced. Antibiotic policies developed in collaboration with clinicians, microbiologists, and pharmacologists will guide good prescribing, provide maximum coverage for treating infections, and ensure antibiotic cycling.

Author (S) Details

C. M. Divyashanthi
Department of Pharmacology, JIPMER, India

S. Adithiyakumar
Vinayaka Mission’s Medical College and Hospital, Keezhakasakudimedu, Karaikal-609609, Pondicherry (U. T), India.

N. Bharathi
Vinayaka Mission’s Medical College and Hospital, Keezhakasakudimedu, Karaikal-609609, Pondicherry (U. T), India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/TIPR-V7/article/view/1847

Acinetobacter: An Antimicrobial Zugzwang? | Chapter 9 | Recent Progress in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 4

As a new hospital pathogen with resistance to several groups of antibiotics, Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged. Despite its clinical importance, scientific evidence on the microbiological and pharmacological aspects of this organism has been minimal until recently. The availability of complete genome sequences, bacterial genome manipulation molecular tools, and animal infection models allowed the identification of factors that play a role in A. The persistence and infection of baumannii. This analysis summarises the data currently available on A's processes of epidemiology, molecular and drug resistance. Baumannii and its pharmacotherapeutic and clinical consequences for healthcare.

Author(s) Details

Dr. A. Rammohan
The Institute of Liver Disease & Transplantation, Dr. Rela Institute & Medical Centre, Bharat Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, India.

Dr. S. D. Cherukuri
Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/359

Targeting of Cancer Cell Drug Resistance Phenotype and Metastasis with Xanthium strumarium L. Extract | Chapter 8 | Trends in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol.3

The antiproliferative activity of Xanthium strumarium L. extract (XFC), a traditional herbal medicine, is
believed to alter the cell mitotic machinery, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its anticancer
actions remain poorly characterized. We found that XFC exerted significant in vitro cell proliferation
inhibitory effect against the ovarian, breast, and colon cancer cell line models tested. In vitro, XFC
efficiently targeted both the cytotoxic drug chemoresistance phenotype of SKOV-3 and ES-2 ovarian
cancer cells. Early apoptosis and late apoptosis were effectively induced by XFC extract in ES-2 cells,
whereas late apoptosis and necrosis events were triggered in SKOV-3 cells. Cell cycling regulation
was trapped by XFC extract in the G2/M phase in both the ES-2 and SKOV-3 cell models. This effect
was, in part, attributable to increased dose-dependent tubulin polymerization, which was increased in
SKOV-3 cells. Whereas XFC extract triggered poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage in
both ES-2 and SKOV-3 cells, it only lowered Nrf2 in ES-2 cells and phosphorylated Akt levels in
SKOV-3 cells. Interestingly, cell cycling regulators Cdk4, Cyclin D3, and p27 were all decreased in
SKOV-3 cells. XFC extracts were effective in inhibiting in vitro migration in both ovarian cancer cell
models. In addition, we found promising in vivo results when XFC exhibited significant antimetastatic
action in a mouse model of colon cancer. Such in vitro and in vivo evidence confirm that XFC has
excellent anti-tumor activity, and represents a potential promising source of anticancer agents in the
targeting of the chemoresistance phenotype and of metastasis in human ovarian and colon cancers.

Author(s) Details

Marbelis Francisco Fernandez,
Laboratoire d’Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Centre d’Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Janet Piloto-Ferrer
Departamento de GeneticaToxicologica, Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo de Medicamentos (CIDEM), Avenida 26, No. 1605 e/Puentes Grandes y Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba.

Borhane Annabi
Laboratoire d’Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Centre d’Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/222