The
first chapter of this book begins with a definition of nano, nanoscale, and
nanometer, as well as an introduction to the current period of Nanoscience, nanomaterials,
and nanotechnology. The literature abstract is organised into parts and
subsections and is provided as a sequential text. In summary, some examples
have been used to demonstrate how bulk and nanomaterials differ based on the
size of particles used as building blocks. The physical and chemical properties
of the same substance in bulk and nanoform have been shown to fluctuate
dramatically depending on particle size. There is also a distinction between
nanoscience and nanotechnology. Nanomaterials are classified as 3D, 2D, 1D, and
0D materials due to the reduction in particle size (dimensions). It has been
attempted to classify nanomaterials by accurately defining them with figures.
The literature on what morphology is, how morphology helps to classify
synthesised nanomaterials, and the usefulness of morphology for researchers and
scientists to locate the right application field for synthesised nanomaterials
can be found in the morphology section. In chapter 2, a brief introduction to
electron microscopes, such as SEM and TEM, has been given to analyse the
morphology of nanomaterials, and its detailed theory has been given. There are
also some examples of nanomaterial morphology. Later in the manuscript, the
merits and disadvantages of top-down and bottom-up methodologies for
nanomaterial fabrication are discussed. The physical and chemical properties of
nanomaterials have been briefly discussed as a function of particle size. The
surface to volume ratio, quantum confinement, and reduced structural imperfection
or flaws of nanomaterials are all stated. Then, a focus on particle size
dependent physical properties of nanomaterials, such as structural, thermal,
magnetic, optical, electronic, and electrical properties, as well as the causes
for each property, was placed. By addressing specific numerical issues,
distinctive properties of nanomaterials such as surface area to volume ratio
and quantum confinement become prevalent when particle size decreases. After
then, the nanocluster hypothesis was presented in full. The first chapter
concluded with theory on 2D nanomaterials (Quantum wells), 1D nanomaterials
(Quantum wires), and 0D nanomaterials (Nanoparticles - Nanoclusters, Quantum
dots, and Buckyballs), as well as detailed theory on some special nanomaterials,
such as fullerenes (0D nanomaterials), carbon nanotubes (1D nanomaterials), and
graphene (2D nanomaterial). The second part of this book begins with an
overview of nanotechnology, covering what it is, how it came to be, when the
concept of nanotechnology became popular, its benefits, goals, and key
elements. The gas (vapour) phase fabrication and liquid phase fabrication are
highlighted as the two approaches that belong to the bottom-up approach after
introducing two primary ways (top-down and bottom-up) for nanomaterial
preparation. The theory of various methods for the synthesis of nanomaterials,
such as chemical vapour deposition (CVD - Gas Phase Fabrication), Sol-gel
method, and hydrolyzed colloid reaction (HCR) technique (wet chemical methods -
Liquid Phase Fabrications), has been explained in detail under the heading of
bottom-up approach. A thorough description of how to determine the particle
size of nanomaterials using the BET theory and the Debye-Scherrer method for
X-Ray diffraction patterns has been provided. Then, to examine the morphology
and internal structure of nanomaterials, the s theory on electron microscopy,
detail theory on scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron
microscope (TEM) were introduced. The second chapter concluded with several
applications of nanomaterials in various fields, nanotechnology issues, and
numerical problems that were solved.
Author(s) Details
Upendra B. Mahatme
Department of Physics, K. Z. S. Science College, Bramnhi-
Kalmeshwar, R.T.M. Nagpur University, India.
View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/BNNN/article/view/2483
